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Radiation Protection Office
BasicBasicRadiationRadiationProtectionProtection
Radiation Protection Office
Radiation Protection Office
RadioactivityRadioactivityNuclideNuclide – a particular atomic nucleus with a specific – a particular atomic nucleus with a specific number of protons (p) and neutrons (n).number of protons (p) and neutrons (n).
For exampleFor example 3131PP 3232P P 3333PP
Approximately Approximately 17001700 known nuclides. known nuclides.
About 1400 are unstable – About 1400 are unstable – RADIONUCLIDESRADIONUCLIDES..Radionuclides - imbalanced numbers of p and n.Radionuclides - imbalanced numbers of p and n. - emit particles/energy to improve stability- emit particles/energy to improve stability
Radiation Protection Office
RadioactivityRadioactivity
ChargedChargedparticleparticle
RadionuclideRadionuclide
ExcitedExciteddaughterdaughter
StableStabledaughterdaughter
Gamma photonGamma photon
ExcessExcessenergyenergy
Disintegration
Disintegration
Radiation Protection Office
SourcesSourcesSEALEDSEALED – a radioactive source containing radioactive – a radioactive source containing radioactivematerialwhere the structure is designed to prevent,materialwhere the structure is designed to prevent,under normal use, any dispersion of radioactiveunder normal use, any dispersion of radioactivesubstances e.g. Am/Be sealed in stainless steel capsulesubstances e.g. Am/Be sealed in stainless steel capsule
UNSEALEDUNSEALED - dispersible - dispersibleSolids – powders Solids – powders Liquids – aqueous or organicLiquids – aqueous or organicGases – e.g. Xe-133Gases – e.g. Xe-133
MACHINESMACHINES – e.g. x-ray and neutron generators – e.g. x-ray and neutron generators
Radiation Protection Office
Main EmissionsMain Emissions
Alpha (Alpha ())HeliumHeliumnucleinuclei
(2p + 2n)(2p + 2n)
+ 2 positive charge+ 2 positive charge 4 mass units4 mass units
Beta (Beta ())
Gamma (Gamma ())
High speedHigh speedelectronselectrons
-1 negative charge1 negative charge 0.0005 mass unit0.0005 mass unit
ElectromagneticElectromagneticphotonsphotons
No chargeNo chargeNo massNo mass
Radiation Protection Office
EnergyEnergy
Energy of emissions Energy of emissions ELECTRONVOLTS (eV)ELECTRONVOLTS (eV)
1 eV =1 eV = energy gained by an electron passingenergy gained by an electron passingthrough an electrical potential of 1 voltthrough an electrical potential of 1 volt
1 eV is a very small energy = 1.6 x 101 eV is a very small energy = 1.6 x 10-19-19 joules. joules.
Normally emission energies are in keV or MeV range.Normally emission energies are in keV or MeV range.
Radiation Protection Office
RangesRanges
V.LargeV.LargeV. LargeV. Large0.1 – 0.60.1 – 0.6GammaGamma
600cm600cm8mm8mm1.701.70P32P32
2cm2cm0.3mm0.3mm0.1560.156C14C14
4mm4mm0.05mm0.05mm0.0180.018H3H3
BetaBeta
few cmfew cm< 1mm< 1mm3 - 73 - 7AlphaAlpha
AirAirTissueTissue
RangeRangeEnergyEnergy
(MeV)(MeV)
ParticleParticle
Radiation Protection Office
Activity (A)Activity (A)
Rate of disintegrations in a large group of nuclei.Rate of disintegrations in a large group of nuclei.
A(t) A(t) N(t) which means N(t) which means EXPONENTIAL DECAYEXPONENTIAL DECAY..
SI unit is SI unit is BEQUERELBEQUEREL (Bq)(Bq)1 Bq = one disintegration per second.1 Bq = one disintegration per second.
