Radiology Booklet Feb11 Final

7/23/2019 Radiology Booklet Feb11 Final

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RADIOLOGY

Training in

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists®



About the CollegeThe Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) is the leading

professional organisation for the promotion of the science and practice of the medical

specialties of Radiology and Medical Imaging (Diagnostic and Interventional) and Radiation

Oncology in Australia and New Zealand. The College has members in Australia and New

Zealand and throughout the world.

MissionTo promote, encourage and provide for the advancement of the study and the practice of

the sciences known as Diagnostic Radiology and Diagnostic Medical Imaging, Therapeutic

Radiology and Oncology and allied sciences for the carrying out of research and experimental

work in connection with these sciences.

MottoThe translation of the College motto “Lumen Afferimus Morbis” is, “We cast light on disease”.



An Introductionto RadiologyRadiology is central to the clinical practice of medicine across a wide range of disciplines. It is

the best practical way to diagnose, monitor treatment and detect progression or relapse of many

important and common diseases in a minimally invasive and anatomically precise manner. As aconsequence of the increasing sophistication and accuracy of clinical imaging, the utilisation

and importance of radiology has increased dramatically and consistently over the last 20 years.

There is a greater and greater need for more radiologists of increasingly better quality and skills,

and this shows no sign of abating. It is also a highly portable profession, specic national and

state regulations notwithstanding.

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) aims to produce

highly competent clinical radiologists with a wide range of expert diagnostic and interventional

skills, as well as medical professionals who are able to participate in management, collaborative

research, team-based medical care, and keep up with the new developments in imaging for

the benet of patients in Australia and New Zealand. The College has long had an enviable

reputation worldwide for producing excellent radiologists.

As mentioned earlier, diagnostic radiology is a speciality that is primarily used in the diagnosis

of disease processes. However, in the last 20 years, accurate anatomical depiction of disease

processes has enabled radiologists to develop the subspeciality of Vascular and InterventionalRadiology. The utilisation of these techniques is already well established, and continues to

expand with new methods of minimally invasively treating medical diseases and insertingmedical devices. Such conditions include but are not limited to treating vascular pathology such

as vascular occlusions, stenoses, malformations and aneurysms; unresectable tumours using

transarterial or percutaneous approaches; injection of various substances for management of

fractures, tumours, and painful conditions; stoppage of uncontrollable bleeding; drainage of

deeply placed infected or neoplastic collections; and placement of intravascular or intracavitary

catheters for therapy or repeated drainage. Newer technologies on the horizon promise evenmore roles for interventional radiologists in the future.

More research into clinical utility, outcomes and the impact of radiology is being actively sought

by all governments, and the value of imaging education and research has been elevated in most

Universities. There is thus a rapidly growing potential for academic development in Medical

Imaging. Fullling careers in private and public practice, management and academia are all

possible in Radiology. The College recognises that research has an important role to play inadvancing the science of radiology.

A career in Diagnostic and Interventional/Therapeutic Radiology (Medical Imaging) offers

exciting opportunities and excellent employment prospects to interested medical graduates.

Professor Shih-chang (Ming) WangChief Censor in Radiology

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR)



A radiologist is a specialist medical doctor who has had specic postgraduate

training in performing and interpreting diagnostic imaging tests and interventional

procedures or treatments that involve the use of X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic

resonance imaging equipment. Radiologists are trained to assist other doctors and

specialists to treat their patients by making a diagnosis and providing treatment

using medical imaging. Radiologists have the medical knowledge to understand

and explain your medical problem or symptom through the images that are takenof various parts of the inside of the body.

Radiologists can choose to work in various subspecialties of radiology such as

breast imaging, interventional radiology, musculoskeletal imaging, cardiac imaging,

or paediatric imaging.

What is aRadiologist?

The discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen heralded the arrival ofa totally new method of medical diagnosis. The past century has witnessed an

explosion in the increasingly sophisticated utilisation of X-rays and other energy

sources such as radioisotopes (nuclear medicine), ultrasound and magnetic

resonance imaging to enable us to provide a very accurate display of humananatomy, pathology and physiology. Modern diagnostic imaging methods clearly

dene a huge variety of disease processes, and also allow evaluation of the

effects of treatment. The newer imaging modalities also enable the diagnostic

radiologist to undertake sophisticated interventional and therapeutic procedures.

