Raimund Bleischwitz Wuppertal Institute, Germany College of Europe Bruges, Belgium

Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „TIFF (Unkomprimiert)“

benötigt.

Raimund BleischwitzZürich, Apr 07

Raimund Bleischwitz

Wuppertal Institute, Germany

College of Europe Bruges, Belgium

Contribution to the Workshop "Innovation and Path Dependency. Institutions for the management of diversity in

innovation systems", Zürich April 16-17, 2007


benötigt.

VARIATION IN INNOVATION SYSTEMS

THROUGH COMMUNITIES


benötigt.

1 The Challenge


benötigt.


Use of natureUse of nature

Qualityof lifeQualityof life

EconomicgrowthEconomicgrowth

Sustainable Production

and Consumption

SustainableProduction

The “decoupling challenge”: How to enhance quality of life with less use of nature?

Sustainable Society

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, EU Climate Change Policy

EU Thematic Strategy on Natural Resources


benötigt.


EU Strategy aims at accelerating resource productivity trends up to 3 % p.a. (WI: 4-5 % / p.a.)

2000199519901985 20152005 20101.0

1980

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

2020 2025 2030867 €/tonne

1300 €/tonne

1734 €/tonne

2167 €/tonne

2601 €/tonne

3034 €/tonne

3468 €/tonne

Source: EU Thematic Strategy 2005


benötigt.


System innovation

....needed to cope with the challenges ahead - but what is it about?

A product-related system (i.e. a value chain including development of new services),

A material flows related system (e.g. use of copper), A functional system (e.g. energy supply), A system providing basic services such as housing, nutrition

etc., An economic, social or a political system (institutional

innovation such as the introduction of parliamentary democracy)

=> Significant eco-efficiency improvement, e.g. by a factor 2Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™

Dekompressor „TIFF (Unkomprimiert)“ benötigt.


benötigt.


System innovation, other types of innovation and sustainability

Sustainability certainly reqires system innovation, but other types of innovation can also lead to major improvements and, thus, are necessary too.

=> Variety of different IS


benötigt.


Scope: Communities

Research interest: the ability of communities to pursue system innovation via R&D activities, demonstration projects, networks etc. as well as variations that inevitably arise when those community efforts are compared

Community: variety of economic and/or technological activities within a limited regional scope conducted under a common legal frame

Use of EU NUTS classification R2H: cities, islands, remote areas, regions (www.roads2hy.com )

Hypothesis: Community involvement in other levels (both at the meso and at the macro level) is pivotal for the success of system innovation; intra-community institutions and participatory processes won't do it alone. Furhermore, variation in system innovation is enhanced if communities are actively involved because of the inherently pluralistic approaches that communities develop.

Roads2

HyCOM

http://www.roads2hy.com/


benötigt.

2Analysing

Industries and Innovation Systems


benötigt.


Importance of Communities

The early steps of disseminating system innovation for SD often are done via demonstration projects that usually start at a community level => involve end users, test both feasibility and acceptance.

Some successful communities (as for H2: potentially NRW, London, Iceland) might develop as a first larger lead market for other communities to follow.

Clusters and networks often start off at the community level. There is good evidence from growth theories that communities (incl. regions) act as engines of economic development

Industry, SMEs and universities, however strong their relationships outside communities might be, usually are embedded in community ties – focussing on communities offers advantages especially for horizontal innovation.


benötigt.


Importance for H2

Hydrogen distribution can be done economically if communities become larger and interconnected. Identifying suitable regions throughout Europe will lower the set-up costs for an H2 infrastructure (as for other energy carriers).

Hydrogen Lighthouses will need to have a community relation – at least for a considerable number of lighthouses.

Hydrogen/environmental technology communities seem to be mostly embedded in regions that are in general regarded as innovative


benötigt.


Variety

Variety results from the variety of communities throughout Europe because of different types of demonstration projects and different conditions within communities (both actors and

institutions. Communities (i.e. a variety of communities) thus can be

seen as a laboratory necessary to test the feasibility of sustainability technologies towards system change.

=> Knowledge-creation through variety and competition


benötigt.


Selection

However a selection needs to be made for economies of scale and cost reduction, and communities will have to adapt. How can these selection processes work given that competition still is in a very premature stage

when system innovation starts and other criteria (positive externalities, sustainability

potential) are be needed too. Assessment criteria => EE publication (Bleischwitz 2007) Hypothesis: community involvement in other levels (both

at the meso and at the macro level) is pivotal for the success of system innovation; intra-community institutions and participatory processes won't do it alone.


benötigt.


