Raj Board Class 11 Book - Antara

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Antara

1/136

varjkHkkx 1

d{kk 11 osQ fy, ,sfPNd gnh

dh ikB~;iqLrd

& lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj &

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20122012201220122012ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj

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ii

fo"k;&lwph

vkeq[k iii

ikB~;iqLrd osQ ckjs eas vii

x|&[kaM

izsepan o bZnxkg 2

vejdkar o nksigj dk Hkkstu 18

gfj'kadj ijlkbZo VkpZcspusokys 28

jkaxs; jk?ko o xwxs 35

lqkk vjksM+k o T;ksfrck iqQys 45

vkseizdk'k okYehfd o [kkukcnks'k 51

xtkuu ekko eqfDrcksk o u, dh tUe oaqQMyh % ,d 65

ikaMs; cspu 'kekZ^mxz* o mldh ek 75

Hkkjrsanqgfj'panz o Hkkjro"kZ dh mUufr oSQls gksldrh gS\ 89

dkO;&[kaM

dchj o vjs bu nksgqu jkg u ikbZ 99ckye] vkoksgekjsxsg js

lwjnkl o [ksyu esa dksdkdksxqlS;k 103 eqjyh rmQ xqikyg Hkkofr

nso o glh dh pksV 107liuknjckj

AglaSem S
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in~ekdj o vkSjS Hkkfr oqaQtu esa xqatjr--- 110xksoqQy osQ oqQy osQ xyh osQ xksi---HkkaSju dksxaqtu fcgkj---

lqfe=kkuanu iar o la;k osQ ckn 113

egknsoh oekZo tkx rq>dksnwj tkuk 121lc vk[kksaosQ vklw mtys

ujsanz 'kekZ o uhan mpV tkrh gS 127

ukxktqZuo

ckny dksf?kjrsns[kk gS 131Jhdkar oekZ o gLr{ksi 138

/wfey o ?kj esa okilh 143

AglaSem S
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x|&[kaMx|&[kaM

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2 / varjk

izsepan dk tUe okjk.klh fkys osQ yegh xzke esagqvk FkkAmudk ewy uke kuirjk; FkkA iszepan dh izkjafHkd f'k{kkokjk.klh esagqbZA eSfVd osQ ckn os v;kiu djus yxsALok;k; osQ :i esagh mUgksaus ch-,- rd f'k{kk xzg.k dhAvlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ nkSjku mUgksaus ljdkjh ukSdjh lsR;kxi=k ns fn;k vkSj iwjh rjg ys[ku&dk;Z osQ izfr lefiZrgksx,A

izsepan us vius ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr igys mnwZ esauokcjk; osQ uke ls dh] ckn esa gnh esa fy[kus yxsA

mUgksaus vius lkfgR; esa fdlkuksa] nfyrksa] ukfj;ksa dh osnukvkSj o.kZ&O;oLFkk dh oqQjhfr;ksa dk ekfeZd fp=k.k fd;kgSA os lkfgR; dks Lokar% lq[kk; u ekudj lkekftdifjorZu dk ,d l'kDr ek;e ekurs FksA os ,d ,slslkfgR;dkj Fks] tks lekt dh okLrfod fLFkfr dks iSuhn`f"V ls ns[kus dh 'kfDr j[krs FksA mUgksaus lekt&lqkkjvkSj jk"Vh;&Hkkouk ls vksrizksr vusd miU;klksa,oadgkfu;ksadh jpuk dhA dFkk&laxBu] pfj=k&fp=k.k] dFkksidFkuvkfn dh n`f"V ls mudh jpuk, cstksM+ gSaA mudh Hkk"kk

cgqr ltho] eqgkojsnkj vkSj cksypky osQ fudV gSA gnhHkk"kk dks yksdfiz; cukus esa mudk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSAlaLr osQ izpfyr 'kCnksaosQ lkFk&lkFk mnwZdh jokuh bldhfo'ks"krk gS] ftlusgnh dFkk Hkk"kk dksu;k vk;ke fn;kA

mudh izeq[k oQfr;k gSa ekuljksoj (vkB Hkkx)]xqIrku (nks Hkkx) (dgkuh laxzg)_ fueZyk] lsoklnu]iszekJe] jaxHkwfe] deZHkwfe] xcu] xksnku (miU;kl)_dcZyk]laxzke] izse dh osnh (ukVd)_fofok izlax(rhu [kaMksaeas]lkfgfR;d vkSj jktuhfrd fucakksadk laxzg)_oqQN fopkj

