The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands CS CS ACSAD ACSAD Rain water harvesting fo combating dese tification and for combating desertification and rehabilitation of degraded lands: ACSAD experience in the Arab Region ACSAD experience in the Arab Region UNESCO G UNESCO G-Wadi Meeting on Water Harvesting Wadi Meeting on Water Harvesting Aleppo Aleppo –Syria Syria 20 20 -22 November 2006 22 November 2006 20 20 -22 November 2006 22 November 2006
Transcript
The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands CSCSACSAD ACSAD
Rain water harvesting
fo combating dese tification andfor combating desertification and rehabilitation of degraded lands:
ACSAD experience in the Arab RegionACSAD experience in the Arab Region
UNESCO GUNESCO G--Wadi Meeting on Water HarvestingWadi Meeting on Water HarvestingAleppo Aleppo ––SyriaSyria
2020 --22 November 200622 November 200620 20 --22 November 200622 November 2006
O tli f th t tiO tli f th t tiOutline of the presentation:Outline of the presentation:
II Improving livelihood of poor rural Improving livelihood of poor rural community in rangeland areas.community in rangeland areas.ggII--1 Rehabilitation of degraded lands1 Rehabilitation of degraded lands
-- Case study Case study –– Syrian steppeSyrian steppeC t dC t d f N th J d tf N th J d t-- Case study Case study –– from Northern Jordan steppefrom Northern Jordan steppe
II--2 Rehabilitation of terraces in Yemen2 Rehabilitation of terraces in Yemen
IIII Water saving in irrigated lands in arid Water saving in irrigated lands in arid zones.zones.
IIIIII Flood management in Lebanon.Flood management in Lebanon.
II--Improving livelihood of poor ruralImproving livelihood of poor ruralII--Improving livelihood of poor rural Improving livelihood of poor rural community in community in RangelandRangeland AreaArea
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11--The Pilot area , For Sub The Pilot area , For Sub ––regional Action regional Action Program in West Asian Countries ( SRAP ) Program in West Asian Countries ( SRAP )
UNCCDUNCCDUNCCDUNCCDThlaithowat Site Thlaithowat Site –– Syrian SteppeSyrian Steppe
ACSAD interventions for land ACSAD interventions for land rehabilitation in the pilot arearehabilitation in the pilot area
•• Vegetation cover rehabilitation Vegetation cover rehabilitation through through Comprehensive protection, Comprehensive protection, Direct sowing, andDirect sowing, and Planting of Planting of seedlings.seedlings.
•• Implementing rainwaterImplementing rainwater--harvesting harvesting techniques to increase water techniques to increase water ec ques o c ease a eec ques o c ease a eavailability for plant and animal use availability for plant and animal use and for limiting soil water erosionand for limiting soil water erosiongg
vegetation cover before implementing the project April -2003
قياس اإلنجراف المائي للتربة
GISتحديد أماكن حصاد المياه بالـ
ا ال اد ل ة ھالل ط المياهخط لحصاد كونتورية خطوط خطوط كونتورية لحصاد المياه خطوط ھاللية لحصاد المياه
سورية –إجراءات حصاد المياه في جبل البشري
Participation of local community in constructing p y grain water harvesting techniques and seedling planting
Sub Sub --regional Action Program in West Asian regional Action Program in West Asian CountriesCountries( SRAP ) UNCCD( SRAP ) UNCCD( SRAP ) UNCCD( SRAP ) UNCCD
Thlaithowat Site , Syria Thlaithowat Site , Syria Sabha Site, JordanSabha Site, Jordan
Diamond basins for rain Semi-circle rain water i water harvestingharvesting
300 hectare were rehabilitated through protection, and seedling planting using different rainwater harvesting techniquesharvesting techniques
Vegetation cover after Rehabilitation May -2005
ResultsResultsResultsResults
YearYear 20032003 20042004 20052005
Vegetation production Vegetation production (kg/ha)(kg/ha)
212212 306306 477477
G i itG i it 0 260 26 0 380 38 0 580 58Grazing capacity Grazing capacity (head/ha/year)(head/ha/year)
0.260.26 0.380.38 0.580.58
Sub Sub ––regional Action Program in West Asian Countries regional Action Program in West Asian Countries
( SRAP ) UNCCD( SRAP ) UNCCD
2 R h bilit ti f l d i S bh i N th2-Rehabilitation of range land in Sabha area in Northern Jordan step
The vegetation cover before rehabilitation
Application of appropriate technique Application of appropriate technique for rain water harvestingfor rain water harvestingfor rain water harvestingfor rain water harvesting
After 5 years of rehabilitation
33--Rehabilitation of terraces in AlRehabilitation of terraces in Al--Ramaa areaRamaa area ((Yemen)Yemen)Ramaa area Ramaa area ((Yemen) Yemen) ..