Sustainability Impact Assessment -> Policy integration and innovation assessment

Criteria Questions for Review(C 1) Processof problemidentification,Pressure to act

How and by whom is a relevant problem addressed?To what extent and by whom is there a consensus about causes, effects,and the need to act?How urgent is the need for action seen from the actor’s perspective?Does the network address main actors? Is the process stakeholder-driven?Is the process used for priority area identification in line with otherstakeholders’ agenda? Is it in line with global or regional trends?

Relevance

(C 2)Decentralsolutions,PossibilitiesforCompensation

Is there an obvious link with other policy issues, to whom the networkmight add negotiated solutions?Does the network include relevant groups of society?Does it lead to an exchange of (financial or other) resources, which isconsidered fair and does not lead to additional externalities?

(C3) Targetsand strategies

Are there clear and verifiable targets?How consistent are sets of targets in the relevant area beyond the casestudy?Is the structure suitable for policy deliberations?Does the structure allow for stakeholder participation and interactionon targets and strategies?How consistent is time horizon of targets with appropriate action?Is there a defined norm or a baseline year?

Effective-ness

(C 4)Implementation

Is there a specific action plan with concrete measures?How can the targets and/or the action plan be related to individualaction?Are there performance indicator systems?Are these mechanisms supported by written and continuously reviewedroutines? Do these mechanisms entail a monitoring of costs (see C5)?

Efficiency (C 5) Costreduction

Which internal and external damage costs does the network try toaddress?I there a visible strive for minimizing overall costs?In what ways are transaction costs included? In what ways is there areduction of external costs? In what ways might new externalitiesemerge?

(C 6) PositiveSide Effects

In what ways does the network spur incremental or radical innovation?In what ways are processes of diffusion enhanced?Are there tendencies for inertia or is there a systematic effort towardsopenness for new ideas?What kind of benefits emerge (tangible and non-tangible assets)?To what extent can the network exploit economies of scale and/or networkexternalities?

Side Effects

(C 7) NegativeSide Effects

Are there systemic leakages, which may lead to problem shifting?

(C 8) Freedomand flexibility

Can relevant actors freely choose among a set of instruments?Is there sufficient flexibility to make investment decisions consistent withnetwork aims?Can actors develop new tools that have an influence on the network?

(C 9)Evaluation andreview

Is there a formal mechanism for evaluation and/or review? Does it includereviewers outside the network?Are there clear performance criteria that help to readjust the network?

(C 10)ParticipationundTransparency

What mechanisms for participation and transparency exist?Are all relevant groups (affected parties) members of the network?Do public interest actors hold specific competences?Is the process open for new participants?

Adaptationflexibility

(C 11) Control Which formal and informal control mechanisms exist?Is there a sufficient division of competences between controlling andcontrolled actors?What processes ensure independence and power of control over time?What sanctions are foreseen in case of non-compliance?

Source: WI 2004.


benötigt.


benötigt.


Case study on networks e.g. “ProKlima”: Cooperative Climate Protection Funding on a local Level

Combines management interests (utility), consumer needs, & public local interests in the region of Hanover

Promotes energy efficiency & climate protection

Designed to a deregulated energy market through promotion of regional responsibility & innovation leadership

Implements the 1996 declaration of German corporate sector on global warming prevention on a regional level.

=> High involvement of energy utility, funding mechanism at low transaction costs

0

1

2

3

4problem identification

decentral solutions

targets/strategies

implementation

cost reduction

positive side effectsnegative side effects

freedom/flexibility

evaluation/review

participation/transparancy

control


benötigt.


Evolutionary Competitive Market Processes

V. Hayek, W. Kerber: competition is viewed as a dynamic process of rivalry in which the interplay of creative (innovative) and adaptive (imitative) forces produces and reinforces permanent dynamics

Creation of knowledge as fundamental challenge, incomplete information, bounded rationality -> competition as source of learning and knowledge creation

Routine helps, but individuals and organisations alike need to adapt, i.e. to innovate (adaptation and diffusion are innovative too)

Evolutionary competition as a test of hypotheses, open-ended process of experimentation


benötigt.


‘Systemic Competitiveness’

Microlevel and Macrolevel analysis ought to be added by Meta- and Mesolevel: ‘culture’, ‘why’ and ‘what for’ of competition and

development, institutions between state and market, pressure for

performance. Papers e.g. by K. Eßer / J. Meyer-Stahmer (1996), R.