(lkfgfR;d fucak)A mUgksausekkqjh] gal] e;kZnk] tkxj.kvkfn if=kdkvksadk laiknu Hkh fd;kA bl ikB~;iqLrd esamudh bZnxkgdgkuh nh xbZgSA

gnh esa cky&euksfoKku ls lacaf/r dgkfu;k cgqrde fy[kh xbZgSaA izsepan mu nqyZHk dFkkdkjksaesa lsgSaftUgksausiwjh izkekf.kdrk ,oarUe;rk osQ lkFk cky&thou

(lu~1880&1936)

izsepan

AglaSem S
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dksviuh dgkfu;ksaesa txg nh gSA mudh dgkfu;k Hkkjr dh lk>h laLfr ,oaxzkeh.k thou osQ fofo/ jaxksa lsljkcksj gSaAbZnxkg izsepan dh bUgha fo'ks"krkvksadksvfHkO;Dr djus okyh izfrfuf/

dgkuh gSA bl dgkuh esa bZntSls egoiw.kZ R;ksgkj dks vk/kj cukdj xzkeh.keqfLye thou dk lqanj fp=k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA gkfen dk pfj=k gesacrkrk gSfd vHkko mez ls igys cPpksaesa oSQls cM+kastSlh le>nkjh iSnk dj nsrk gSA esysesagkfen viuh gj pkg ij la;e j[kus esafot;h gksrk gSA lkFk gh #LresgnfpeVsosQ ek;e ls izsepan us Je osQ lkSan;Z ,oaego dksHkh mn~?kkfVr fd;kgSA fp=kkRed Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g dgkuh vuwBh gSA

AglaSem S
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bZnxkg

jekku osQ iwjsrhl jkskksaosQ ckn bZn vkbZ gSA fdruk euksgj] fdruk lqgkouk izHkkrgSA o`{kksaij oqQN vthc gfj;kyh gS] [ksrksaesaoqQN vthc jkSud gS] vkleku ijoqQN vthc ykfyek gSA vkt dk lw;Zns[kks] fdruk I;kjk] fdruk 'khry gSekuks

lalkj dksbZn dh ckkbZnsjgk gSA xko esafdruh gypy gSA bZnxkg tkusdhrS;kfj;kgksjgh gSaA fdlh osQ oqQjrsesacVu ughagS] iM+ksl osQ ?kj lslqbZ&rkxk ysusnkSM+k tk jgk gSA fdlh osQ twrsdM+sgksx, gSa] muesarsy MkyusosQ fy, rsyh osQ?kj Hkkxk tkrk gSA tYnh&tYnh cSyksadkslkuh&ikuh nsnsaA bZnxkg lsykSVrs&ykSVrsnksigj gkstk,xkA rhu dksl dk iSny jkLrk] fiQj lSdM+ksavknfe;ksalsfeyuk&HksaVuk]nksigj osQ igysykSVuk vlaHko gSA yM+osQ lcls;knk izlUu gSaA fdlh us,d jkskkj[kk gS] og Hkh nksigj rd] fdlh usog Hkh ugha_ ysfdu bZnxkg tkusdh [kq'khmuosQ fgLlsdh phk gSA jkskscM+s&cw


