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RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

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RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM
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Page 1: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING

DARKROOM

Page 2: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

THE PROCESSING AREA

• PROCESSING AREA

• VIEWING SECTION

Page 3: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VIEWING AREA

PROCESSING AREA

Page 4: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VIEWING SECTION VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY-500-1000 FOOT CANDLES

Page 5: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

PHOTOMETER IS USED TO MEASURE VIEWBOX

ILLUMINATION INTENSITY

Page 6: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VIEWING STATION

Page 7: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VIEWBOX LIGHT

IF ONE BULB IS BLOWN ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED

Page 8: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VIWBOXES

• TO BE CLEANED ONCE EVERY 6 MONTHS

• IF USED 24/7 – BULBS CHANGES ONCE A YEAR

• IF USED 12/7 BULBS CHANGED ONCE EVERY TWO YEARS

Page 9: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VIEWING AREA HOT LIGHT

Page 10: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

MOST OF MODERN MEDICAL IMAGING DEPARTMENTS USE AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS—

MOST OF THOSE ARE DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS

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AUTOMATIC DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS

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AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS

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AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS

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MANUAL PROCESSING

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DARKROOM

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF DARKROOM

STORAGE SHELVES

WORKBENCH

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BASIC COMPONENTS:PROCESSOR

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BASIC COMPONENTS:CHEMISTRY MIXING TANKS

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BASIC COMPONENTS:FILM DUPLICATOR

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DUPLICATING FILM EXPOSED TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

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BASIC COMPONENTS:FILM FLASHER

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BASIC COMPONENTS:SILVER RECOVERY SYSTEM

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BASIC COMPONENTSFILM BIN

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FILM BIN AUDIO ALARM

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FILM BIN ANATOMY

CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

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TYPICAL DARKROOM FILM BIN

14 x 17

FRONT

11 x 14

10 x 12

8 x 10

OTHER FILMS

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RADIOGRAPHIC FILM SIZES

• 14 X17 • 11 x 14• 10 x 12• 8 x 10• 7 x 17• 6 x 12• 14 x 36

• 35 x 43• 28 x 35• 25 x 30• 20 x 25• 18 x 43• 15 x 30• 35 x 91

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DARKROOM LIGHT

• WHITE LIGHTS

• SAFELIGHTS

Page 29: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

WHITE LIGHT IS USED FOR:

EQUIPMENT REPAIR AND DARKROOM CLEANING

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SAFELIGHTS USED

DURING FILM PROCESSING

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SAFELIGHT BULBSINCANDESCENT RECESSED WITHIN METALLIC LIGHT

FIXTURE• RED FILTER-- KODAK GBX-2 OR GS-1

• AMBER FILTER --WRATTEN 6B

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SAFELIGHTS

• RED—GREEN LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM ORTHOCHROMATIC

• AMBER –BLUE LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM

• TOTAL DARKNESS FOR PANCHROMATIC FILM

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FILM TRAY

7.5 W

AT LEAST 3 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY

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FILM TRAY

15 W

AT LEAST 4 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY

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LATENSIFICATION

INCCREASED SENSITIVITY TO SAFELIGHT ILLUMINATION AFTER FILM WAS EXPOSED

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DARKROOM DESIGN

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LEAD SHIELDING IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOM

• 1/16 INCH OF LEAD IN THE WALLS ALL THE WAY TO THE CEILING.

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IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOMS

• PASS-BOXES NEEDED TO PASS FILMS DIRECTLY FROM THE X-RAY ROOM TO DARKROOM

Page 39: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VENTILATION

• SYSTEM MUST BE LIGHTPROOF AND ABLE TO FILTER OUT DUST

Page 40: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

HUMIDITY

• 40-60%

• > 60%--FILM FOG

• <40% STATIC ARTIFACTS

Page 41: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

SIZE

• BIG ENOUGH!!!?

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COLOR

• WALLS AND CEILING CAN BE PAINTED IN ANY COLOR

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TEMPERATURE

• 50-70 º F FOR FILM STORAGE– TO SLOW DOWN THE AGING PROCESS OF THE FILM

Page 44: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

WOULD YOU STORE IT LIKE THIS???

