Olive Peart, MS, RT (R) (M)Clinical & Academic InstructorStamford Hospital, Program in RadiographyClinical Radiologic Technology EditorGannett Education

Radiographic Positioning Flashcards

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Notice

Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.

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Radiographic Positioning Flashcards

Copyright © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in China. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN 978-0-07-179732-0MHID 0-07-179732-7

These cards were set in Times by Thomson Digital.The editors were Andrew Moyer and Christie Naglieri.The production supervisor was Richard Ruzycka.Project management was provided by Preeti Tyagi, Thomson Digital.The cover designer was Thomas DePierro.RR Donnelley/Shenzhen was printer and binder.

Radiographs are of phantoms or reproduced with permission of Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT.

Figure for Card 147 (bottom left): Reproduced with permission from Morton DA, ed. The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 1-4B.

Figure for Card 186: Reproduced with permission from Morton DA, ed. The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 23-2A&B.

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Contents

Preface xvAcknowledgments xvii

Importance of Standard Precautions 1

Clinical History Documentation 2

General Imaging Rules 3

Imaging Information 4

Units of Radiation and ALARA Principles 5

Radiographic Planes 6

General Radiographic Terms and Radiographic Projections 7

Projection Terms and General Body Positions 8

Specific Body Positions and Relationship Terms 9

Terms Related to Movement 10

External Body Landmarks 11

Factors Controlling Image Quality: Digital 12

Factors Affecting Image Quality: Analog 13

Shapes and Size Distortion 14

Chest and Upper Airway Imaging 15

Upper Airway: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 16

Upper Airway: Lateral 17

Chest: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 18

Chest: Lateral Projection 19

Chest: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO 20

Chest: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO 21

Chest: Lordotic Position 22

Chest: Decubitus, Left, or Right Lateral 23

Abdomen Imaging 24

Divisions of the Abdomen, Positioning Considerations and Projection Guide 25

Abdomen: Supine, Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 26

Abdomen: Prone, Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 27

Abdomen: Erect, Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 28

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Abdomen: Lateral Projection 29

Abdomen: Lateral Decubitus Position 30

Abdomen: Dorsal Decubitus 31

Abdomen: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO or Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO 32

Upper Extremity Imaging 33

Finger: Posteroanterior (PA) 34

Finger: Oblique 35

Finger: Lateral 36

Thumb: Posteroanterior (PA) 37

Thumb: Anteroposterior (AP) 38

Thumb: Posteroanterior (PA) Oblique 39

Thumb: Lateral 40

Hand: Posteroanterior (PA) 41

Hand: Posteroanterior (PA) Oblique 42

Hand: Anteroposterior (AP) Oblique 43

Hand: Lateral (Fan Lateral) 44

Hand: Lateral (Extension Lateral) 45

Hand: Lateral (Natural Flexion Lateral) 46

Wrist: Posteroanterior (PA) 47

Wrist: Posteroanterior (PA) Oblique 48

Wrist: Anteroposterior (AP) Oblique 49

Wrist: Lateral 50

Wrist: Posteroanterior (PA) with Ulnar Deviation 51

Wrist: Posteroanterior (PA) with Radial Deviation 52

Wrist: Posteroanterior (PA) Scaphoid 53

Wrist: Carpal Canal, Tangential Inferosuperior 54

Forearm: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 55

Forearm: Lateral 56

Elbow: Anteroposterior (AP) 57

Elbow: Lateral 58

Elbow: Medial Oblique (Internal Rotation) 59

Elbow: Lateral Oblique (External Rotation) 60

Elbow: Anteroposterior (AP) Partial Flexion (Part 1 of 2) 61

Elbow: Anteroposterior (AP) Partial Flexion (Part 2 of 2) 62

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Elbow: Acute Flexion 63

Elbow: Radial Head Rotational Projection (Part 1 of 2) 64

Elbow: Radial Head Rotational Projection (Part 2 of 2) 65

Elbow: Radial Head Projection (Part 1 of 2) 66

Elbow: Coronoid Process Projection (Part 2 of 2) 67

Humerus: Anteroposterior (AP) 68

Humerus: Lateral (Mediolateral) 69

Humerus: Lateral (Lateromedial) 70

Shoulder Girdle 71

Shoulder: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection, External Rotation 72