Another commonly used but old unit is Another commonly used but old unit is CURIE (Ci)CURIE (Ci)1 Ci = 3.7 x 101 Ci = 3.7 x 101010 Bq or 1 mCi = 37 MBq Bq or 1 mCi = 37 MBq
Radiation Protection Office
Half-LifeHalf-Life
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5TIME
AC
TIVI
TYAo
½Ao
T½ = 0.693 /
A(t) = Ao exp (- t)
where is the radioactive decay constant
Radiation Protection Office
Typical Half-LivesTypical Half-Lives
8.04 days8.04 daysI131I131
13.5 years13.5 yearsEu152Eu152
30.2 years30.2 yearsCs137Cs137
87.2 days87.2 daysS35S35
14.3 days14.3 daysP32P32
5760 years5760 yearsC14C14
12.3 years12.3 yearsH3H3
Half-LifeHalf-LifeRadionuclideRadionuclide
Radiation Protection Office
BremstrahlungBremstrahlung““Breaking Radiation”Breaking Radiation”
X-rays produced when X-rays produced when particles are particles are slowed down very rapidly as they comeslowed down very rapidly as they comevery close to an atomic nucleus.very close to an atomic nucleus.
shielding materials (e.g. perspex) have shielding materials (e.g. perspex) have relatively low atomic numbers in order to relatively low atomic numbers in order to slow them down more gradually.slow them down more gradually.
Radiation Protection Office
Absorbed Dose (D)Absorbed Dose (D)
Energy imparted to matter in small volumeEnergy imparted to matter in small volume Mass of the small volumeMass of the small volume
1 Gray (Gy) = 1 Joule of energy absorbed 1 Gray (Gy) = 1 Joule of energy absorbed in 1 kg of matter i.e. 1 J / kgin 1 kg of matter i.e. 1 J / kg
• Gy is a Gy is a HUGEHUGE dose of radiation. dose of radiation.
(Old units : 1 gray = 100 rads)(Old units : 1 gray = 100 rads)
Radiation Protection Office
Equivalent Dose - HEquivalent Dose - H
Absorbed Dose Absorbed Dose xx Radiation Weighting Radiation Weighting (Grays) Factor(Grays) Factor (W (WRR))
Sieverts (Sv)Sieverts (Sv) which are still J / kg which are still J / kg
WWR R = 1 for photons and betas of any energy.= 1 for photons and betas of any energy.
(Old units : 1 Sv = 100 rem)
HH = =
Radiation Protection Office
Effective Dose (E)Effective Dose (E)
Accounts for uneven irradiation of the body.Accounts for uneven irradiation of the body.Represents overall risk from a whole body exposure.Represents overall risk from a whole body exposure.
E = wT x HT where
HHTT = Equivalent dose to tissue / organ “T” = Equivalent dose to tissue / organ “T”
wwTT = Tissue weighting factor = Tissue weighting factor
Tissue weighting factors represent risks of detrimentalTissue weighting factors represent risks of detrimentalradiation effects to different organs or tissueradiation effects to different organs or tissue
T
Tissue Weighting FactorsTissue Weighting Factors
GonadsGonads 0.080.08 Breast Breast 0.12 0.12Red bone marrowRed bone marrow 0.120.12 Liver Liver 0.04 0.04ColonColon 0.120.12 Oesophogus Oesophogus 0.04 0.04LungLung 0.120.12 Thyroid Thyroid 0.04 0.04StomachStomach 0.120.12 Skin Skin 0.01 0.01BladderBladder 0.040.04 Bone surfaces Bone surfaces 0.01 0.01BrainBrain 0.01 Salivary glands 0.01 0.01 Salivary glands 0.01
RemainderRemainder 0.120.12includes:includes: AdrenalsAdrenals Upper large intestine Upper large intestine
Small intestineSmall intestine Muscle MuscleKidneyKidney Spleen SpleenPancreasPancreas Uterus UterusThymus Thymus
WWTT = 1 = 1
Radiation Protection Office
Internal RadiationInternal Radiation
TimeTime TimeTime(post ingestion)(post ingestion)
Amount ofAmount ofradionuclide inradionuclide in
bodybody
Dose rateDose ratein organin organ
exp(-exp(-RRt)t)
exp(-exp(-BBt)t)
exp(-exp(-EFFEFFt)t)
EFFEFF = = RR + + BB
exp(-exp(-EFFEFFt)t)
Radiation Protection Office
Committed Equivalent DoseCommitted Equivalent Dose
HHTT(50) =(50) = Equivalent dose summedEquivalent dose summed
over a 50 year period.over a 50 year period.