Discoveryof X-rays



Most radiologists work in a public or private hospital or

private radiology practices. They are there to assist otherdoctors in diagnosing and treating illness. Radiologists do

this by understanding when an imaging test may be needed

to answer a question about a symptom, disease, injury

or treatment, etc. and also when imaging is unlikely to be

helpful. If an imaging test is needed, radiologists know which

test is likely to be the best one to answer the question, or, ifmore than one test is needed, in which order the tests should

be done to get the best result. When a radiologist receives

a request for a test or interventional treatment of a problem,

he or she considers the different imaging tests available,

considers the risks and benets of the different ways ofobtaining imaging to assist in answering the question, and

determines what test or treatment to do and how best to do it.

Radiologists communicate the results of diagnostic and

interventional imaging through a written report sent to the

referring doctor. Radiologists work as part of a clinical team

so that they can participate actively in decision making aboutimaging tests.

There are three types of radiology – diagnostic, interventional

and therapeutic (called radiation oncology):

What does a Radiologist do?Diagnostic:

Diagnostic imaging uses plain X-ray radiology, computerised

tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound

and nuclear medicine imaging techniques to obtain images that

are interpreted to aid in the diagnosis of disease.

Interventional:

Interventional radiologists treat as well as diagnose disease using

imaging equipment. Interventional radiologists may sub-specialise

further so that they only treat abnormalities of the brain or spinal

cord (neurointervention) or of the blood vessels elsewhere in the

body (angiointervention). Interventional radiology is a minimallyinvasive procedures using X-ray, magnetic or ultrasound images

to guide the procedures, usually done with tiny instruments and

thin plastic tubes called catheters inserted through an artery or vein.

Radiation Oncology:

Radiation oncology uses radiation to treat diseases such as

cancer, using radiation therapy. These specialists are not calledradiologists, but radiation oncologists, even though they belong to

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.



How to become a RadiologistIn Australia, New Zealand and Singapore newly qualied

doctors are required to complete at least two years of generalmedical work under supervision in a hospital before they

can apply to enter one of the specialist training programs for

diagnostic radiology. Entry into the training program, as for

all specialist training programs, is highly competitive and a

minority of applicants enter the ve (5) year training program

accredited by The Royal Australian and New Zealand Collegeof Radiologists (RANZCR).

The radiology training program consists of two phases:

• Phase 1: Three years of general radiology training

• Phase 2: Two years of systems-focused (as distinguished

from subspeciality) rotations for advanced radiology training.

During the ve (5) year training period, trainees take two sets

of examinations (Part 1 and Part 2). The Radiology Curriculum

contains both Medical Expert and non-Medical Expert content

and learning objectives, in keeping with the principles of theCanMEDS 2000 medical professional framework, developed

by The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.

Non-medical expert content includes Communications Skills

(Communicator), Team Work (Collaborator), Management

and Administrative Skills (Manager), Patient Support and Advocacy (Health Advocacy), Research and Education (Scholar)

and Professionalism (Professional).

Medical expert content includes the Radiological Anatomy and

Normal Variants, Applied Imaging Technology, Pathology, PatientSafety, Report Writing, Radiodiagnosis of Specic Body Systemsand the Key Conditions in Early Training.

Once trainees have completed ve (5) years of training and

passed the Part 2 examination and become a Fellow of the

College, they may decide to obtain additional subspecialty

training through advanced training positions in Australia, New

Zealand and/or overseas. These opportunities allow recentlyqualied radiologists to concentrate on one area of the specialty

of radiology, such as breast imaging, interventional radiology,

musculoskeletal radiology, or paediatric imaging.

About 80 doctors per year complete their training

as radiologists in Australia, New Zealand

and Singapore.

Why becomea Radiologist?Radiology is at the forefront of technological advances in clinical medicine. The ability to

produce pictures of the human body using many different techniques has revolutionised

the practice of medicine over the past hundred years. Radiologists are central members

of the multidisciplinary clinical care team and play an important role in the diagnosis andtreatment of disease in adults and children (including babies and foetuses). Radiology

offers tremendous scope for a varied career in clinical medicine, teaching and research

utilising cutting edge technology. The practice of radiology is becoming more highly sub

specialised as imaging technology increases in its sophistication and complexity.