Shoulder: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection, Internal Rotation 73

Shoulder: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection, Neutral Rotation 74

Shoulder: Transthoracic Lateral Projection 75

Shoulder: Superoinferior Axial Projection 76

Shoulder: Inferosuperior Axial Projection 77

Shoulder: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO, Scapular Y Projections 78

Shoulder: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO, Scapular Y Projections 79

Shoulder: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO with Internal Rotation 80

Clavicle: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 81

Clavicle: Axial Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 82

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection (Part 1 of 2) 83

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection (Part 2 of 2) 84

Scapula: Anteroposterior (AP) 85

Scapula: Lateral, RAO or LAO of the Scapular Body 86

Scapula: Lateral, RAO or LAO of the Acromion and Coracoid Processes 87

Lower Extremity Imaging 88

Toes: Anteroposterior (AP) Dorsoplantar 89

Toes: AP Oblique 90

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Toes: Mediolateral or Lateromedial 91

Sesamoid Bones: Tangential Projection 92

Foot: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial 93

Foot: Medial Oblique (Medial Rotation) 94

Foot: Lateral (Lateromedial) 95

Foot: Lateral, Weight Bearing 96

Calcaneus: Axial (Plantodorsal or Dorsoplantar) 97

Calcaneus: Lateral (Mediolateral or Lateromedial) 98

Ankle: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 99

Ankle: Oblique, Mortise 15° to 20° (Medial Rotation) 100

Ankle: Oblique, 45° (Medial Rotation) 101

Ankle: Lateral (Mediolateral or Lateromedial) Projection 102

Ankle: AP Stress/Subtalar Projections 103

Tibia and Fibula: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 104

Tibia and Fibula: Lateral Projection 105

Knee: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 106

Knee: Lateral (Mediolateral) Projection 107

Knee: Anteroposterior (AP) Oblique Projection, Medial/Internal Rotation 108

Knee: Anteroposterior (AP) Oblique Projection, Lateral/External Rotation 109

Knee: Posteroanterior (PA) Axial Intercondylar Fossa Projection 110

Knee: Posteroanterior (PA) Axial, Superoinferior Intercondylar Fossa Projection 111

Knee: Anteroposterior (AP) Weight-Bearing Projection, Bilateral 112

Knee: Posteroanterior (PA) Weight-Bearing Projection, Bilateral 113

Patella: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 114

Patella: Lateral (Mediolateral) Projection 115

Patella: Tangential (Axial or Sunrise/Skyline) Projection 116

Patella: Tangential (Axial or Sunrise/Skyline) Projection 117

Patella: Tangential (Axial or Sunrise/Skyline) Projection 118

Femur: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 119

Femur: Lateral Projection 120

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Femur: Lateral Projection 121

Bone Leg Length Study (Bilateral Scanogram), Single Exposure 122

Bone Leg Length Study (Bilateral Scanogram), Multiple Exposures 123

Bones of the Hip and Pelvis 124

Positioning Tips and Proximal Femur with Leg Rotation 125

Hip: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 126

Hip: Lateral (Mediolateral) Projection 127

Hip: Axiolateral Inferosuperior or Cross-Table Lateral Projection 128

Hip: Modified Axiolateral Trauma Projection 129

Acetabulum: Internal Obliques, RPO or LPO Position 130

Acetabulum: External Obliques, RPO or LPO Position 131

Ilium: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO Position 132

Ilium: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 133

Pelvis: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection (Bilateral Hips) 134

Pelvis: Anteroposterior Projection, Unilateral or Bilateral 135

Pelvis: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Projection, Outlet 136

Pelvis: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Projection, Inlet 137

Imaging the Bony Thorax 138

Sternum: Anterior Oblique, RAO Position 139

Sternum: Lateral Projection, Right or Left 140

Sternoclavicular (S/C) Joint: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 141