AlsoAlso Committed Effective DoseCommitted Effective Dose
Radiation Protection Office
Annual Limit of Intake (ALI)Annual Limit of Intake (ALI)
The amount of radionuclide (in Bq) which The amount of radionuclide (in Bq) which when taken into the body will result in :when taken into the body will result in :
Committed Effective Dose = Dose Limit (20mSv)Committed Effective Dose = Dose Limit (20mSv)
RadionuclideRadionuclide ALI (MBq)ALI (MBq)InhalationInhalation IngestionIngestion
Sodium-22Sodium-22 10 10 7 7Iodine-131Iodine-131 1 1 0.8 0.8
Also depends on chemical compound.Also depends on chemical compound.
Radiation Protection Office
Hand-held XRF analyserHand-held XRF analyserNitonNiton XL2 GOLDD XL2 GOLDD
(from (from www.nitonuk.co.uk with permission) with permission)
X-ray GeneratorsX-ray Generators
NOMAD ProNOMAD ProHand-held Dental UnitHand-held Dental Unit Desk-top XRF UnitDesk-top XRF Unit
(totally shielded enclosure)(totally shielded enclosure)Mobile DiagnosticMobile DiagnosticX-ray MachinesX-ray Machines
Typically Controlled Area is:Typically Controlled Area is:
Anywhere in the primary beam directionAnywhere in the primary beam direction
150cm around scattering object150cm around scattering object
Inside a shielded interlocked enclosureInside a shielded interlocked enclosure
Lead ApronsLead Aprons
Only protect from scatter (95%)Only protect from scatter (95%)
Minimum of 0.25mm lead equivalenceMinimum of 0.25mm lead equivalence
Visually inspected for damageVisually inspected for damage
Worn correctly - closed with no gapsWorn correctly - closed with no gaps
Radiation Damage to TissueRadiation Damage to Tissue
X-ray interacts and loses energy along its path.X-ray interacts and loses energy along its path.Ionisation : dominant interaction Ionisation : dominant interaction damage. damage.
Energy loss random processEnergy loss random process- only some molecules effected.- only some molecules effected.
Cellular damage either :Cellular damage either :- direct- direct
oror - indirect- indirect
Direct DamageDirect DamageIonisation in important macromolecules e.g.Ionisation in important macromolecules e.g.
- Breaks in DNA strands- Breaks in DNA strands- Chromosomal aberrations- Chromosomal aberrations
Repair processes may not workRepair processes may not work- death of cell- death of cell- failure to reproduce- failure to reproduce
Indirect DamageIndirect Damage
Ionisation of cellular water Ionisation of cellular water free radicals free radicals
Very reactiveVery reactive
Move through cell Move through cell chemical reactions chemical reactions similar DNA damagesimilar DNA damage
Dominant mechanism for X-raysDominant mechanism for X-rays
SensitivitySensitivityActively dividing cells most radiosensitiveActively dividing cells most radiosensitive
- Bone marrow- Bone marrow- Germinal cells in testis/ovaries- Germinal cells in testis/ovaries- Intestinal epithelium- Intestinal epithelium- Foetus- Foetus- Children- Children
Effects appear within hours or daysEffects appear within hours or days
Slow dividing cells - months to yearsSlow dividing cells - months to years
Hazardous EffectsHazardous Effects
Need certain radiation exposuresNeed certain radiation exposures BUTBUT need to protect :need to protect :
- Individuals exposed- Individuals exposed- Their offspring- Their offspring- Mankind generally- Mankind generally
Detrimental to :Detrimental to :- Individual exposed :- Individual exposed : SOMATICSOMATIC- Descendants :- Descendants : HERITABLEHERITABLE
Deterministic EffectsDeterministic Effects
DoseDose
SeveritySeverity
DoseDoseThresholdThreshold
Thresholds Thresholds well abovewell above both bothtypical dose limits for workerstypical dose limits for workers
Stochastic EffectsStochastic Effects
DoseDose
ProbabilityProbability
Natural OccurenceNatural Occurence
Stochastic EffectsStochastic EffectsProbabilityProbability of effect of effect as dose as dose Linearly i.e. 2 x dose Linearly i.e. 2 x dose 2 x more likely to occur. 2 x more likely to occur.
