Enabling Radical Innovation through Joint Capability Technology Demonstrations (JCTD): The Case of the
I t t R ti i S (IRIS) JCTDInternet Routing in Space (IRIS) JCTD
Z. Szajnfarber and A. L. Z. Szajnfarber and A. L. WeigelWeigel
AIAA Space 2009AIAA Space 2009
MotivationMotivation
Disruptive change typically comes from outside of the “establishment” (Schumpeter 1934; Utterback 1994; Christensen 1997)
MODULAR PRODUCTHORIZONTAL INDUSTRY
INTEGRAL PRODUCT VERTICAL INDUSTRY NICHE
COMPETITORS TECHNICAL ADVANCES
HIGH- DIMENSIONAL COMPLEXITY
SUPPLIER MARKET
ADVANCES
PRESSURE TO INTEGRATE
PRESSURE TO DIS-INTEGRATE ORGANIZATIONAL
RIGIDITIES
COMPLEXITY
PROPRIETARY
POWER
SYSTEM PROFITABILITY
Unique market structure of space industry lacks pressure to “dis-integrate”,
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upsetting natural process of “creative destruction”
JCTD MechanismJCTD Mechanism
•• One “corrective” mechanism is the Joint Capabilities Technology One “corrective” mechanism is the Joint Capabilities Technology Demonstration (JCTD) program Demonstration (JCTD) program
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(JCTD POG Narrative)
Research DesignResearch Design
• Key Question:– How effective is the JCTD program as a mechanism for encouraging
di ti t h l i l i ti b th ithi th D D ddisruptive technological innovation – both within the DoD andleveraging the creativity of “outside” contributors?
• Approach:– Conduct case study of the Internet Routing in Space (IRIS) JCTD (the
only space JCTD to date).
– Analyze case through the lens of market disruption and innovationtheory.
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IRIS Case StudyIRIS Case StudyIRIS Case StudyIRIS Case Study
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The IRIS ConceptThe IRIS Concept
IRIS spacecraft
IRIS waveform
IRIS spacecraft
IRIS waveform
public Internet
wireline
?
public Internet
wireline
?
Payload Operator NOC
NetOps interface
wireline ?
?
Payload Operator NOC
NetOps interface
wireline ?
?
other IRIS users
JIIM NOCJIIM NOC could connect to Payload Operator NOC and other JIIM user nodes over IRIS network
JIIM IRIS user nodeswirelesswireline
other IRIS users
JIIM NOCJIIM NOC could connect to Payload Operator NOC and other JIIM user nodes over IRIS network
JIIM IRIS user nodeswirelesswireline
NOC Net ork Operations Center
other JIIM networkscomponentsphysical interfaceslogical interfaces
or via other JIIM networks.JIIM user nodesHMMWVs could also be ships or boats.
NOC Net ork Operations Center
other JIIM networkscomponentsphysical interfaceslogical interfaces
or via other JIIM networks.JIIM user nodesHMMWVs could also be ships or boats.
NOC: Network Operations CenterJIIM: Joint, Inter-Agency, Inter-Governmental, and Multi-NationalNOC: Network Operations CenterJIIM: Joint, Inter-Agency, Inter-Governmental, and Multi-National
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The IRIS ConceptThe IRIS Concept
IRIS spacecraft
IRIS waveform
IRIS spacecraft
IRIS waveformThe IRIS innovation
Old way: “Bent-pipe” strategy (the on-orbit asset merely amplifies the i l d b it b k t tibl ff ti l h d)
public Internet
wireline
?
public Internet
wireline
?
signal and bounces it back to a compatible source, effectively unchanged)Vs.
New way: IRIS equipped satellites will perform both regeneration and processing on orbit (allowing the use of smaller ground stations and cross
Payload Operator NOC
NetOps interface
wireline ?
?
Payload Operator NOC
NetOps interface
wireline ?
?processing on-orbit (allowing the use of smaller ground stations and cross-beam, cross-frequency communication among any node in the network)
other IRIS users
JIIM NOCJIIM NOC could connect to Payload Operator NOC and other JIIM user nodes over IRIS network
JIIM IRIS user nodeswirelesswireline
other IRIS users
JIIM NOCJIIM NOC could connect to Payload Operator NOC and other JIIM user nodes over IRIS network
JIIM IRIS user nodeswirelesswireline
Nature of the Disruption•Places high technology in orbit (contrary to conventional wisdom)
NOC Net ork Operations Center
other JIIM networkscomponentsphysical interfaceslogical interfaces
or via other JIIM networks.JIIM user nodesHMMWVs could also be ships or boats.
NOC Net ork Operations Center
other JIIM networkscomponentsphysical interfaceslogical interfaces
or via other JIIM networks.JIIM user nodesHMMWVs could also be ships or boats.
g gy ( y )• Changes value proposition in market (potentially displacing powerful
incumbents)• Benefits accrue at system level
NOC: Network Operations CenterJIIM: Joint, Inter-Agency, Inter-Governmental, and Multi-NationalNOC: Network Operations CenterJIIM: Joint, Inter-Agency, Inter-Governmental, and Multi-National
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The IRIS Team: Overlapping InterestsThe IRIS Team: Overlapping Interests
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JCTD as an Innovation Mechanism
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JCTD as an Innovation Mechanism
• Advantages– Commercial P.O.V.
• Challenges– Mismatched “clock‐
• “Anchor tenant”
• Opportunity to prove out utility prior to wide
cycles”• E.g., waveform decision
utility prior to wide deployment
Government P O V
– Cost of Regulatory compliance
– Government P.O.V.•• leverage the paperleverage the paper‐‐toto‐‐orbit orbit efficiency of commercial efficiency of commercial
i idi id
•• FinancialFinancial
• Cultural
• E.g. ITAR impact on service providersservice providers
• Influence innovation pathway with minimal i t t
g pinnovative culture of MNC
investment
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JCTD as an Innovation Mechanism
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ConclusionConclusion
• Great idea not sufficient to change the fundamentals of an industry
• Government buy‐in early is sufficiently important to merit weathering the challenges that government partnerships entailchallenges that government partnerships entail.
• JCTD joint venture model not sustainable in current form
• Currently functioning because: l i bj i b il i h d h i f– overlapping objectives built into the program – and shear persistence of many
of the key stakeholders – rather than a sustainable long‐term alignment of interests.
• In general:• In general:– Most entrants will neither have the economic stability to fund, nor the
commitment to pursue, an IRIS‐like innovation to the extent that Cisco has.
• Given that most radical changes come from outside it is in the• Given that most radical changes come from outside, it is in the government’s interest to make the infusion task more manageable.
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