Radiation Protection Technology Introduction and ALARA Philosophy Radiological Safety and Response RPT-243 -1
Transcript
Slide 1
Slide 2
Radiation Protection Technology Introduction and ALARA
Philosophy Radiological Safety and Response RPT-243 -1
Slide 3
Radiation Protection Technology The following Learning Outcomes
are addressed in Session 1
Slide 4
Radiation Protection Technology Learning Outcomes Upon
completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: Explain the
four common stages of team formation and growth (PE). As assigned
by the Instructor, participate as a contributing team member on an
RPT Student team (PE). Demonstrate the use of the SLAPPS mnemonic
to exercise situational awareness (PE). Demonstrate the proper use
of the 3 part communication model including the use of the phonetic
alphabet and numeric communication (PE). Demonstrate the proper use
of the STAR acrostic to exercise self-checking (PE).
Slide 5
Radiation Protection Technology The following Learning Outcomes
are addressed in Session 2
Slide 6
Radiation Protection Technology Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon
completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: Define and
discuss the interrelationship among the following: regulation
regulatory guide NUREG recommendation (health physics position
papers) license condition technical specification
Slide 7
Radiation Protection Technology Identify the scope, explain the
principles and the use of the following standards: 10CFR19,
Notices, Instructions, and Reports to Workers 10CFR20, Standards
for Protection Against Radiation 10 CFR835, Occupational Radiation
Protection regulatory guides applicable to power reactor
radiological protection (such as RG 8.38, RG 8.13, and RG 8.15)
Identify the ALARA philosophy for collective personnel exposure and
individual exposure. Discuss why radiation exposures to individuals
and to groups of workers are to be kept as low as reasonably
achievable (ALARA). Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of
this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 8
Radiation Protection Technology Describe the assumptions on
which the current ALARA philosophy is based. Identify the scope of
an effective radiological ALARA program. Explain how exposure goals
can be used to reduce individual and collective exposures for
specific radiological jobs, for work groups, and for the plant.
Explain the ALARA concept and how it is applied to radiological
work at the plant (for example, time, distance, shielding,
engineering controls, and source reduction). Learning Outcomes
(contd) Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able
to:
Slide 9
Radiation Protection Technology Describe the total risk concept
as it applies to the prescription of radiological work controls.
Describe special precautions to be used when practical to control
or reduce exposures during certain radiological conditions, such
as: assignment of stay times and timekeepers, continuous
radiological protection technician coverage, use of alarming
dosimeters or dose rate meters, use of temporary shielding,
availability of low dose rate waiting areas, and removal of high
dose rate sources. Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of
this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 10
Radiation Protection Technology Describe work time reduction
techniques that can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure,
such as the following: pre-job planning and preparation pre-job
mockup training for worker familiarity review of procedures for
workability and efficiency use of special tools to improve worker
efficiency improvement of worker comfort by controlling the
environment (temperature, lighting, humidity, space) prefabrication
of equipment in low-dose or no-dose areas decontamination to reduce
protective clothing requirements Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon
completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 11
Radiation Protection Technology Describe techniques by which
increased distance can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure,
such as: positioning workers away from hot spots or high dose
areas, using remote operators or special tools to increase worker
distance from a source, and removing equipment to low dose areas
for maintenance. Discuss factors that determine the ultimate
effectiveness of installing temporary shielding, such as the cost
of installation (dollars and person-rem) versus benefit, physical
space limitations, 10CFR50.59 review constraints, floor loading
constraints, and pipe and pipe hanger load constraints. Learning
Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of this lesson, the student will
be able to:
Slide 12
Radiation Protection Technology Describe the consequences of
removing permanent or temporary shielding without proper review and
authorization. Explain the responsibilities of the following
personnel regarding specifying, complying with, monitoring, and
enforcing radiological protection and ALARA requirements: worker
workers supervisor radiological protection technician radiological
protection supervisor Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of
this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 13
Radiation Protection Technology Outline Session 1 Introduction
Team Dynamics Human Performance Improvement Session 2 Regulatory
Hierarchy and Relationships ALARA Philosophy and Why Implementing
ALARA Total Risk Concept Use of Goals Time Distance Shielding
Responsibilities Questions
Radiation Protection Technology Introduction A shift in
approach: Up to this point classes have been largely theoretically
based with some guided instruction in practical hands-on
competencies Now we move to largely hands-on instruction
culminating in performance for evaluation. That is we will revisit
some of the tasks you have been exposed to and coached through and
will provide an evaluation of your performance as a team and as an
individual.