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vPNh&vPNh phksaykusxbZgSa_ blfy, gkfen izlUu gSA vk'kk rkscM+h phk gS]vkSj fiQj cPpksadh vk'kk! mudh dYiuk rksjkbZdk ioZr cuk ysrh gSA gkfen osQiko esatwrsughagSa] flj ij ,d iqjkuh&kqjkuh Vksih gS] ftldk xksVk dkyk iM+x;kgS] fiQj Hkh og izlUu gSA tc mlosQ vCcktku FkSfy;kvkSj vEehtku fu;kersaysdj vk,xh] rksog fny osQ vjeku fudky ysxkA rc ns[ksxk egewn] eksgflu] uwjsvkSj lEeh dgklsmrusiSlsfudkysaxsA vHkkfxu vehuk viuh dksBjh esacSBh jksjgh gSA vkt bZn dk fnu vkSj mlosQ ?kj esankuk ugha! vkt vkfcn gksrk rksD;kblh rjg bZn vkrh vkSj pyh tkrh! bl vakdkj vkSj fujk'kk esaog Mwch tk jghgSA fdluscqyk;k Fkk bl fuxksM+h bZn dks\ bl ?kj esamldk dke ugha_ ysfdugkfen! mls fdlh osQ ejus&thuslsD;k eryc\ mlosQ vanj izdk'k gS] ckgj

vk'kkA foifk viuk lkjk nycy ysdj vk,] gkfen dh vkuan Hkjh fprou mldkfooal dj nsxhA

gkfen Hkhrj tkdj nknh ls dgrk gS rqe Mjuk ugha vEek] eSa lclsigysvkmQxkA fcyoqQy u MjukA

vehuk dk fny dpksV jgk gSA xko osQ cPpsvius&viuscki osQ lkFk tkjgsgSaA gkfen dk cki vehuk osQ flok vkSj dkSu gS! mls oSQlsvosQysesystkusns\ ml HkhM+&HkkM+esa cPpk dgha[kks tk, rks D;k gks\ ugha] vehuk mls;ksa utkusnsxhA uUgha&lh tku! rhu dksl pysxk oSQls! iSj esaNkys iM+tk,xsA twrsHkhrksughagaSA og FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwj ij mls xksn ysysxh_ ysfdu ;gklsoS;k dkSu

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AglaSem S
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8 / varjk

esacls] lHkh osQ fnyksaesameaxA xzkeh.kksadk ;g NksVk&lk ny] viuh foiUurk lscs[kcj] larks"k vkSj kS;Zesaexu pyk tk jgk FkkA cPpksaosQ fy, uxj dh lHkh phksavuks[kh FkhaA ftl phk dh vksj rkdrs] rkdrsgh jg tkrsvkSj ihNslscjkcj gkuZdh vkokk gksusij Hkh u psrrsA gkfen rkseksVj osQ uhpstkrs&tkrscpkA

lglk bZnxkg ukj vk;kA mQij beyh osQ ?kus o{kksadh Nk;k gSA uhps iDdkI+kQ'kZgS] ftl ij tkfte fcNk gqvk gSA vkSj jksksnkjksa dh iafDr;k ,d osQ ihNs,d u tkusdgk rd pyh xbZ gSa] iDdh txr osQ uhps rd] tgk tkfte Hkhugha gSA u, vkusokys vkdj ihNsdh drkj esa [kM+sgkstkrs gSaA vkxs txg ughagSA ;gkdksbZ ku vkSj in ugha ns[krkA bLyke dh fuxkg esa lc cjkcj gSaA buxzkeh.kksaus Hkh otw fd;k vkSj fiNyh iafDr esa[kM+s gksx,A fdruk lqanj lapkyu

gS] fdruh lqanj O;oLFkk! yk[kksa flj ,d lkFk fltnsesa>qd tkrs gSa] fiQjlc&osQ&lc ,d lkFk [kM+s gkstkrsgSa] ,d lkFk >qdrs gSa] vkSj ,d lkFk ?kqVuksaosQ cy cSB tkrsgSaA dbZckj ;gh f;k gksrh gS] tSls fctyh dh yk[kksacfk;k,d lkFk iznhIr gksavkSj ,d lkFk cq> tk, vkSj ;gh e pyrk jgsA fdrukviwoZn`'; Fkk] ftldh lkewfgd f;k,] foLrkj vkSj vuarrk n; dksJk] xoZvkSj vkRekuan ls Hkj nsrh Fkha] ekuks Hkzkr`Ro dk ,d lw=k bu leLr vkRekvksadks,d yM+h esafijks, gq, gSA