NONO Threshold. Threshold.
NO direct cell killingNO direct cell killing BUTBUT mutations :mutations :- cancer - cancer (years later!!)(years later!!)
- birth abnomalities - birth abnomalities (physical+mental)(physical+mental)
Effect of concern with low dosesEffect of concern with low doses
Heritable EffectsHeritable Effects
These effects not yet proved in humansThese effects not yet proved in humansbut likelybut likely
Stochastic damage toStochastic damage to GERM CELLSGERM CELLS
Disorders inDisorders in DESCENDANTSDESCENDANTSof person exposedof person exposed
RiskRiskLikelihood (or probability)Likelihood (or probability)of exposure to radiationof exposure to radiation
harmful stochastic effectharmful stochastic effecte.g. fatal cancer.e.g. fatal cancer.
Risk Factors Risk Factors (whole pop(whole popnn))
Occurrence ofOccurrence of % per Sv% per SvFatal CancerFatal Cancer 5.0 5.0Non-fatal CancerNon-fatal Cancer 1.0 1.0Hereditary effectsHereditary effects 1.3 1.3TOTALTOTAL 7.3 7.3
100 people. Each given 1Sv.100 people. Each given 1Sv.On average On average 5 will get fatal cancer5 will get fatal cancereventually due to that exposure.eventually due to that exposure.
1 million people1 million people
Over30
YearsRIP
Natural FatalNatural FatalCancersCancers~ 90,000~ 90,000
Give each
10mSv(a lot but still within
workers annual limit)
Additional
~ 500~ 500cancer deathscancer deaths
+ ~ 100+ ~ 100geneticgenetic
abnormalitiesabnormalities
Risks to FoetusRisks to Foetus
Each receive
10mSv
1 million 1 million foetusesfoetusesin uteroin utero
NATURALLY40,00040,000
abnormalitiesabnormalities
ADDITIONALLY
~ 2500~ 2500extraextra
abnomalitiesabnomalities
Extra care with STAFF and PATIENTS whoPREGNANT or REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
Comparable RisksComparable Risks
ActivityActivity Risk of DeathRisk of Deathper year (1 in N)per year (1 in N)
300 miles car travel300 miles car travel 100000100000Accidents in home Accidents in home 10000 10000Smoking 10 a daySmoking 10 a day 6500 6500Coal miningCoal mining 6500 6500Deep sea fishing Deep sea fishing 500 500
Radiation Protection Office
Principles of Radiation ProtectionPrinciples of Radiation Protection
JustificationJustification – Benefits > Risks – Benefits > Risks
OptimisationOptimisation - ALARP - ALARP
Dose LimitationDose Limitation
Radiation Protection Office
Practical Protection MeasuresPractical Protection Measures
External RadiationExternal RadiationDistanceDistance : inverse square law.: inverse square law.
: always use remote handling (if poss).: always use remote handling (if poss).
ShieldingShielding : placed between worker & source.: placed between worker & source.: attenuates the radiation.: attenuates the radiation.: lead for : lead for : Perspex for energetic : Perspex for energetic
B-polythene for neutronsB-polythene for neutrons
TimeTime : : be as quick as be as quick as safelysafely possible. possible.