Slide 16
Radiation Protection Technology Introduction Additionally, we
will introduce new aspects of previous topics, such as: Regulatory
hierarchy and relationships More details from the regulations
regarding and implementation of controls for: Limits Postings
Access Control Contamination Control Emergency Response ALARA and
Radiological Planning Use of the BIG Three TDS
Slide 17
Radiation Protection Technology Introduction However, first we
will introduce some tools that will help you start to acclimate
yourself to the day-to-day life of an RP technician: Team Dynamics
Human Performance Improvement
Slide 18
Radiation Protection Technology Team Dynamics
Slide 19
Radiation Protection Technology Team Together Everyone Achieves
More Many different ways to look at TEAM function and TEAM theory
exist. Arguably, the most popular model is one put forward by Bruce
Tuckman in an article first published in 1965. He described four
stages of team formation and growth: Forming Storming Norming
Performing
Slide 20
Radiation Protection Technology Forming Team members meet each
other. Individual expectations as being part of the team are
defined. The leaders ability to guide the team most likely is
tested during the forming stage. Notes: In a high turnover
organization, or one that has undergone reorganization, teams are
in some stage of forming on a frequent basis New employees or new
team members always start in this stage
Slide 21
Radiation Protection Technology Forming Tips for moving through
this stage: Recognize where you and your team mates are Step out
and introduce yourself to each other Take time to get to know each
other Seek out a clear definition of: The teams mission
Expectations on the team Individual members roles and
responsibilities Recognize that not everyone will become
comfortable on the team at the same rate
Slide 22
Radiation Protection Technology Storming The team begins to
understand what the end goal is. However, each member may have a
different idea as to how best to proceed toward that goal. Team
members personal agendas may become clear as each vies for credit
for ideas. Members may start to compete with each other. They may
discount each others ideas. Generally, they avoid collaboration.
Storming is usually the most difficult stage for the team.
Slide 23
Radiation Protection Technology Storming Tips for moving
through this stage: Stay on task help remind each other what that
is Learn and use compromising and negotiating skills Ensure goals
are achievable and realistic Use the good days to share positive
feelings and experiences and celebrate successes Use appropriate
humor to dampen tension Keep it positive and upbeat
Slide 24
Radiation Protection Technology Norming Team members: Agree on
the focus Are enthusiastic Are goal-driven Accept each other Tips:
Encourage continued graciousness in giving and receiving
constructive criticism Stay focused Establish internal rules and
guidelines
Slide 25
Radiation Protection Technology Performing Team members:
Identify and solve problems Implement changes Make measurable
progress toward the goal Tips: Do not take advantage of each others
strengths or weaknesses Look within yourself when problems are
encountered Where do I need to change? Work through problems within
the team Encourage each other in taking bite sized chunks Seek to
continue to bond as team members
Slide 26
Radiation Protection Technology Mature Teams Recognize that
actions speak louder than words Understand that self-respect is a
strong motivating force Agree that placing a high value on
integrity builds support within the team Have learned that
flexibility develops deep trust Recognize the need to renew
themselves from time to time.
Slide 27
Radiation Protection Technology Four Stages of Team Growth
Slide 28
Radiation Protection Technology Teams in Summary Forming We are
watchful, polite, and guarded. We dont really know or understand
the boundaries or the rules. Storming and Norming We get organized,
develop skills as a team, establish procedures, give and receive
feedback, and confront issues after we learn how. Performing We are
close and supportive. We tend to be flexible, open, and
synergistic. Together Everyone Achieves More
Slide 29
Radiation Protection Technology Expectations RPT Students will
be split into teams by the Instructor. The Teams will stay intact
over the semester until the Instructor decides otherwise. The Teams
shall perform all Labs and Practical Exercises (PE) as directed by
the Instructor. The Teams will be coached by the Instructor on
improving team performance.
Slide 30
Radiation Protection Technology Human Performance Improvement
Tools
Slide 31
Radiation Protection Technology Definition According to Purdue
University one definition of Human performance improvement is: the
systematic process of discovering and analyzing important human
performance gaps planning for future improvements in human
performance, designing and developing cost-effective and ethically
justifiable interventions to close performance gaps, implementing
the interventions, and evaluating the financial and non-financial
results.
Slide 32
Radiation Protection Technology What that means For the nuclear
worker it means: An acknowledgement that using radioactive material
involves humans That humans make mistakes (performance gaps)
Consequences of mistakes using radioactive material can have
significant impact on the worker, the general public and the
environment Therefore, those performance gaps must be studied and
tools implemented that will minimize the frequency of the
occurrence of the gaps. Good News the tools have been already been
developed
Slide 33
Radiation Protection Technology Fundamental Tools Four
Fundamental Tools exist that should become part of how you do
business. Integrating these tools into your routine work habits
will help ensure a high level of performance in everyday tasks and
will assist you in responding to off normal and emergency
occurrences. The four tools to be reviewed are: Situational
Awareness Communications Self-Checking Procedure Use and
Adherence
Radiation Protection Technology Situational Awareness Clearly,
the workers mindset toward the task at hand sets the stage for
excellence. Situation awareness tools help the worker form an
accurate understanding of the work and equipment situation
fostering an attitude sensitive to the presence of hazards and the
possible consequences of a mistake. Situation Awareness Tools to be
Considered: Task Preview Job-Site Review Questioning Attitude
Stopping Work
Slide 36
Radiation Protection Technology Task Preview Just as the name
implies it is a review of a task prior to attending a pre-job
briefing or starting to work. Also it should be used after extended
delays in performing an activity Review procedures and related
documents Walk down the work site (may not be feasible because of
dose or contamination)
Slide 37
Radiation Protection Technology Task Preview Talk to workers
that have done the job Look at old job packages for the same task
(job history) Provides a structured, risk-based review from a human
performance perspective Consider using the SAFER mnemonic to stay
on track
Slide 38
Radiation Protection Technology SAFER S summarize the critical
steps A anticipate errors for each critical step and relevant error
precursors F foresee probable and worse-case consequences should an
error occur during each critical step E evaluate controls or
contingencies at each critical step to prevent, catch, and recover
from errors and to reduce their consequences R review previous
experience and lessons learned relevant to the specific tasks and
critical steps
Slide 39
Radiation Protection Technology Job-Site Review Sometimes
referred to as Take Two Used to improve situational awareness upon
initial arrival at a work site. Take time to look at and understand
critical indicators, equipment condition, work environment hazards,
and team members condition and location. Helps establish a healthy
sense of uneasiness, raising the questioning attitude and accuracy
of your situational awareness. Based on review, hazards should be
addressed prior to proceeding
Slide 40
Radiation Protection Technology Questioning Attitude By
definition Attitude is a state of mind or feeling toward a subject
or object of interest. A questioning attitude then would a state of
mind or feeling toward a subject that involves questioning what
might be assumed or otherwise perceived about a job or task at
hand. A questioning attitude fosters situational awareness
prompting thought before action. Use the following main steps to
facilitate a questioning attitude.