Page 45: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID

PRESSURE MARKS. USE FILM STORAGE CARTS OR SHELVES

Page 46: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

COLOR OF THE MAZE

DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM

Page 47: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

DARKROOM TESTING

• WHITE LIGHT LEAKS

• SAFELIGHT FOG

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SAFELIGHT TEST

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SENSITOMETRY

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SENSITOMETRY-QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FILM RESPONSE

TO EXPOSURE & DEVELOPMENT

Page 51: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILM DEVELOPMENT

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SENSITOMETRIC STRIPS

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PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER

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PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER

X-RAY TUBE

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PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER

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PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER

VISIBLE LIGHT

Page 57: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER

Page 58: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER

VISIBLE LIGHT

I o

I t

Page 59: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

OD OPTICAL DENSITY

OD= LOG Io/I t

Page 60: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

0.3 = 2 X DENSITY

Page 61: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

OD vs % OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION

• 0• 1• 2• 3• 4

• 100• 10• 1• 0.1• 0.01

OD % TRANSMISSION

Page 62: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

Characteristic curveCharacteristic curve, a curve used to show the exposure properties of a film or a film screen system. The characteristic curve, which was described in 1890 by Hurter and Driffield, is a representation of how the exposure of the film is related to the measurable signal, i.e. the blackening of the film, or film density. The characteristic curve is different for different film types but has a general shape as shown in Fig.1. The base and fog density is measured on an unexposed film. The shape of the characteristic curve tells the user the contrast properties (slope of the linear part) and the useful exposure range (length of the linear part). It also will indicate the speed of the film (or film-screen system), which can be judged from the curve's position along the horizontal axis. The speed class can also be found from the characteristic curve

Page 63: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

SENSITOMETRIC CURVE

• H & D CURVE

• D Log E CURVE

• CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Page 64: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

SOLARIZATION

Page 65: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

SYNERGISTIC REACTION

PHENIDONE

HYDROQUINONE

Page 66: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

SOLARIZATION

FILM DUPLICATION

EXPOSURE TIME DENSITY

Page 67: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min 0.15 -.20 OD)

The density of the unexposed film base plus any chemical fogging that may occur during

processing

Page 68: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

Inertia Point

TRESHOLD

The point at which the film has absorbed sufficient light energy to start forming a

latent image.

Page 69: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

ToeA non-linear region where shadow detail is recorded in negative materials (Highlight

detail in print material). Compression of the density differences occur and contrast is

decreased.

Page 70: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

Straight Line Portion( GAMMA, SLOPE)

The linear section where most of the information is recorded. This section is used

to determine the processed contrast of the film.

Page 71: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

RANGE OF USEFUL DENSITIES

0.25-2.0

Page 72: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

Shoulder

A non-linear section. Compression of density differences occur and contrast is decreased. It

is unusual to record information on this region of the curve, however this region may

be reached with overexposure or extended development such as push processing to

increase effective film speed

Page 73: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

QUANTITATIVE DATA OBTAINED FROM H&D CURVE

• FILM SPEED

• FILM CONTRAST

• B+F ( BASE PLUS FOG)

• EXPOSURE LATITUDE

Page 74: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILM SPEED

SLOWSLOW

FASTFAST

Page 75: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT

A.G.= (OD2 – OD1)/ (LRE2 –LRE1)

Page 76: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILM CONTRAST

STEEPNESS OF THE SLOPE

Page 77: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT

D2D2

D1D1

LRE2LRE2LRE1LRE1

Page 78: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILM LATITUDE

LATITUDELATITUDELATITUDELATITUDE

Page 79: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

CONTRAST VERY HIGH VISIBILITY OF DETAIL

Page 80: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

VISIBILITY OF DETAIL vs CONTRAST

HIGH CONTRAST

LOW CONTRAST

Page 81: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

PROCESSOR MONITORING

• DEVELOPER TEMP

• DEVELOPMENT TIME

.

• SPEED

• FOG

• CONTRAST

• FOG

• SPEED

• CONTRAST

Page 82: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

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AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR DAYLIGHT SYSTEM

Page 84: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

PROCESSOR

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SECTIONS OF THE PROCESSOR

DF

W

D

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Page 87: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

ENTRANCE ROLLERS

ENTRANCEROLLER

ENTRANCEROLLER

Page 88: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

FILMS ORIENTATION ON THE TRAY

14 X 1711 X 1410 X 128 X 107 X 17

Page 89: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

PROCESSOR SYSTEMS & SUBSYSTEMS

• TRANSPORT

• TEMP. CONTROL

• RECIRCULATION

• REPLENISHMENT

• DRYER

• ELECTRICAL

Page 90: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT FILM THROUGH PROCESSOR, REGULATION OF