Radiation Protection Office
To use tongs or not to use tongs?To use tongs or not to use tongs?
30cm30cm
1cm1cm10mins @ 110mins @ 1Sv/min Sv/min 10 10 Sv Sv
1min @ 9001min @ 900Sv/min Sv/min 900 900 Sv Sv
Practical Protection MeasuresPractical Protection MeasuresInternal RadiationInternal Radiation
Use all appropriate protective equipmentUse all appropriate protective equipmente.g. gloves.e.g. gloves.
Only handle radioisotopes in designated areas.Only handle radioisotopes in designated areas.
Monitor for contamination.Monitor for contamination.
Know the whereabouts and how to use theKnow the whereabouts and how to use thedecontamination kitdecontamination kit
Monitoring for contamination must be done Monitoring for contamination must be done regularlyregularly
Radiation Protection Office
“What the? …… This is lemonade!Where’s my preparation of tritiated thymidine?”
Do Do NOTNOTeat eat drinkdrink
or smokeor smokein an areain an area
where unsealedwhere unsealedradioactiveradioactivesubstancessubstancesare handled.are handled.
Radiation Protection Office
DO NOTWEAR LAB COATS
IN THIS ROOM
Radiation Protection Office
Personal MonitoringPersonal Monitoring Normally TLD badges.Normally TLD badges.
Worn as instructed in local rules.Worn as instructed in local rules.
Do not try to remove TLDs from holder.Do not try to remove TLDs from holder.
Damaged holders replaced immediately.Damaged holders replaced immediately.
NOT left in radiation areas, left on radiators, NOT left in radiation areas, left on radiators, washed etc.washed etc.
Returned for reading promptly.Returned for reading promptly.
Special monitors for wrists, eyes etc. Special monitors for wrists, eyes etc. NOTNOT whole whole body one.body one.
Radiation Protection Office
LegislationLegislation
The Environmental PermittingThe Environmental PermittingRegulations 2010 (EPR2010)Regulations 2010 (EPR2010)
+ 2011 Amendment+ 2011 Amendment
The Ionising RadiationsThe Ionising RadiationsRegulations 1999 (IRR99)Regulations 1999 (IRR99)
Radiation Protection Office
EPR2010 EPR2010 (was RSA93)(was RSA93)Protection of General Public and Environment.Protection of General Public and Environment.
SEALEDSEALED : : to keep & use sealed radioactive to keep & use sealed radioactive sources. sources. Subject to national securitySubject to national security
OPENOPEN : :to keep and use unsealedto keep and use unsealedradioactive substances andradioactive substances andaccumulate/dispose of wasteaccumulate/dispose of waste
Policed by Policed by The Environment Agency (EA)The Environment Agency (EA)
PERMITS:PERMITS:
Radiation Protection Office
Record KeepingRecord Keeping Date received, radionuclide, activityDate received, radionuclide, activity Location storedLocation stored Details of removal for use, date, activityDetails of removal for use, date, activity Activity present in stock at end of monthActivity present in stock at end of month
Dates of disposalDates of disposal Total activity disposed of and by which route each monthTotal activity disposed of and by which route each month Total activity of waste accumulated at end of each monthTotal activity of waste accumulated at end of each month
Radiation Protection Office
Where does all the waste go ?Where does all the waste go ?