IIII-- Effect of changing irrigation practices Effect of changing irrigation practices on energy, and hydrological budgets of on energy, and hydrological budgets of P l O i tP l O i t S iS iPalmyra Oasis systemPalmyra Oasis system-- Syria.Syria.
ii•• DurationDuration: : 4 4 Years started Years started in Jan. in Jan. 20022002
•• SupportersSupporters::•• SupportersSupporters: : -- IRD (Institute of IRD (Institute of
ResearchResearch forforResearch Research for for Development, France)Development, France)
-- ACSADACSAD-- European Union European Union
(IRRIMED (IRRIMED Project)Project)
The historical city of PalmyraThe historical city of Palmyra Turkey
Palmyra
Current irrigation practiceCurrent irrigation practiceg pg p
•• ρρ density of airdensity of air•• W'W' fluctuation of vertical wind speedfluctuation of vertical wind speed•• q'q' fluctuation of specific humidity fluctuation of specific humidity
Comparison of monthly ETcComparison of monthly ETc
6
7
8
9
y)
3
4
5
6
ETc
(mm
/day
0
1
2
J M M J S O D F A J A O Dan-02
Mar-02
May-02
ul-02
Sep-02
Oct-02
Dec-02
Feb-03
Apr-03
un-03
Aug-03
Oct-03
Dec-03
Penman-Monteith Blaney-Cridlle eddy -covariance
ETC estimated from ETC estimated from Eddy covariance Eddy covariance methodmethod is only is only 65 65 % from ETC calculated % from ETC calculated using other methodusing other methodusing other methodusing other methodSuch scientific research output need to be Such scientific research output need to be disseminateddisseminated
Measurement of direct evaporation using flow Measurement of direct evaporation using flow energy budget in Sabkhat Al Mouh near Palmyraenergy budget in Sabkhat Al Mouh near Palmyragy g ygy g y
Salt deposits in the Sabkhat
IIIIII-- Flood management in ElFlood management in El--Qa’aQa’awatershed Lebanonwatershed Lebanonwatershed Lebanon.watershed Lebanon.
Location of ElLocation of El--Qa’a watershed Qa’a watershed Lebanon. Lebanon.
ElEl--Qa'aQa'a citycity
The hydrological study for the ElThe hydrological study for the El--Qa'a WatershedQa'a Watershed
•• The total watershed area is The total watershed area is 1818..59 59 kmkm2 2 , it , it consist of two main subconsist of two main sub--watersheds : subwatersheds : sub--consist of two main subconsist of two main sub watersheds : subwatersheds : subwatershed A with an area of watershed A with an area of 1414..45 45 and suband sub--watershed B with an area of watershed B with an area of 44..14 14 km. km.
•• Daily rainfall data for the ElDaily rainfall data for the El--Qa’a city is Qa’a city is available between years available between years 1966 1966 and and 1969 1969 only. only. Average yearly rainfall during this period wasAverage yearly rainfall during this period wasAverage yearly rainfall during this period was Average yearly rainfall during this period was 208208..1 1 mm and maximum daily rainfall was mm and maximum daily rainfall was 35 35 mm which occurred on mm which occurred on 1313--11--19681968. Design . Design t ith d th ft ith d th f 3535 d d ti fd d ti f 11storm with depth of storm with depth of 35 35 mm and duration of mm and duration of 1 1
hour was used in the design. The duration of hour was used in the design. The duration of the storm was decided based on informationthe storm was decided based on informationthe storm was decided based on information the storm was decided based on information from local people.from local people.