Where does a Radiologist study?Radiology students undertake their postgraduate specialist radiology training in a

hospital or practice setting. This is often in the public sector but increasingly the private

sector is becoming involved in postgraduate training of radiologists.



Goals and Objectives ofRadiology TrainingThe principal objectives of the Diagnostic Radiology Training

Program is to ensure that registrars in training develop

the communication and analytical problem solving skills

necessary to function as effective diagnostic radiologists.

During the training program the registrars are expected

to develop the nely tuned cognitive and observation

skills required to enable accurate interpretation of plain

radiographs, CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound and MRimages. It is also expected that trainees will develop the

specialised skills necessary to perform angiography and

simple interventional procedures.

The training program is organised to ensure that candidates areable to successfully complete a number of learning modules,

various in-training assessments, and both the Part 1 and Part 2

examinations within the ve (5) year training period.

Radiology trainees who complete the training program are

primarily broadly skilled and safe general radiologist. Howeverthe program does provide opportunities for system focused

rotation in the later stages of training aimed at providing morein-depth training for specic subspeciality areas of radiology with

appropriate supervision, on a part-time basis in conjunction with

general radiology work.

Assessments, Examinations

and Practical TrainingRadiology training is for the most part an adult learning

process supplemented and guided by appropriate mentoring,

supervision and both didactic and experiential teaching.The broad bulk of training experience and knowledge is gained

through self-reection, study, self-improvement and active

learning on the part of the trainee.

All radiology curriculum content is assessable

and/or examinable. The program utilises a

range of assessment methods which can beundertaken on multiple occasions throughout

all phases of training.





Post FellowshipMost radiologists continue their clinical (patient centred) career

for many years but many choose to combine this with teaching,

research, further study in the form of a subspecialty Fellowshipor postgraduate research qualication such as an MD or PhD.

Administration of radiology departments in public hospitals and

executive management of private radiology practices is also

performed by radiologists.

At the scientic and educational level, the College holds an

Annual Scientic Meeting, which presents on the range of imagingtechniques now practised and arranges regular scientic meetings

through its Branches.

The College administers a number of Fellowships, awards, grants

and prizes. Chief among these are the Carestream Professorship

and the Thomas Baker Fellowship.

The College publishes its own bi-monthly journal, the Journal

of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology and quarterly

newsletter, Inside News.

Prerequisites

for StudyingRadiology

To be accepted into the College’s training program, a candidate

must:

a) Have appropriate basic medical qualications:

• be a graduate of a medical school recognised by a medical

board in Australia and the Council of the RANZCR (or

have successfully completed both Part I and Part II AMC

examinations for overseas medical graduates in Australia)or • be a graduate of a medical school recognised by the Medical

Council of New Zealand and the Council of the RANZCR

(or have successfully completed the NZREX for overseas

medical graduates in New Zealand)

or

• be a graduate of a medical school recognised by the registeringauthority of the country in which the RANZCR training

program is conducted and the Council of the RANZCR

and

b) Be fully registered as a medical practitioner by the registering

authority recognised by the Council of the RANZCR, in the stateor country in which the RANZCR training program is conducted

and

c) Have completed at least two full years in an approved hospital

as an intern/resident.

As a general rule, the College encourages experience in a

broad spectrum of clinical disciplines prior to undertakingradiology training.

An Accredited Radiology Training Program

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists

is recognised by the Australian Medical Council (AMC), the

New Zealand Medical Council and the various medical boards

in Australia as the academic body responsible for setting thestandards of the training and assessment required to allow

recognition and registration as a specialist in radiology.

The aim of the radiology training program is to provide broadly-

based experience in all current imaging modalities. The standards

are set to ensure that, at the end of the ve (5) year trainingprogram, the trainee is capable of performing as a consultant

in radiology and can be recommended to the various medical

boards and specialist recognition committees in Australia and New

Zealand for registration as a Specialist in Diagnostic Radiology.