SOLID :SOLID :Very Low Level Waste (VLLW) Very Low Level Waste (VLLW) skip by user. skip by user.Low Level Waste (LLW) from bins in labsLow Level Waste (LLW) from bins in labscollected and taken for incineration collected and taken for incineration (or landfill burial)(or landfill burial)
Sealed sources – specialist contractorSealed sources – specialist contractor
LIQUID :LIQUID :Aqueous – down the drainAqueous – down the drainOrganic – collected and sent for incinerationOrganic – collected and sent for incineration
Radiation Protection Office
Waste DisposalWaste Disposal
IS VERY EXPENSIVE:IS VERY EXPENSIVE:
When buying new sources – think about When buying new sources – think about disposal costs and work this into the grant disposal costs and work this into the grant applicationapplication
Radiation Protection Office
OrphansOrphansRadioactive sources or materials or Radioactive sources or materials or waste that does not have an ‘owner’waste that does not have an ‘owner’
Creates a lot of work for RPOCreates a lot of work for RPORPO has to pay for its legal disposalRPO has to pay for its legal disposal
PLEASE PLEASE NONO ORPHANS ORPHANS
X
Radiation Protection Office
When an Inspector Calls !!When an Inspector Calls !!
• Poor accounting of sources and wastePoor accounting of sources and waste• Lost sourcesLost sources• Unauthorised disposal of wasteUnauthorised disposal of waste• Over-accumulation of wasteOver-accumulation of waste• Failure to keep suitable and sufficient recordsFailure to keep suitable and sufficient records• Failure to use best practicable means (BPM)Failure to use best practicable means (BPM)
Radiation Protection Office
OffencesOffencesVariety of offences & penaltiesVariety of offences & penalties
Penalties can be applied to anyone within the Penalties can be applied to anyone within the University - University - not just the COO or Department Headnot just the COO or Department Head
Non-compliance with Permit conditions/schedulesNon-compliance with Permit conditions/schedules- up to £20,000 fine and/or up to 6 months in prison- up to £20,000 fine and/or up to 6 months in prison
Failure to keep recordsFailure to keep records- a fine and/or up to 3 months imprisonment- a fine and/or up to 3 months imprisonment
Radiation Protection Office
IRR99IRR99Protection of the Worker.Protection of the Worker.
Policed by Policed by The Health & Safety Executive (HSE).The Health & Safety Executive (HSE).
• Risk Assessments (7)Risk Assessments (7)• Annual Dose Limits (11)Annual Dose Limits (11)• Area Classification and Monitoring (16)Area Classification and Monitoring (16)• Local Rules (17)Local Rules (17)• Accounting for, Keeping and Moving Accounting for, Keeping and Moving
Radioactive Substances (28+29)Radioactive Substances (28+29)
Radiation Protection Office
Risk AssessmentRisk AssessmentMust be made prior to commencing anyMust be made prior to commencing anynew work involving ionising radiation.new work involving ionising radiation.
Identify hazardsIdentify hazards
Who could be harmedWho could be harmed
Evaluate risksEvaluate risks
Record findingsRecord findings
Review / reviseReview / revise
Significant Significant hazardhazard
but is it a risk?but is it a risk?
Radiation Protection Office
Annual Dose Limits Annual Dose Limits (ICRP60)(ICRP60)
1515
5050
--
150150
500500
500500
Eye LensEye Lens
SkinSkin
ExtremitiesExtremities
112020Effective DoseEffective Dose
PublicPublic
(mSv)(mSv)
OccupationalOccupational
(mSv)(mSv)
StochasticStochastic
DeterministicDeterministic
WORC : equivalent dose to the surface of theWORC : equivalent dose to the surface of theabdomen must be less than 13mSv in any quarter.abdomen must be less than 13mSv in any quarter.
Once pregnancy discovered – must declare it inOnce pregnancy discovered – must declare it inwriting to your employer.writing to your employer.
Procedures to restrict dose to surface of Procedures to restrict dose to surface of abdomen to 2mSv once pregnancy declared.abdomen to 2mSv once pregnancy declared.
Foetal doseFoetal dose : < 1mSv.: < 1mSv.Foetus considered to be a member of the general public.Foetus considered to be a member of the general public.
Pregnant StaffPregnant Staff
Radiation Protection Office
Area Classification and MonitoringArea Classification and Monitoring
ControlledControlled : : > 3/10> 3/10thth of any dose limit. of any dose limit.
: : significant risk of spreadingsignificant risk of spreadingcontamination.contamination.