IMMERSION TIME, AGITATE SOLUTIONS

Page 91: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

TRANSPORT

ROLLER

GUIDE SHOE

RACKS

Page 92: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY

MASTER

GUIDE SHOE

Page 93: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY

MASTER ROLLER

GUIDE SHOE

SQUEEGE ROLLER

Page 94: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL—DRYER AND SOLUTION

TEMPERATURE

ELECTRICAL HEATER

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TEMPERATURE VARIATION +- 5 DEG. FARENHEIT

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TEMPERATURE

• DEVELOPER

• FIXER

• WASH

• DRYER

• 95 DEG F

• 95 DEG. F

• 90-95 DEG. F

• 135 DEG. F

Page 97: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

TEMP. CONTROL

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DRYER TEMP.

DRYER BLOWER RECIRCULATION

Page 99: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

RECIRCULATION –AGITATION OF SOLUTIONS+ FILTRATION

PUMP

FILTER

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RECIRCULATION

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REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM

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REPLENISHMENT

REPLENISHMENT PUMP

D F

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REPLENISHMENT RATESFOR EVERY 14 IN. OF FILM

• 60-70 ML OF DEVELOPER

• 100-110 ML OF FIXER

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PROCESSING TIME

+- 2 % VARIATION

• 45 SEC-210 SEC.

• MOST PROCESSORS DROP TIME 90 SEC.

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RADIOGRAPHIC ARTIFACTS

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TYPES OF ARTIFACTS

• PROCESSING

• EXPOSURE

• HANDLING AND STORAGE

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PROCESSING ARTIFACTS

• HYPORETENTION• PI-LINES• GUIDE SHOE MARK• STATIC • ENTRANCE ROLLER MARK• CRINKLE MARK• FINGER MARKS• EMULSION PICK-OFF• WATER STAIN

Page 108: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

EXPOSURE ARTIFACTS

• MOTION• IMPROPER POSITIONING• POOR FILM SCREEN CONTACT• DOUBLE EXPOSURE• FOREIGN OBJECTS• BACK-SCATTER• CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN• BROKEN CASSETTE• IMPROPER USE OF GRID

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HANDLING & STORAGE ARTIFACTS

• LIGHT FOG

• RADIATION FOG

• STATIC

• SCRATCHES

• HYPORETENTION

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FILMS STUCK TO EACH OTHER DURING PROCESSING

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HYPORETENTION

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PI-LINE

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GUIDE SHOE MARK

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STATIC

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STATIC

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STATIC

Page 117: RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM. THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION.

ROLLER MARKS

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FINGER MARKS

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CRIMPING MARK

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PICK-OFF

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WATER STAIN

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WATER STAIN

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POOR FILM SCREN CONTACT

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H.T. (High Voltage) CABLES

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DOUBLE EXPOSURE

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BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN

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BACKSCATTER

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BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN

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MOIRE EFFECT

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WARPED CASSETTE-LIGHT LEAK

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HAIR BUN

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CLOTHES RIBBING

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GRID CUT-OFF

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JEWELLERY

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SCATTER FOG

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SANDBAG

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FOGGING

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KYPHOSIS-CHIN

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STRAP

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Q.A. TESTS

• COLLIMATION

• FOCAL SPOT SIZE

• KVP CALIBRATION

• EXPOSURE LINEARITY

• EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY

• FILM-SCREEN CONTACT

• PROTECTIVE APPAREL INTEGRITY

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COLLIMATION(LIGHT FIELD/RADIATION

FIELD CONGRUENCY)

• SEMI-ANUALLY

• NINE PENNY TEST OR SPECIAL TOOL TEST

• +- 2% OF SID

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FOCAL SPOT SIZE

• ANNUALLY

• PINHOLE CAMERA, SLIT CAMERA, STAR PATTERN

• +- 50%

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STAR PATTERN

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LINE PAIR TEST TOOL

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KVP CALLIBRATION

• ANNUALLY

• KVP METER

• +- 10%

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KVP METER

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EXPOSURE LINEARITY

• ANNUALLY

• DOSIMETER

• +- 10%

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EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY

• ANNUALLY

• RADIATION DOSIMETER

• +-5%

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FILM/SCREEN CONTACT

• ANNUALLY

• WIRE MESH

• NO DARK AREAS PRESENT ON THE FILM

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WIRE MESH

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HOW USE WIRE MESH TO TEST FILM SCRREN CONTACT

CASSETTE

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PROTECTIVE APPAREL

• ANNUALLY

• FLUORO

• NO CRACKS OR HOLES


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