Slide 41
Radiation Protection Technology SLLAPS Stop, Look, and Listen
Stop at the beginning and periodically to search the work situation
for warning signs such as, uncertainty, confusion, and doubts.
Listen for danger words such as, I assume, probably, I think,
maybe, should be, might be, etc. Ask Questions What are the knowns
and unknowns? What are the points of confusion and uncertainties?
Are the conditions and situations what you expected and were
briefed on?
Slide 42
Radiation Protection Technology SLLAPS Proceed - only if you
are sure. Have your uncertainties be resolved with facts?
Otherwise, do not proceed in the face of uncertainty! Stop when you
are unsure and when uncertainties, confusion and doubts persist.
Stop the work Place the job site and equipment in a safe condition
Notify your supervisor
Slide 43
Radiation Protection Technology Stop Work Every worker has the
authority and responsibility to stop any job in which they are
engaged where they are uncertain and unclear about what is
happening with the task. Additionally, Radiation Protection
Technicians have the responsibility and authority to stop any job
where, in their opinion, continuation with the work will result in
an unsafe radiological situation. (Actual company guidelines will
dictate the specifics of exercising that authority.)
Slide 44
Radiation Protection Technology Expectations RPT Students are
expected to use the tools and techniques discussed here during all
Labs and PEs. Specifically the SLLAPS mnemonic is to be used when
participating in PEs using the scenario-based training approach.
Students should use the thinking out loud techniques encouraged in
the RPT-113 course. Students will be graded on the proper use of
the SLLAPS mnemonic.
Slide 45
Radiation Protection Technology Communications
Slide 46
Radiation Protection Technology Communnication The process by
which information is exchanged between individuals, departments, or
organizations The lifeline of the team Most effective when it
permeates every aspect of an organization
Slide 47
Radiation Protection Technology Barriers to Communication
Language cultural, professional jargon, generational Distractions
noise, adjacent secondary activities, multi-tasking Physical
proximity geographical, spatial Personalities Otter, Spaniel, Lion,
Retriever Workload overloaded schedule, collateral duties Varying
communication styles Conflict at work, at home, at school, wife,
husband Lack of information verification communicating information
w/o verifying accuracy or validity Shift change loss of focus,
distractions
Slide 48
Radiation Protection Technology Standards for Effective
Communication Complete Communicate all relevant information. Clear
Convey information that is plainly understood. Brief Communicate
the information in a concise manner. Timely Offer and request
information in an appropriate timeframe. Verify authenticity.
Validate or acknowledge information.
Slide 49
Radiation Protection Technology Tools for Effective
Communication Use common language professional, technical
information, should be standardized. Use numeric pronunciation that
is, one five vs. fifteen (can sound like fifty) Use phonetic
alphabet alpha, bravo, charlie, delta Using the phonetic alphabet
is unnecessary when using standard approved acronyms, such as RHR
(residual heat removal).
Slide 50
Radiation Protection Technology Phonetic Alphabet A - Alpha B -
Bravo C - Charlie D - Delta E - Echo F - Foxtrot G - Golf H - Hotel
I - India J - Juliet K - Kilo L - Lima M - Mike N - November O -
Oscar P - Papa Q - Quebec R - Romeo S - Sierra T - Tango U -
Uniform V - Victor W -Whiskey X - X-ray Y - Yankee Z - Zulu
Slide 51
Radiation Protection Technology Tools for Effective
Communication Active Listening - a way of listening that focuses
entirely on what the other person is saying and confirms
understanding of both the content of the message and the emotions
and feelings underlying the message to ensure that understanding is
accurate.
Slide 52
Radiation Protection Technology Tools for Effective
Communication Use closed loop communication (three-part
communication model) - in all critical communications involving:
the operation or alteration of plant equipment the condition of
plant equipment or the value of an important parameter the
performance of steps or actions using an approved procedure task
assignments that impact plant equipment or plant activities the
safety of personnel, the environment, or the plant Focus
Slide 53
Radiation Protection Technology Closed Loop Communication
Slide 54
Radiation Protection Technology Roles and Responsibilities The
person originating the communication is the sender and is
responsible for verifying that the receiver understands the message
as intended. The receiver makes sure he or she understands what the
sender is saying. First, the sender gets the attention of the
receiver and clearly states the message. Second, the receiver
repeats the message in a paraphrased form, which helps the sender
know if the receiver understands the message. (Many organizations
required verbatim repeat-backs.)
