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RADIOACTIVE NUCLEAR
P R E P A R E D B Y :
S U R I A T I E A T I K A B I N T I M O H A M E D S H U B U R I
N U R U L H U D A B I N T I A F R I Z A L
N U R U L A T I Q A H B I N T I N A S A R U D D I N
RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL ARE NATURAL
ADVANTAGES OF RADIOACTIVE
DISADVANTAGES OF RADIOACTIVE
HOW TO RESPOND TO RADIATION THREAT
PHYSICS
PHYSIC
• experiments, • measurements and • mathematical analysis with the purpose of finding
quantitative physical laws for everything from the nanoworld to the planets, solar systems and galaxies.
Physics is a natural science
based on
• Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability and
• emit some kind of radiation. The most common types of radiation are called
• alpha, • beta, and • gamma radiation
Therefore ,there are many
experiments about physic that
can we observed. For an
example radioactive
experiment.
RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY PARTICLE ARE EMITTED—FROM NUCLEI—CAUSED BY NUCLEAR INSTABILITY--& IT EMITTED RADIATION
RADIATION EMISSION OF ENERGY---IN THE FORM OF WAVES.
TYPES OF RADIATION alpha, beta, and gamma.
ALPHA RADIATION is a stream of alpha particles
positively charged.
They're fairly large, which means they have a [ difficult time] getting through materials [clothes and paper]
Alpha radiation is not able to penetrate skin.
Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans if the materials are inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through open wounds.
BETA RADIATION is a stream of beta particles,
which are negatively charged.
These particles can more easily penetrate materials like clothes, and they can even
get deep into your skin where they can do harm to your cells.
But they can be blocked with denser materials like aluminum.
GAMMA RADIATION is high-frequency electromagnetic radiation.
Gamma rays have no charge but have A LOT of energy; more energy than even
visible light or X-rays.
Because of this, they are able to pass right through most materials, making them
quite dangerous.
But they can't penetrate very dense materials like lead, which is why you may be
given a lead vest for protection in a hospital or laboratory
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ARE NATURAL
Most people think of radioactive materials as harmful , man-made materials,
but quite the opposite is true. In fact, most radioactive material occur naturally
in the enviroment and have been around much longer than humans!
Most of the radiation we are exposed to on earth comes from the sun and stars in
outer space. We are constantly bombarded with this radiation but we are
partially protected from it by the atmosphere around us.
Radiation also comes from other things like rock and mineral . Because of this,
those who live in houses made of brick ,concrete , or stone receive a greater amount
of radiation than those who live in houses made of wood.
Believe it or not your body is also a culprit of radiation.
ADVANTAGES OF RADIOACTIVE
CANCER TREATMENT:
Gamma rays are capable of passing deep inside the body and damage cells on their travels. But as
well as causing cancer, they can be used to kill off cancer cells and even cure people from this
illness. This treatment is called radiotherapy. Cobalt-60 is commonly used to kill cancer cells. The
idea is to aim accurately at these cells with the correct strength.
KILLING MICROBES:
Gamma rays successfully kill microbes that cause food to decay. So food treated with this
radiation have a longer shelf life. Surgical instruments and syringes are also treated with gamma
rays, in order, to prevent infections been transferred from patient to patient.
TRACERS:
a geiger counter is an instrument that measures radiation. if
radioisotopes are added to oil or gas, engineers can follow the radioisotope,
and trace any leaks in oil or gas pipes.
CARBON DATING:
when an animal or plant dies it stops taking in carbon. but its carbon-14
content continues to decay. if we compare the carbon-14 with that from a
living thing, and knowing the half-life of carbon-14, the age of animal and
plant remains can be calculated. this is known as carbon dating.
DISADVANTAGES OF RADIOACTIVE
radioisotopes can only be created by nuclear reactors, making them very
expensive to obtain. Special reactors are maintained by many countries.
radioisotopes decay over a fixed time span, which means they will remain
radioactive after use, and require special disposal.
radioisotopes may produce dangerous levels of ionising radiation, which in
sufficient doses can lead to illness or death.
HOW TO RESPOND TO RADIATION THREAT
Understand from the outset that to limit the amount of radiation you
are exposed to, you will need to focus on three things – time, distance
and shielding.
Time: Minimize the time spent exposed to reduce your risk.
Distance: Get yourself away from the source
Shielding: If you have a thick shield between yourself and the radioactive materials
more of the radiation will be absorbed, and you will be exposed to less.
Getting away from the contaminated area must take place quickly If you are in a larger
geographical area that has been exposed to radiation, , otherwise you will need to take
other preventive measures.
After an explosion , if you can't get away quickly (and safely), try this way:
-Close windows and doors. Turn off air conditioners, heaters or other
ventilation systems.
If you are already inside, check to see if your building has been damaged
but shelter in place.
If your building is stable, stay where you are.
If there is an explosion near where you are or you are
warned of a radiation release inside your very building,
cover your nose and mouth and go outside immediately.
Clean up quickly.
If you think you have been exposed to radiation, take off your
clothes and wash them as soon as possible
.
Eat food and drink liquids that are covered.
Any food or drink that has been left out in the open has
potentially been exposed to radiation and may not be safe.
Stay where you are and keep informed
Watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for
official news as it becomes available.
The indoor sheltering time for a dirty bomb is relatively
short, about 30 minutes to a few hours, dependent on
local weather conditions and other factors authorities will inform you about
REFERENCES http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/healthandsafety.asp
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/radioactivity.htm
https://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/beta.htm
https://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/define.htm
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