Nelson (1992), M. Porter (1990, 2004) Recent efforts by e.g. World Economic Forum (2005) EU policies in line (regional policy, subsidiarity, Kok-

report on Lisbon Process)


benötigt.


Implications for the concept of transition management

Firms as agents: open boundaries, need to integrate knowledge and incentives from outside (see knowledge-based theory of the firm) <=> stakeholder dialogues a rational strategy! But decision-making on levels different to communities!

Diversity important: competition ought to select superior technologies, products. See e.g. wind energy!

Dynamic efficiency, adaptive efficiency more important than static allocation efficiency => legitimacy for long-term targets and RTD.

=> Refers not only to firms, but also to importance of communities, both as knowledge catalytic converter and as source of diversity.


benötigt.


Technology development, SD and Systems change

Scenario „radical change“

Scenario „intelligent STD policy“

time2010 2020 2030

costs

Standards

STD needs clear and long-term targets, new

instruments (information-

based&network type) for early majorities,

economic incentives and regulation for long-term

diffusion


benötigt.


Communities matter most in stage I and II

Source: Stake 2006


benötigt.


New governance approaches, multilevel governance and economic incentives

New Types of instruments in addition to MBIs: information-based & knowledge creating, flexible, analytically closer to innovation & industrial economics

Information (e.g. Triple bottom line reporting, accounting requirements, indicator & measurement harmonisation)

Networks (e.g. technology platforms, ‘EnergyPlus’, ‘EcoProfit’) Agencies: qualification programmes, SME checks, dissemination of best

practices, support implementation of eco-efficiency potentials Market introduction programmes: demonstration and implementation, unlock

systems, align responsibilities among various actors (‘eco town program’ Japan)

Minimimum tax requirements for energy use and resource use at EU level Challenges: some regions are ahead, while others may be stucked => a role

for EU regional policy, market integration and cohesion.


benötigt.

3The

Hydrogen

Economy


benötigt.


The future energy system? Combining large and small FCs (CHP) plus central H2-production and local H2-networks?


benötigt.


Results from a Survey on H2 Communities

Share of potential hydrogen community projects per country- overall database

EU-10 (CY & HU & PL)3%

DE29%

IT8%

FR7%

UK10%

ES7%

Scandinavian countries (DK, IS,

FI, NO, SE)24%

Other EU-1512%

Roads2HyCOM


benötigt.


Driving forces for H2 communities

Policy-driven: projects driven by the local authority/government: The main driver is job creation, followed by climate change and local air quality concerns. Increased use of renewable energy sources and introduction of new energy technologies within the community also appear to be important factors. These projects are thought to have strong potential to evolve into a larger scale hydrogen community.

Technology-driven: projects mainly driven by industry: The main drivers are development of hydrogen and/or fuel cell technologies and investigation of their feasibility (both through R&D and demonstration projects).

Roads2HyCOM


benötigt.


Barriers to H2 communities

Main barriers

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Public Funding

Private Funding

Technology Procurement

Lack of local expertise

Lack of community acceptance

% of responses (multiple choices are allow ed)

Roads2HyCOM


benötigt.


Success factors

Existence of a highly prioritized environmental agenda at regional level Active support to the regional industry Active involvement from the regional authorities in promoting public

acceptance of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies Existence of some kind of financial support for hydrogen and fuel cell

projects at regional level Active involvement in project initiation and assistance to overcome non-

technical barriers Local authorities’ support is important to legitimize and increase

confidence in demonstration projects within the community Presence of technology/component suppliers within the region Proximity of high quality universities and research institutes

Roads2HyCOM


benötigt.


Distribution of H2 - communities need to cooperate


benötigt.


Conclusions

Communities are important elements of innovation systems Test feasibility and acceptance Attract pioneers and early majority Demonstrate a larger context for further development

Communities can also contribute to formulate targets, timetables and other forms of policy-making, thus acting as „facilitator of reflexive policies“.

On the other hand, communities Can hardly replace policies for internalization of negative externalities Can hardly overcome funding and business development deficits Need a „kick in“ from others when large majorities and laggards have to be

addressed. To be complemented by national policies, EU and sectoral approaches.


benötigt.


www.wupperinst.org, www.coleurop.be

www.roads2hy.com

Date post:	30-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	marsden-emerson
View:	23 times
Download:	0 times

Raimund Bleischwitz Wuppertal Institute, Germany College of Europe Bruges, Belgium

Documents