Slide 55
Radiation Protection Technology Roles and Responsibilities
During this exchange, the receiver restates equipment-related
information exactly as spoken by the sender. In the event the
receiver does not understand, they will indicate it with Say Again.
Third, the sender informs the receiver whether the message is
properly understood, or corrects the receiver and restates the
message.
Slide 56
Radiation Protection Technology Scenario One of the shift RPTs
is in the RCA and identifies a leak on the CVCS. The RPT, using the
radio, calls the SS in the Unit 2 CR to report the leak. Listen to
the conversation and see if you can identify some of the tools weve
named and the closed loop communication model.
Slide 57
Radiation Protection Technology 3 Part Communication Dialogue
RPT Shift Supervisor, this is the Shift Radiation Protection
Technician. SS Shift RP, this is the SS go ahead. RPT SS, I have
identified a Chemical Volume Control System leak on the 3-3-5
elevation of the Unit 2 Auxiliary Building room 2-2-5-2. SS Shift
RP, I understand you have a Chemical Volume Control System leak on
the 3-3-5 elevation of Unit 2 Auxiliary Building in Room 2-2-5-2.
RPT- That is correct. SS Shift RP, what is the approximate leak
rate and component identification for the leak.
Slide 58
Radiation Protection Technology 3 Part Communication Dialogue
RP- SS, the leak rate is approximately fifteen drops per minute
coming from the packing gland on the 2P-32D Charging Pump SS I
understand fifty drops per minute from 2D-52B packing gland. RP
That is not correct. The leak rate is one five drops per minute
from two papa three-two delta packing gland. SS I understand, the
leak rate is one five drops per minute from two papa three-two
delta packing gland. RP That is correct.
Slide 59
Radiation Protection Technology Critique Sender Receiver
Phonetic Alphabet Numeric Communication Feedback Verbatim Repeat
Back Confirmation
Slide 60
Radiation Protection Technology Expectations The three part
communication model will be used in all Labs and Practical
Exercises for the RPT Program. Students will be graded on use of
the model. The phonetic alphabet will be used when communicating
alpha characters during all Labs and Practical Exercises for the
RPT Program. Students will be graded on use of the phonetic
alphabet. Numeric communication will use the pronunciation of the
number, i.e. one-five vs. fifteen. Students will be graded on use
of numeric communication.
Slide 61
Radiation Protection Technology Self-Checking
Slide 62
Radiation Protection Technology Self-Checking Self-checking
enables the worker to focus their attention on a specific step of
the task at hand to: Think about the intended action and Understand
the expected outcome before acting and then, To verify expected
results are obtained after the action has been taken.
Slide 63
Radiation Protection Technology Self-Checking Used most often
when: manipulating plant equipment entering data into a computer
recording data on a form performing a calculation when assembling
components with similar parts Use the STAR acrostic
Slide 64
Radiation Protection Technology STAR Stop Pause and focus
attention on performing the self-check Think engage your mind to
consider: do you understand what you are going to do? what the
expected result will be? a contingency if the expected result does
not occur ? are there questions that need to be answered?
Slide 65
Radiation Protection Technology STAR Act perform the correct
action on the intended component Look at, touch, and read the
component label Compare what is there with documentation Maintain
contact and perform the action Review verify the expected result
was achieved If not, perform the contingency action Notify the
supervisor as appropriate
Slide 66
Radiation Protection Technology Expectations RPT Students will
be expected to employ the STAR acrostic during those Labs and
Exercises which require: manipulating plant equipment entering data
into a computer recording data on a form performing a calculation
The students should use the thinking out loud techniques encouraged
in RPT-113 PEs. Students will be graded on the use of the STAR
acrostic.
Slide 67
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and
Adherence
Slide 68
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Every organizations procedure hierarchy and expectations regarding
the use of the procedures at different levels within that hierarchy
will vary considerably. However, most facilities using radioactive
materials will have a procedure structure similar to the following:
Administrative Procedures describe the manner in the organizations
departments fulfill the vision and mission of the organization as
well as satisfying regulatory requirements.
Slide 69
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Most facilities using radioactive materials will have a structure
similar to the following: Administrative Procedures- Implementing
Procedures describe the step by step means by which the
requirements of the Administrative Level Procedures are satisfied.
They may be categorized by the discipline to which they apply.
These may have different kinds of procedures: Surveillance
Procedures Maintenance Procedures Operating Procedures
Slide 70
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Adherence means understanding the intent and purpose of a procedure
and following its direction. The user follows the steps of the
procedure as they are sequenced and as they are written. However,
if it can not be followed as written, the work is stopped and the
procedure is corrected. The expectation is not BLIND compliance but
THINKING compliance. Use means the frequency or degree of reference
by the user versus dependence on the users memory or recall.
Slide 71
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Within the categories discussed above, the level of use for the
procedure will typically be designated as one of the following:
Continuous Use for complex or infrequently performed tasks where an
improper action would result in an immediate impact on safety,
production, or reliability. Reference Use for complex or
infrequently performed tasks where the consequences of an improper
action may not be immediate.
