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RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTION
Bhavana Harikoti
Raghuveer.CH Manoj
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Transport has throughout history been a spur to expansion as bettertransport leads to more trade.Economic prosperity has always been dependent on increasing thecapacity and rationality of transport.
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ACCIDENTS DUE TO RAIL DERAILMENT
The Indian Railways today has 113,617 kilometers (70,598 mi).of total trackover a route of 63,974 kilometers (39,752 mi) and 7,083 stations. It has the
world's fourth largest railway network after those of the United States, Russiaand China. The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country and
carry over 30 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight car.
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Previous Methods
Visual Inspections:-
Not possible in INDIA.Ultrasonic Inspection:-Ultrasonic can only inspect the core of materials; that is,
the method cannot check for surface and near-surface cracking where many of the faults are located
Eddy Current Inspection:-
Eddy currents are used to tide over this limitation associated with ultrasonics. They are effectively used to check for crackslocated at the surface of metals such as rails.
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Magnetic Particle Inspection(MPI):-MPI is also used in the rail industry but there are anumber of problems inherent with this technique, someof which are mentioned below: Surface of the rail or component must first be cleaned
of all coatings, rust and so on. To get a sensitive reading, contrast paint must first be
applied to the rail, followed by the
magnetic particle coating. The same inspection must then be carried out in twodifferent directions at a very slow overallspeed.
Previous methods
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COMPONENTS REQUIRED
HARDWARE REQUIRED
Transformer Bridge Rectifier Capacitor Regulator 8051 Microcontroller LDR Resisitors DC motor LED
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
KEIL SOFTWARE.
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Light Dependent resistor(LDR)
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LDR properties
LDRs are light dependent
devices whose R decreases whenlight falls on them andincreases in the dark.
When a LDR is kept in
dark, its resistance is veryhigh. This resistance iscalled as dark resistance.It can be as high as 1012. And if the device isallowed to absorb lightits R willdecreasedrastically.Ifconstant voltage is applied toit and intensity of light isincreasedthe current startsincreasing.
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TRANSFORMER
A transformer can be defined as a
static device which helps in thetransformation of electric powerin one circuit to electric power ofthe same frequency in anothercircuit. The voltage can be raised
or lowered in a circuit, but with aproportional increase or decreasein the current ratings.
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CAPACITOR A capacitor (originallyknown as a condenser )is a passive two-terminal electricalcomponent used tostore energy electrostatically in an electric field.The forms of practicalcapacitors vary widely,but all contain at leasttwo electricalconductors(plates)
separated bya dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can bethin films, foils orsintered beads of metalor conductive electrolyte,etc
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REGULATOR A voltage regulator is
designed to automaticallymaintain a constant voltage level. Electronic voltage regulators are foundin devices such as
computer powersupplies where they stabilizethe DC voltages used by theprocessor and otherelements. Inautomobilealternators andcentral powerstation generator plants, voltage regulators controlthe output of the plant. Inan electric power
distribution system.
8051
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8051MICROCONTROLL
ER
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Resistor is an
electrical componentthat reduces theelectric current.The resistor's ability
to reduce the currentis called resistanceand is measured inunits of ohms(symbol: ). If we make ananalogy to water flowthrough pipes, theresistor is a thin pipethat reduces the
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Light Emitting Diode(LED)
LEDs, or light emitting diodes, aresemiconductordevices that produce visible light when an
electrical current ispassed throughthem. LEDs are atype of Solid State
Lighting (SSL), as areorganic light emitting diodes(OLEDs) and light emitting polymers(LEPs).
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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PRACTICAL KIT PHOTO
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Embedded C programspecifically showing
THRESHOLD values
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ADVANTAGES
It reduces manpower.
Crack detecting efficiency is high.
Accuracy is high.
It consumes very low power for entire device.
Lost cost and simple structure.
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Future Aspects
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CONCLUSION
The project AUTOMATIC BROKEN TRACK DETECTIONUSING LED-LDR ASSEMBLY has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the
hardware components used.Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placedcarefully thus contributing to thebest working of the unit.Using highly advanced ICs (LPC2148) and with the help ofgrowing technology theproject has been successfully implemented.
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Any Queries?