•• The hydrologic grouping of soils in the The hydrologic grouping of soils in the watershed area according to SCSwatershed area according to SCSwatershed area according to SCS watershed area according to SCS classification are;classification are;
•• Soil B have a moderate infiltration rateSoil B have a moderate infiltration rate•• Soil B have a moderate infiltration rate. Soil B have a moderate infiltration rate. They are chiefly moderately deep, wellThey are chiefly moderately deep, well--drained soils of moderately fine todrained soils of moderately fine todrained soils of moderately fine to drained soils of moderately fine to moderately coarse texture. moderately coarse texture.
•• S il D h l i filt ti tS il D h l i filt ti t•• Soil D have a very slow infiltration rate. Soil D have a very slow infiltration rate. and they are chiefly clay soils .and they are chiefly clay soils .
Hydrological Grouping of SoilHydrological Grouping of Soil
Flood Management in the the ElFlood Management in the the El--Qa'a Qa'a gg QQWatershed Watershed
ElEl--Qa'a cityQa'a cityThe watershed outlet
Total yearly rainfall and maximum daily rainfall between Total yearly rainfall and maximum daily rainfall between year ofyear of 19651965 andand 19691969 at Elat El--Qaa cityQaa cityyear of year of 1965 1965 and and 1969 1969 at Elat El Qaa cityQaa city
year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Averagey
TotalTotal yearly
rainfall208.0 169.8 284.2 216.1 162.3 208.1
f
Max daily 20.0 22.0 23.0 35.0 16.0daily
rainfall20.0 22.0 23.0 35.0 16.0
•• Based on the hydrologic soil groups land Based on the hydrologic soil groups land use and using the above mentioned design use and using the above mentioned design t th R ff h d ht th R ff h d hstorm, the Runoff hydrograph was storm, the Runoff hydrograph was
estimated at the watershed outlet using estimated at the watershed outlet using SCS curve number method. The peak flowSCS curve number method. The peak flowSCS curve number method. The peak flow SCS curve number method. The peak flow was estimated as was estimated as 4040..87 87 mm33/s with total /s with total runoff volume of runoff volume of 187187,,000 000 mm33. the . the objective of this project is mainly toobjective of this project is mainly toobjective of this project is mainly to objective of this project is mainly to reduce peak flow by reduce peak flow by 50 50 %. The reduction %. The reduction of peak flow will be achieved primarily of peak flow will be achieved primarily p p yp p ythrough construction set of hafeers through construction set of hafeers within the watershed areawithin the watershed area
•• Six potential sites for hafir Six potential sites for hafir construction were selected. Five of the construction were selected. Five of the selected sites are located in sub selected sites are located in sub watershed A and one is located in watershed A and one is located in watershed B. Table 2 shows the peak watershed B. Table 2 shows the peak flow and runoff volume and flow and runoff volume and characteristic of subwatershed at characteristic of subwatershed at each of the selected site.each of the selected site.
The hydrological study for theThe hydrological study for theElEl Q ' W t h dQ ' W t h dElEl--Qa'a WatershedQa'a Watershed
Flood hydrograph at watershed the outlet
Reducing flood risk by reducing Reducing flood risk by reducing g y gg y grunoff from runoff from 40 40 mm33/sec. To /sec. To 2020
•• Suggested structures in the Suggested structures in the watershedwatershed–– SemiSemi--Circular Stone Bunds Circular Stone Bunds –– Stone Contour Bunds Stone Contour Bunds –– Contour Stone Walls Contour Stone Walls –– Check Dams Check Dams C ec a sC ec a s–– Hafirs: Hafirs:
Peak flow, runoff volume and sub watershed Peak flow, runoff volume and sub watershed characteristics at the selected potential sitecharacteristics at the selected potential sitecharacteristics at the selected potential site characteristics at the selected potential site
S b t h d h t i tiS b t h d h t i tiSubwatershed characteristicsSubwatershed characteristicsArea (km2)Area (km2) 2.872.87 3.253.25 11.1911.19 12.5412.54 14.0914.09 3.523.52
Slope (%)Slope (%) 25.325.3 24.924.9 25.525.5 25.625.6 25.825.8 2323Lag time (hrs)Lag time (hrs) 0.410.41 0.520.52 0.610.61 00..7575 0.440.44
peak flow, runoff volume and sub watershed peak flow, runoff volume and sub watershed characteristics at the selected potential site for characteristics at the selected potential site for hafir constructionhafir construction