Sternoclavicular (S/C) Joint: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 142

Ribs: Anteroposterior Projection (AP) or Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 143

Ribs: Anteroposterior Projection (AP) Projection 144

Ribs: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 145

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Ribs: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO Position 146

Imaging the Vertebral Spine 147

Curves of the Vertebral Column and Spinal Terminology 148

Cervical Spine, C1-2—Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 149

Cervical Spine, C1-2—Anteroposterior (AP) or Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 150

Cervical Spine: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Projection 151

Cervical Spine: Lateral 152

Cervical Spine: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO Position 153

Cervical Spine: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 154

Cervical Spine: Hyperflexion Lateral 155

Cervical Spine: Hyperextension Lateral 156

Cervical Spine: Lateral Cervicothoracic (C7 to T1) Region 157

Thoracic Spine: Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 158

Thoracic Spine: Lateral Projection 159

Thoracic Spine: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO Position, or Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 160

Lumbar Spine: Anteroposterior (AP) or Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 161

Lumbar Spine: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO Position 162

Lumbar Spine: Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 163

Lumbar Spine: Lateral 164

Lumbosacral Junction (L5/S1): Lateral Projection 165

Lumbosacral Junction (L5/S1) and Sacroiliac Joint: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial 166

Lumbosacral Junction (L5/S1) and Sacroiliac Joint: Posteroanterior (PA) Axial Projection 167

Sacroiliac (S/I) Joint: Posterior Obliques, RPO or LPO Position, or Anterior Obliques, RAO or LAO Position 168

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Sacrum: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Projection 169

Coccyx: Anteroposterior Projection (AP) 170

Sacrum and Coccyx: Lateral Projection 171

Scoliosis: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 172

Scoliosis: Lateral Projection 173

Scoliosis: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection, Right or Left Bending 174

Scoliosis: Lateral Hyperflexion Projection 175

Scoliosis: Lateral Hyperextension Projection 176

Imaging the Skull, Sinuses, and Facial Bones 177

Skull: Planes and Projections 178

Skull: Baselines 179

Skull: Landmarks and Projections 180

Skull: Lateral 181

Skull: Posteroanterior (PA) Axial Projection 182

Skull: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 183

Skull: Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Projection 184

Skull: Posteroanterior Projection (PA) Axial 185

Imaging the Sinuses 186

Summary Projections of the Sinuses 187

Sinuses: Lateral Projection 188

Sinuses: Posteroanterior (PA) Axial Projection 189

Sinuses: Parietoacanthial Projection 190

Sinuses: Parietoacanthial, Open Mouth Projection 191

Sinuses: Submentovertex (SMV) Projection 192

Summary of Projections of the Facial Bones 193

Facial Bones: Lateral Projection 194

Facial Bones: Parietoacanthial Projection 195

Facial Bones: Acanthioparietal Projection 196

Facial Bones: Parietoacanthial Projection (Modified Waters Method) 197

Facial Bones: Posteroanterior (PA) 30° Axial Projection 198

Facial Bones, Zygomatic Arches: Submentovertex (SMV) Projection 199

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Facial Bones, Zygomatic Arches: Oblique Inferosuperior or Tangential Projection 200

Facial Bones, Mandible: Posteroanterior (PA) Projection 201

Facial Bones, Mandible: Posteroanterior (PA) Axial Projection 202

Facial Bones, Mandible: Axiolateral Oblique Projection (Part 1 of 3 Projections) 203

Facial Bones, Mandible: Axiolateral Oblique Projection (Part 2 of 3 Projections) 204

Facial Bones, Mandible: Axiolateral Oblique Projection (Part 3 of 3 Projections) 205

Facial Bones, Nasal: Lateral Projection 206

Facial Bones, Temporomandibular Articulations (TMA): Anteroposterior (AP) Axial 207

Facial Bone, Temporomandibular Articulations (TMA): Axiolateral Projection 208

Facial Bones, Petrous Portions: Axiolateral Projection 209

Facial Bones, Optic Canals: Parieto-Orbital Projection 210

Bibliography 211

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