SupervisedSupervised : : reviewed as to controlled status.reviewed as to controlled status.: > 1/10: > 1/10thth of any dose limit. of any dose limit.: effective dose > 1mSv per year.: effective dose > 1mSv per year.
Monitoring for ContaminationMonitoring for Contamination must be done must be done
regularly (at least weeklyregularly (at least weekly nature of work).nature of work).
Radiation Protection Office
Local RulesLocal Rules• Names of appointed personsNames of appointed persons• Duties and responsibilitiesDuties and responsibilities• Classification of areasClassification of areas• Systems of workSystems of work
- record keeping- record keeping- ordering- ordering- experimental procedures- experimental procedures
• Personnel monitoring proceduresPersonnel monitoring procedures• Dose investigation level – 2mSvDose investigation level – 2mSv• Contingency plans Contingency plans – loss, theft, spillage– loss, theft, spillage
Read, Understand and Sign Read, Understand and Sign (RP6 form)(RP6 form)
Radiation Protection Office
Accounting for, Keeping and MovingAccounting for, Keeping and MovingRadioactive Substances Radioactive Substances
House-keeping and records for quantity & locationHouse-keeping and records for quantity & location
Stored substances kept in suitable receptacle & storeStored substances kept in suitable receptacle & store
Suitable & labelled package whilst being movedSuitable & labelled package whilst being moved
Radiation Protection Office
Regulatory ControlRegulatory Control• Each source must have an ‘owner’Each source must have an ‘owner’
• Sources markedSources marked permanently with unique ID permanently with unique ID number, trefoil and key datanumber, trefoil and key data– Due the physical size often not possibleDue the physical size often not possible
• Label the container – can lead to loss when users put the wrong Label the container – can lead to loss when users put the wrong sources back in the wrong potsources back in the wrong pot
• Record KeepingRecord Keeping– IRR99 Regulation 28 and EPR2010 Permit conditionsIRR99 Regulation 28 and EPR2010 Permit conditions– Inventory list of Inventory list of allall sources – RPS should maintain a central sources – RPS should maintain a central
record of record of allall sources sources– Source usage record for each source – date logged out, to Source usage record for each source – date logged out, to
where and why, by whom, date logged back in to storewhere and why, by whom, date logged back in to store– Monthly checks on locations with a record of the checkMonthly checks on locations with a record of the check– Records of disposalsRecords of disposals
Radiation Protection Office
RecordsRecords• Radionuclide (*)Radionuclide (*)• Source ID number (*)Source ID number (*)• Activity (*) and supplier's reference date (*)Activity (*) and supplier's reference date (*)• Date received onto the premisesDate received onto the premises• If in equipment – what type, model, serial numberIf in equipment – what type, model, serial number• Current locationCurrent location• Current leak test certificate (*)Current leak test certificate (*)• Current source ‘owner’Current source ‘owner’• Date and manner of disposal of the sourceDate and manner of disposal of the source• Keep these for Keep these for at least at least two years (IRR99) but will two years (IRR99) but will
also need these ones (*) at disposal timealso need these ones (*) at disposal time
Radiation Protection Office
Leak TestingLeak Testing• Records of Leak TestRecords of Leak Test
– source (identification number)source (identification number)– date carried outdate carried out– who did the testwho did the test– method of testmethod of test– instrument used (serial number)instrument used (serial number)– numerical resultnumerical result– pass or failpass or fail– action if failedaction if failed
Radiation Protection Office
DisposalDisposal• Removal of sources from pieces of equipmentRemoval of sources from pieces of equipment
– Care with LSC sources – very small and can be Care with LSC sources – very small and can be difficult to extract (without an angle-grinder!!)difficult to extract (without an angle-grinder!!)
– Will need a suitable store for source once outWill need a suitable store for source once out– Remove Remove allall the labels from the equipment before the labels from the equipment before
scrapping !scrapping !