The College’s examinations and in-training assessments

ensure that these standards have been achieved. Uponsuccessful completion of the College’s training program

trainees are eligible to apply for Fellowship of The Royal

Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists,entitling them to use the post-nominal’s FRANZCR.

The Fellowship (FRANZCR) is recognised throughout Australia,New Zealand and Singapore as evidence of attainment of

specialist knowledge and training in one of the fastest developing

and most useful branches of medicine: the use of imaging to

contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of medical problems.

Radiology EducationGovernance

The training, education and conduct of examinations are

the responsibility of the RANZCR Radiology EducationBoard. The Board consists of the Chief Censor in Radiology,

Chief Accreditation Ofcer, the College President a Branch

Education Ofcer (BEO) from each State and a radiology

trainee representative.



Entering the TrainingProgram

Selection of Trainees

Candidates applying to train in radiology must meet the

following criteria:

• Must meet the prerequisites for entry into thetraining program

• High standard of academic performance

• Dedication and interest in pursuing a career in

diagnostic radiology

• Good interpersonal and professional communication skills

• Personal commitment to continuing professional education

and development

• Satisfactory professional referee reports

• Satisfactory reports from previous and current employers

• Interest and commitment to research.

Enrolment with the

College

Following commencement of training, a candidate must agree

to abide by all the regulations and rules governing trainingand assessment for the College. In addition, all trainees mustapply for Student Membership of the College.

Training Positions

Selection of trainees depends on undergraduate medical course

results, previous interest as demonstrated by radiology electives,publications or presentations, performance as an intern based onreferences and an interview.

Currently the majority of training is undertaken at training sites

in the public sector, In the longer term it is envisaged that the

majority of training will be undertaken in a training network

structure with trainees rotating between several training sites inthe public and private sector located in metropolitan, rural and

regional areas.

Training sites must be accredited by the College. Accreditation

is based on many factors including medical school afliation,

number and case mix of examinations and patients, number of

consultants (faculty members), spectrum of clinical departments,

teaching program, reference book and lm libraries and accessto all imaging modalities. In particular, each trainee must be

guaranteed training in each imaging modality, and training must

be obtained under the direct supervision of specialists in radiology

recognised by the College.

The College has accepted that certain overseas departments,

private hospitals and private radiology practices may be accredited

for training provided the guidelines laid down by the Education

Board are met.



Australian Capital Territory

The Canberra Hospital

New South Wales

Concord Repatriation HospitalJohn Hunter Hospital

Liverpool Hospital

Nepean HospitalPrince of Wales HospitalRoyal North Shore Hospital

Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSt George Hospital

St Vincent’s HospitalWestmead Hospital

Queensland

Princess Alexandra Hospital

Royal Brisbane and Women’s

Hospital

South Australia

Flinders Medical CentreRoyal Adelaide Hospital

The Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Tasmania

Royal Hobart Hospital

Victoria

Austin HealthMonash Medical Centre

Geelong Hospital(Barwon Medical Imaging)

Northern HospitalRoyal Melbourne Hospital

St Vincent’s HospitalThe Alfred Hospital

Western Hospital

Western Australia

Royal Perth HospitalSir Charles Gairdner Hospital

New Zealand

Auckland Hospital

Christchurch HospitalDunedin Hospital

Waikato HospitalWellington Hospital

Singapore

National University Hospital

Singapore

Current Training SitesThe number of positions available for vocational training is

determined by the funding provided for such training by the

various Health Departments, the New Zealand Health Authority

and the National University Hospital, Singapore. For the number

of positions available please contact the relevant training sites,Head of Department or Director of Training. Universities in

Australia and New Zealand are publicly funded institutions and

the majority of accredited training positions are in departments

with some afliation with medical schools of those universities.

As such there is erce competition for training places.

Accredited Training Sites



The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists ®

Level 9, 51 Druitt Street, SYDNEY NSW 2000 AUSTRALIA

Tel +61 (0)2 9268 9777Fax +61 (0)2 9268 9799

Email: [email protected]

For more information visit the College website: www.ranzcr.edu.au

For more information about radiology procedures visit: www.insideradiology.com.au

Thank you to the Radiology Department at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney who assisted with images.

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Radiology Booklet Feb11 Final

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