Slide 72
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Within the categories discussed above, the level of use for the
procedure will typically be designated as one of the following:
Information Use - for activities, usually administrative in nature,
that do not require direct contact with plant equipment or
components and do not have immediate consequences when performed
incorrectly
Slide 73
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
How? Continuous Use Read and understand each step before performing
the step Complete each step before moving to the next step Complete
in the sequence provided Use a place keeping technique Keep the
procedure document in the presence of the user continuously
Slide 74
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Reference Use Review and understand segments before performing any
steps, periodically, and as each segment is completed Segments can
be performed from memory Use place keeping as needed Keep the
document at the work site Review the document at the completion of
the task
Slide 75
Radiation Protection Technology Procedure Use and Adherence
Information Use Activity can be done from memory Review the
procedure before use Keep the document available and review as
needed
Slide 76
Radiation Protection Technology Expectations As they are made
available RPT Students are expected to adhere to the proper use of
the procedure as described here and as directed by the
Instructor.
Radiation Protection Technology ALARA RPT-243-1 Session 2
Slide 79
Radiation Protection Technology Learning Outcomes Upon
completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: Define and
discuss the interrelationship among the following: regulation
regulatory guide NUREG recommendation (health physics position
papers) license condition technical specification
Slide 80
Radiation Protection Technology Identify the scope, explain the
principles and the use of the following standards: 10CFR19,
Notices, Instructions, and Reports to Workers 10CFR20, Standards
for Protection Against Radiation 10 CFR835, Occupational Radiation
Protection regulatory guides applicable to power reactor
radiological protection (such as RG 8.38, RG 8.13, and RG 8.15)
Identify the ALARA philosophy for collective personnel exposure and
individual exposure. Discuss why radiation exposures to individuals
and to groups of workers are to be kept as low as reasonably
achievable (ALARA). Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of
this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 81
Radiation Protection Technology Describe the assumptions on
which the current ALARA philosophy is based. Identify the scope of
an effective radiological ALARA program. Explain how exposure goals
can be used to reduce individual and collective exposures for
specific radiological jobs, for work groups, and for the plant.
Explain the ALARA concept and how it is applied to radiological
work at the plant (for example, time, distance, shielding,
engineering controls, and source reduction). Learning Outcomes
(contd) Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able
to:
Slide 82
Radiation Protection Technology Describe the total risk concept
as it applies to the prescription of radiological work controls.
Describe special precautions to be used when practical to control
or reduce exposures during certain radiological conditions, such
as: assignment of stay times and timekeepers, continuous
radiological protection technician coverage, use of alarming
dosimeters or dose rate meters, use of temporary shielding,
availability of low dose rate waiting areas, and removal of high
dose rate sources. Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of
this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 83
Radiation Protection Technology Describe work time reduction
techniques that can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure,
such as the following: pre-job planning and preparation pre-job
mockup training for worker familiarity review of procedures for
workability and efficiency use of special tools to improve worker
efficiency improvement of worker comfort by controlling the
environment (temperature, lighting, humidity, space) prefabrication
of equipment in low-dose or no-dose areas decontamination to reduce
protective clothing requirements Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon
completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 84
Radiation Protection Technology Describe techniques by which
increased distance can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure,
such as: positioning workers away from hot spots or high dose
areas, using remote operators or special tools to increase worker
distance from a source, and removing equipment to low dose areas
for maintenance. Discuss factors that determine the ultimate
effectiveness of installing temporary shielding, such as the cost
of installation (dollars and person-rem) versus benefit, physical
space limitations, 10CFR50.59 review constraints, floor loading
constraints, and pipe and pipe hanger load constraints. Learning
Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of this lesson, the student will
be able to:
Slide 85
Radiation Protection Technology Describe the consequences of
removing permanent or temporary shielding without proper review and
authorization. Explain the responsibilities of the following
personnel regarding specifying, complying with, monitoring, and
enforcing radiological protection and ALARA requirements: worker
workers supervisor radiological protection technician radiological
protection supervisor Learning Outcomes (contd) Upon completion of
this lesson, the student will be able to:
Slide 86
Radiation Protection Technology Outline Session 2 Regulatory
Hierarchy and Relationships ALARA Philosophy What Where When Who
Why Implementing ALARA the How Use of Goals Time Distance Shielding
Responsibilities
Slide 87
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions Regulation For our
purpose we will define regulation as it applies to our industry. In
order to do that, we need a little background. Congress has
authorized the formation of the various regulatory commissions by
the Executive Branch which exist for the purpose of overseeing
highly specialized or technical endeavors. In our case the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC). The Department of Energy and other
departments serve at the cabinet level to advise the President in
specific areas of our society and oversee the administration of the
departments.
Slide 88
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions Regulation All of
the agencies, departments and commissions promulgate rules for
operating. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is the United
States federal law that governs the way in which those
administrative agencies of the federal government may propose and
establish the rules or regulations. Under the APA, the various
agencies and commissions are permitted to promulgate detailed rules
and regulations through a public "rulemaking" process where the
public is allowed to comment.
