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RADIATION SAFETY
ORIENTATION COURSE
Ionizing Radiation - can deposit energy in neighboring atoms resulting in the removal of
electrons.
NUCLEARRADIATION
X-RADIATION
Ionization of an Atom
Ionization of an Atom
BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATIONBREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATIONBREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATIONBREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
1 ROENTGEN (R) = 2.58 X 10-4 coulombs kg
1 RAD (RAD) = 100 ergs per gram
1 REM (REM = 1 RAD X Q factor
Q factorsgamma & beta = 1thermal n = 2fast n = 10alpha = 20
FOR GAMMA & BETA RADIATION 1 ROENTGEN 1 RAD 1 REM
HALF LIFEHALF LIFE
TimeTime
11 ½½
Half Life is the length of time it takes forHalf Life is the length of time it takes fora amount of radioactive material to decaya amount of radioactive material to decayto one half it’s original amount.to one half it’s original amount.
DECAY EQUATION
At = A0 e -
At = activity at time tA0 = activity at time 0t½ = isotope half lifet = time from 0
0.693 t½
( ) t
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALSOURCESSOURCES OFOF
RADIATIONRADIATION
COSMICCOSMIC
EARTHEARTH PEOPLEPEOPLE
Consumer ProductsConsumer Products
MEDICAL USES OFMEDICAL USES OFRADIOACTIVE MATERIALSRADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
ANDAND RADIATIONRADIATION
POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LATENTLATENT BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICALEFFECTS DUE TO CHRONICEFFECTS DUE TO CHRONIC
RADIATION EXPOSURERADIATION EXPOSURE
GENETICGENETIC CANCERCANCER
ACUTE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DUEACUTE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DUETO RADIATION EXPOSURETO RADIATION EXPOSURE
X-RAY / GAMMAX-RAY / GAMMA EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
BETA EXPOSUREBETA EXPOSURE
TO MINIMIZE YOUR RADIATION EXPOSURETO MINIMIZE YOUR RADIATION EXPOSURE
AAS S LLOW OW AAS S RREASONABLY EASONABLY AACHIEVABLECHIEVABLE
ALARAALARAYOU WILL PRACTICEYOU WILL PRACTICE
PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE EXTERNAL EXPOSURE PROTECTION METHODSPROTECTION METHODS
TIMETIME
DISTANCEDISTANCE
SHIELDINGSHIELDING
TIMETIME
THE SHORTER THE TIME EXPOSED TO RADIATION,THE SHORTER THE TIME EXPOSED TO RADIATION,THE SMALLER THE RADIATION DOSE RECEIVED.THE SMALLER THE RADIATION DOSE RECEIVED.
DISTANCEDISTANCEAS YOU INCREASE THE DISTANCE FROM THE RADIATION SOURCE,AS YOU INCREASE THE DISTANCE FROM THE RADIATION SOURCE,THE RADIATION LEVELS DECREASE.THE RADIATION LEVELS DECREASE.
FOR A POINT SOURCE :FOR A POINT SOURCE :
mR/hrmR/hr11 mR/hrmR/hr22
(distance(distance22))22 (distance (distance11))22==INVERSE SQUARE LAWINVERSE SQUARE LAW
Distance
SHIELDINGSHIELDING
Biological Effects
Whole Body 5000 millirem/yrLens of Eye 15000 millirem/yrSkin 50000 millirem/yrExtremity 50000 millirem/yr
Minors 10% of AdultEmbryo/Fetus 500 millirem
100 millirem/yr
AUDIOAUDIO
RESETRESET
SELECTSELECT
CALIBRATIONCALIBRATION
BATTERIESBATTERIES
METER RESPONSEMETER RESPONSEPROBEPROBE
Lab Hygiene
Act like your Mother is Watching
Preparation •Designate and label areas for working with radioactive material
•Label all containers with a radioactive material label and specify the isotope• •No eating, drinking or smoking in the laboratory
•No mouth pipetting of radioactive material
Conducting the Research •Use spill trays and absorbent covering
•Use fume hoods for handling potentially volatile material
•Wear laboratory coat, disposable gloves, and laboratory safety glasses
•Use gloves appropriate for the chemicals to be handled
Post Research •Monitor and decontaminate surfaces as described in Chapter 7 of the Radiation Safety Manual
•Dispose of radioactive waste in waste containers in accordance with Appendix G in the Radiation Safety Manual.
•Ensure the container is labeled with a "Radioactive Material" label and specify the radioisotope in the container.
DESIGNATE AND LABEL RADIOACTIVE WORK AREAS
LABEL ALL CONTAINERS AND ITEMSPOTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED
Contamination Limits
Swipe test results
Laboratory Areas< 1000 DPM per 100 square cm
Unrestricted Areas (everywhere else)< 200 DPM per 100 square cm
PERFORM MONTHLY SURVEYS
MAINTAIN THE SECURITY OF
ISOTOPES, INCLUDING
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Door between Food and Radiation
METHODS OF CONTAMINATION CONTROLMETHODS OF CONTAMINATION CONTROL
1. GLOVES1. GLOVES2. LAB COATS OR APRONS2. LAB COATS OR APRONS3. DECONTAMINATE3. DECONTAMINATE4. FUME HOODS4. FUME HOODS5. GLOVE BOX5. GLOVE BOX6. PROTECTIVE SUITS6. PROTECTIVE SUITS
11 22
33 44 55 66
PERSONALPERSONALEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
MONITORINGMONITORING
EXTERNALEXTERNAL
INTERNALINTERNAL
INTERNAL RADIATION EXPOSURE PROTECTION METHODS
CONTAINMENTPROTECTIVE CLOTHINGBIOASSAY PROGRAM
BIOASSAYBIOASSAYINTERNAL RADIATION MONITORINGINTERNAL RADIATION MONITORING
I-131 & I-125I-131 & I-125 H-3, C-14, S-35, P-32H-3, C-14, S-35, P-32
PRENATAL PRENATAL RADIATIONRADIATION EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
The University of KentuckyThe University of Kentuckylimits the dose to an embryo orlimits the dose to an embryo orfetus during the entire pregnancy,fetus during the entire pregnancy,due to occupational exposure of adue to occupational exposure of adeclared pregnant woman, todeclared pregnant woman, to500 millirem.500 millirem.
DECLARATION OF PREGNANCY
•IN WRITING TO THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER
•WILL LOWER THE DOSE TO THE FETUS TO 5OO MILLIREM FOR THE TERM OF THE PREGNANCY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
NOTIFY THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE WHEN:
A CONTAMINATION EVENT INVOLVES PERSONNEL
A SPILL IS GREATER THAN ~100 MICROCURIES
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ARE MISSING (INCLUDING WASTE)
FIRE, EXPLOSION, OR OTHER INCIDENT COULD SPREAD CONTAMINATION IN A RADIATION LAB