• Disposal optionsDisposal options– Perhaps Exempted or VLLW via decayPerhaps Exempted or VLLW via decay– Solid incineration – if in Permit conditionsSolid incineration – if in Permit conditions– Supplier might take backSupplier might take back– Sale or gifting to bona-fide organisations Sale or gifting to bona-fide organisations – Specialist disposalSpecialist disposal
• ACB, Gamma Services, Babcock etc.ACB, Gamma Services, Babcock etc.
Radiation Protection Office
• Sources must be held securelySources must be held securely• Locked in a secure/shielded store when not in useLocked in a secure/shielded store when not in use• ONE physical barrier OK for most materialsONE physical barrier OK for most materials• BUT some higher activity sources need at least BUT some higher activity sources need at least
TWO physical barriers + alarms + PIR + CCTV etc.TWO physical barriers + alarms + PIR + CCTV etc.• High Activity Sealed Sources – HASSHigh Activity Sealed Sources – HASS• Comply with guidelines from NaCTSOComply with guidelines from NaCTSO• Inspections by Counter-Terrorism OfficersInspections by Counter-Terrorism Officers
Source SecuritySource Security
Radiation Protection Office
Transport of Radioactive MaterialsTransport of Radioactive Materials(Carriage of Dangerous Goods Regulations)(Carriage of Dangerous Goods Regulations)
Consignor – prepares and/or sendsConsignor – prepares and/or sendsCarrier – physically transportsCarrier – physically transportsConsignee – receivesConsignee – receives
If going to be If going to be Consignor or CarrierConsignor or Carrier – must contact – must contactThe Radiation Protection Office to discussThe Radiation Protection Office to discussarrangements e.g. Type of package, vehicle placardsarrangements e.g. Type of package, vehicle placardsMust Must notnot be in private car – insurance invalidated be in private car – insurance invalidated
Even as Even as ConsigneeConsignee – written procedure for receipt – written procedure for receipt
Radiation Protection Office
The Radiation Protection Office (RPO)The Radiation Protection Office (RPO)
Pete ColePete Cole ((Room 406Room 406 794 3467)794 3467)Radiation Protection Adviser / Radioactive Waste AdviserRadiation Protection Adviser / Radioactive Waste Adviser
Louise NicholsonLouise Nicholson (Room 406(Room 406 794 3467)794 3467)Radiation Protection Adviser / Radioactive Waste AdviserRadiation Protection Adviser / Radioactive Waste Adviser
TBATBA (Room 407(Room 407 794 3466)794 3466)Radiation Protection TechnicianRadiation Protection Technician
Mrs Ina GreenwoodMrs Ina Greenwood (Room 407(Room 407 794 3465)794 3465)Radiation Protection SecretaryRadiation Protection Secretary
Radiation Protection Office
Work of the RPO (includes!!)
Advice to University staff on complying with regs.Advice to University staff on complying with regs. Departmental audits to ensure safe practice.Departmental audits to ensure safe practice. Liaison with EA, HSE, NRPB, SRP and AURPO.Liaison with EA, HSE, NRPB, SRP and AURPO. Disposal of radioactive waste.Disposal of radioactive waste. Monitoring staff doses.Monitoring staff doses. Dealing with incidents and issues.Dealing with incidents and issues. Communicating with the media.Communicating with the media.
Radiation Protection Office
The RPO WebsiteThe RPO Website
www.liv.ac.uk/radiationwww.liv.ac.uk/radiation
Details of RPO and how to contact us.Details of RPO and how to contact us.
Basic information on radiation hazards.Basic information on radiation hazards.
DocumentsDocuments - Generic Local Rules. - Generic Local Rules.
- New Work(er) Registration Forms.- New Work(er) Registration Forms.
- Waste Collection Request Forms.- Waste Collection Request Forms.
- Risk Assessment Forms.- Risk Assessment Forms.
Radiation Protection Office
Whoops!
RadioactiveSubstances
BasicBasicRadiationRadiationProtectionProtection
andandLegislationLegislationOverviewOverview
Thanks forThanks forListeningListening