Slide 89
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions Regulation After a
period of time, the rules and regulations are usually published in
the Federal Register as The Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) and
carry the full force of administrative law (regulations). The CFR
is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to
Federal regulation. The Title that we will focus on here is Title
10 EnergyEnergy Other Titles used in our profession would be: Title
29 Labor (OSHA) Title 49 Transportation (RAM Shipping)
Slide 90
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions Regulatory Guide
Regulatory Guides (RG) provides: guidance to licensees and
applicants on implementing specific parts of the NRC's regulations,
techniques used by the NRC staff in evaluating specific problems or
postulated accidents, and data needed by the staff in its review of
applications for permits or licenses. May be used by DOE when
referenced in their implementing guides.
Slide 91
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions Regulatory Guide
Interestingly enough, RGs are not regulations and do not have to be
followed. However, best be sure that you know that you are
satisfying regulation with the method(s) you are using.
Slide 92
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions NUREG Reports or
brochures on regulatory decisions, results of research, results of
incident investigations, and other technical and administrative
information. Publications Prepared by NRC Staff NUREG-(nnnn)
Brochures Prepared by NRC Staff NUREG/BR-(nnnn) Conference
Proceeding Prepared by NRC Staff or Contractors NUREG/CP-(nnnn)
Publications Prepared by NRC Contractors NUREG/CR- (nnnn)
Slide 93
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions NUREG Publications
Resulting from International Agreements NUREG/IA-(nnnn)
Publications Available in the Agencywide Documents Access and
Management System (ADAMS) Drafts for Comment Not regulation, rather
a communication tool.
Slide 94
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions Health Physics
Position Papers The Health Physics Positions (HPPOS) Database
(NUREG/CR-5569, Rev. 1, 1994) is a compilation of NRC staff
positions on a wide range of topics involving radiation protection
(health physics). It consists of over 300 documents in the forms of
letters, memoranda, and excepts from technical reports. The HPPOS
Database was developed by NRC Headquarters and Regional Offices to
help ensure uniformity in inspections, enforcement, and licensing
actions. Again not regulation, but very valuable to help understand
what the regulations mean to accomplish.
Slide 95
Radiation Protection Technology Definitions License Condition
and Tech Specs 10CFR50 DOMESTIC LICENSING OF PRODUCTION AND
UTILIZATION FACILITIES is the federal regulation that stipulates
the application and licensing process to be followed for a nuclear
power plant. DOMESTIC LICENSING OF PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION
FACILITIES The regulation requires that the applicant provide a
description and safety assessment of the site and a safety
assessment of the facility.
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Radiation Protection Technology It is expected that reactors
will reflect through their design, construction and operation an
extremely low probability for accidents that could result in the
release of significant quantities of radioactive fission products.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0034.html
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0034.html
10CFR50 also specifies that as part of the application process, the
plant must submit a set of technical specifications for the plant.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0036.html
Definitions License Condition and Tech Specs
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Radiation Protection Technology The process also requires the
applicant develop a detailed Emergency Plan that becomes part of
their license.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0047.html
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0047.html
Each licensee is required to develop and implement policies and
procedures as necessary to ensure that the plant is operated in a
manner that maintains the integrity of the license requirements.
This includes Abnormal and Emergency Operating Procedures (AOPs and
EOPs) Additional License Conditions may be stipulated in the actual
License issued. Definitions License Condition and Tech Specs
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Radiation Protection Technology Specific Regulations and Guides
Scope, Principles and Use
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Radiation Protection Technology 10 CFR 19, Notices,
Instructions, and Reports to Workers Workers rights,
responsibilities, and protection NRCs obligations regarding
inspections and reports Licensees rights and responsibilities
Addressed in station procedures Applies to NRC Licensed Operations
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part019/part019-0001.html
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Radiation Protection Technology 10 CFR 20, Standards for
Protection Against Radiation Establish standards for protection
against ionizing radiation resulting from activities conducted
under licenses issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. It is
the purpose of the regulations in this part to control the receipt,
possession, use, transfer, and disposal of licensed material by any
licensee in a manner that prevents the limits from being exceeded.
Implemented by station procedures.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/
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Radiation Protection Technology 10 CFR 835, Occupational
Radiation Protection The rules in this part establish radiation
protection standards, limits, and program requirements for
protecting individuals from ionizing radiation resulting from the
conduct of DOE activities. Implemented by directives,
implementation guides, and site procedures.
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idx?c=ecfr&sid=a0ed5212bc08d5c0c423998a161a577d&rgn=div5&view=text&node=10:4.0.2.5.27&id
no=10#10:4.0.2.5.27.1.82.1
https://www.directives.doe.gov/directives/current-directives/441.1-EGuide-1c/view
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Radiation Protection Technology Power Reactor RP Regulatory
Guides RG- 8.13 - Instruction Concerning Prenatal Radiation
Exposure - This regulatory guide is intended to: provide
information to pregnant women, and other personnel, to help them
make decisions regarding radiation exposure during pregnancy. This
Regulatory Guide 8.13 supplements Regulatory Guide 8.29,
Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Radiation Exposure,
which contains a broad discussion of the risks from exposure to
ionizing radiation.
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Radiation Protection Technology Power Reactor RP Regulatory
Guides RG- 8.10 - Operating Philosophy For Maintaining Occupational
Radiation Exposures As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable - This
regulatory guide describes to licensees a general operating
philosophy acceptable to the NRC staff as a necessary basis for a
program of maintaining occupational exposures to radiation as low
as is reasonably achievable. Establishes: The equivalence of
collective and individual doses as it pertains to ALARA philosophy
Two main conditions for any organizations ALARA program to be
effective (discussed later)
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Radiation Protection Technology Power Reactor RP Regulatory
Guides RG- 8.38 - Control Of Access To High And Very High Radiation
Areas In Nuclear Power Plants - This regulatory guide describes
methods that the NRC staff finds acceptable for implementing the
specific requirements applicable to controlling access to high
radiation areas in 10 CFR 20.1601, and additional requirements to
prevent unauthorized or inadvertent entry into very high radiation
areas which are in 10 CFR 20.1602.
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Radiation Protection Technology ALARA What, Where, When, Who,
and Why
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Radiation Protection Technology What is ALARA? According to 10
CFR 835 - ALARA means "As Low As is Reasonably Achievable," which
is the approach to radiation protection to manage and control
exposures (both individual and collective) to the work force and to
the general public to as low as is reasonable, taking into account
social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy
considerations.
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Radiation Protection Technology What is ALARA? According to 10
CFR 835 As used in this part, ALARA is not a dose limit but a
process which has the objective of attaining doses as far below the
applicable limits of this part as is reasonably achievable.
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Radiation Protection Technology According to 10 CFR 20 ALARA
(acronym for as low as is reasonably achievable) means making every
reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below
the dose limits in this part as is practical consistent with the
purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into
account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in
relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other
societal and socioeconomic onsiderations and in relation to
utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public
interest. What is ALARA?
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Radiation Protection Technology What is ALARA? So according to
the regulations it is an acronym that refers to: an approach, a
process, and making every reasonable effort to keep individual and
collective operational doses and doses to the general public as low
as is reasonably achievable.
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Radiation Protection Technology Where and When is ALARA
Required? As noted previously, ALARA is applicable to any activity
performed by a licensee while conducting activities associated with
that license or while engaged in approved DOE activities. Within 10
CFR 20.1101(b) Radiation Protection Programs The licensee shall
use, to the extent practicable, procedures and engineering controls
based upon sound radiation protection principles to achieve
occupational doses and doses to members of the public that are as
low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA).
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Radiation Protection Technology Where and When is ALARA
Required? Within 835.101(c) Radiation Protection Programs, The
content of each Radiation Protection Program shall be commensurate
with the nature of the activities performed and shall include
formal plans and measures for applying the as low as reasonably
achievable (ALARA) process to occupational exposure. 10CFR835 also
requires that ALARA be considered in the design and modification of
facilities
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Radiation Protection Technology Where and When is ALARA
Required? Both make application of the ALARA requirement to Planned
Special Exposures (addressed in the next lecture). 10 CFR 20
specifically makes application of ALARA to include TEDE (that is
internal as well as external dose equivalent) as well as
deactivation and termination of a licensed facility. In daily
application, ALARA can be engaged in every activity associated with
radiation protection including contamination control and
radioactive waster generation.
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Radiation Protection Technology Who Does ALARA Apply To? Both
10 CFR 20 and 10 CFR 835 includes occupational exposure (workers)
and exposure to members of the general public. Both include the
concept of individual and collective doses. Each individual is
tasked with the responsibility for maintaining their dose ALARA
Each organization is tasked with keeping their collective doses
ALARA Usually taken down to the department and even the section
level. Treated as a dose budget
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Radiation Protection Technology Why ALARA? As we will study
later, the regulations establish limits on personnel exposure well
below that which will cause noticable effects. So why have
additional requirements to keep the dose received ALARA below those
limits? Remember from RPT-103 the various Dose versus Risk Models?
Several theories exist regarding at what point dose imposes
measurable risk.
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Radiation Protection Technology Dose vs Risk Relationships Risk
10 rem Dose All statistically significant results involve >10
rem
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Radiation Protection Technology Risk Dose Linear-quadratic, no
threshold. Dose vs Risk Relationships
Radiation Protection Technology Hormesis Dose Risk Dose vs Risk
Relationships
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Radiation Protection Technology Risk Dose Linear, non-threshold
(LNT). Basis for regulation, ALARA. Dose vs Risk Relationships
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Radiation Protection Technology Why ALARA? Although the risks
and biological effects to human exposures have been shown to not
conclusively exist at lower doses (
Radiation Protection Technology RWP The degree of detailed
ALARA planning is normally determined by calculating the total
person-rem estimated (dose assessment) for the job. Typical values
might be: < 1 person-rem - normal planning process >
1person-rem but < 10 person-rem ALARA Planning Group planning
process > 10 person-rem ALARA Group Planning plus review and
approval by ALARA Committee
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Radiation Protection Technology RWP General RWPs (sometimes
called Standing RWPs) are for routine tasks with low radiological
impact into areas where radiological conditions are usually
considered to be static. Usually dont allow entry into High
Radiation, Contaminated, or Airborne Areas. Although the total
estimated dose is high, the effective dose rate will be very low.
These are usually written for long periods of time, quarterly or
annually in some cases.
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Radiation Protection Technology RWP Specific RWPs are for
tasks: in areas not permitted by a General RWP requiring the breech
of a radioactive system that may change the radiological conditions
of the area Involve detailed job planning through the ALARA
process
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Radiation Protection Technology Dose Assessment Determine
effective dose rate for the work area (in rem/hour). Use historical
data where available. Determine estimated person-hour for the job
in the dose rate area. Use historical data where available.
Multiple the two together to obtain the person-rem estimate for the
job. This will determine the level of additional review required
(if any).
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Radiation Protection Technology Cost-Benefit Analysis for ALARA
Actions Both 10CFR835 and 10CFR20 talk in terms of substantial
reduction of doses at a reasonable cost. The obvious question to
answer is How much is a person-rem worth when doing a cost benefit
analysis? Depending on which plant and whether you are DOE or NRC
you will come up with differing answers. The average number is
placed somewhere around $13,000 per person-rem.
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Radiation Protection Technology Cost-Benefit Analysis for ALARA
Actions - Scenario Lets say that based on the dose assessment, you
have a recurring job that will cost 15.0 person-rem to perform
every year when it is done. If you install permanent shielding, it
will reduce the person-rem received to 10.0 person-rem every year.
What is the maximum dollar value for the shielding project to be
cost effective from an ALARA perspective. Use $13,000 per
person-rem.
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Radiation Protection Technology Cost-Benefit Analysis for ALARA
Actions - Scenario What is the maximum cost dollar value for the
shielding project to be cost effective from an ALARA perspective.
Use $13,000 per person-rem. 5 person-rem saved every year $13,000
per person-rem = $85,000
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Radiation Protection Technology ALARA Big Three The most
effective tools in the ALARA arsenal are still the fundamental
ones. Time -anything that can be done to reduce the amount of time
spent in a dose rate field WILL reduce the dose received. For
example: Pre-planning Detailed plans and procedures Tool lists
Scrubbing the task to identify the best way Pre-fab outside of dose
area Decontaminate area to reduce clothing requirements (improves
efficiency)
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Radiation Protection Technology ALARA Big Three Time -anything
that can be done to reduce the amount of time spent in a dose rate
field WILL reduce the dose received. For example: Dry Runs Mock-ups
Use experienced workers Automated processes versus manual ones Stay
time assignment and tracking Improve physical environment
(temperature and humidity), increases worker efficiency.
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Radiation Protection Technology ALARA Big Three Distance
Obviously, the further from the source of radiation, the less dose
will be received. More effective than time Remember the inverse
square law? If the source is a point source, the dose change is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
source Use remote handling devices Use long-handled tools Remove
the work to a low dose rate area Position worker away from source
Robotics (time and distance)
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Radiation Protection Technology ALARA Big Three Shielding
reduce the dose rate reduce the dose. Watch the dose required to
install it and, if its temporary, to remove it you must be able to
show it is a cost-effective installation. Ensure it is the proper
shielding dont use lead for high beta dose rates Bremsstrahlung.
For temporary shielding engineering evaluations are required for
system components and piping.
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Radiation Protection Technology ALARA Big Three Shielding
reduce the dose rate reduce the dose. For permanent installations
station modification process must be followed with requisite
engineering and safety evaluations performed. May require a station
license amendment. Since all shielding serves such a critical role
in enabling dose reduction, unauthorized removal or tampering with
it is a major offense and is dealt with as such. RP must approve
and be present for any alteration of shielding.
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Radiation Protection Technology Source Term Reduction / Removal
System decontamination chemical cleaning Flushing crud from hot
spots Component replacement Strippable coatings Engineering Initial
Design and subsequent design changes Containment huts, glovebags,
gloveboxes Installed or temporary ventilation ALARA Beyond the
Basics
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Radiation Protection Technology Administrative addressed
earlier Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Industrial Safety Fall
protection Hearing protection Eye protection Radiological safety
Protective clothing Respiratory protection Bag the source, not the
worker. James Tisaranni ALARA Beyond the Basics
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Radiation Protection Technology Whos Job Is It Anyway? The
short answer is everyones. Each has a specific role. The individual
worker is responsible to conduct their business as described by the
procedures, policies, and work documents and to own their dose. The
work group supervisor is responsible for ensuring the worker is
informed, equipped, and empowered to do their tasks in a manner
that controls dose. The supervisor also facilitates tracking and
managing the work group dose budget.
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Radiation Protection Technology Whos Job Is It Anyway? The RP
Technician is responsible for the planning, implementation, and
monitoring that contributes to the overall safest work environment
for the worker. Also responsible for protecting the environment,
and the general public from the harmful effects of radiation. The
RP Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that the radiological
conditions of the facility are monitored and that the appropriate
procedures, policies and postings are enacted that communicates the
hazards to the working population.
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Radiation Protection Technology Whos Job Is It Anyway? The RP
Supervisor is also responsible for ensuring that the RP technicians
are well trained and properly equipped as well as working with the
work group supervisors in monitoring and keeping their groups dose
ALARA.
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Radiation Protection Technology Video Ways to Save a
Millirem
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Radiation Protection Technology What Are Your Questions?