2

uekk [kRe gks xbZ gSA yksx vkil esaxys fey jgs gSaA rc feBkbZ vkSjf[kykSusdh nwdkuksa ij kkok gksrk gSA xzkeh.kksadk ;g ny bl fo"k; esackydksalsde mRlkgh ughagSA ;g ns[kks] gMksyk gSA ,d iSlk nsdj p


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izsepan / 9

idM+s gq, gSA fdruk izlUu gSA 'kk;n dksbZxhr xk jgk gSA cl] e'kd lsikuhmM+syk gh pkgrk gSA uwjsdksodhy ls isze gSA oSQlh fo}kk gSmlosQ eq[k ij!dkyk pksxk] uhpslI+ksQn vpdu] vpdu osQ lkeusdh tsc esa?kM+h] lqugjhkathj] ,d gkFk esa dkuwu dk iksFkk fy, gq,A ekywe gksrk gS] vHkh fdlh vnkyrls ftjg ;k cgl fd, pysvk jgsgSaA ;g lc nks&nksiSls osQ f[kykSusgSaA gkfenosQ ikl oqQy rhu iSlsgSa] brusegxsf[kykSus og oSQls ys\ f[kykSuk dgha gkFkls NwV iM+s] rks pwj&pwj gkstk,] kjk ikuh iM+srks lkjk jax kqy tk,] ,sls f[kykSusysdj og D;k djsxk] fdl dke osQ\

eksgflu dgrk gS esjk fHk'rh jksk ikuh nstk,xk] lk>&lcsjsAegewn vkSj esjk flikgh ?kj dk igjk nsxkA dksbZpksj vk,xk] rks I+kQkSju

canwd I+kSQj dj nsxkAuwjs vkSj esjk odhy [kwc eqdnek yM+sxkAlEeh vkSj esjh kksfcu jksk diM+skks,xhAgkfen f[kykSuksadh fuank djrk gS fe^h gh osQ rksgSa] fxjsrkspdukpwj gks

tk,_ ysfdu yypkbZgqbZ vk[kksa ls f[kykSuksadksns[k jgk gSA vkSj pkgrk gS fdkjk nsj osQ fy, mUgsagkFk esaysldrkA mlosQ gkFk vuk;kl gh yidrs gSa_ysfdu yM+osQ brusR;kxh ughagksrsgSa] fo'ks"kdj tc vHkh u;k 'kkSd gSA gkfenyypkrk jg tkrk gSA

f[kykSus osQ ckn feBkb;k vkrh gSaA fdlh us jsofM+;k yh gSa] fdlh us

xqykc&tkequ] fdlh us lksgu gyokA eksls[kk jgsgSaA gkfen fcjknjh lsi`FkdgSA vHkkxs osQ ikl rhu iSlsgSaA D;ksaugha oqQN ysdj [kkrk\ yypkbZ vk[kksa lslcdh vksj ns[krk gSA

eksgflu dgrk gS gkfen] jsoM+h ys tk] fdruh [kq'kcwnkj gS!gkfen dkslansg gqvk] ;g osQoy ozwQj fouksn gS] eksgflu bruk mnkj ughagS_

ysfdu ;g tkudj Hkh og mlosQ ikl tkrk gSA eksgflu nksusls,d jsoM+hfudkydj gkfen dh vksj c


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10 / varjk

ugha fudkyrs\egewn ge le>rsgSa] bldh pkykdhA tc gekjslkjs iSls [kpZgkstk,xs]

rksgesa yypk&yypkdj [kk,xkAfeBkb;k sa osQ ckn oqQN nwdkusa yksgs dh phkksa dh] oqQN fxyV vkSj oqQN

udyh xguksa dhA yM+dksa osQ fy, ;gk dksb Z vkd"kZ.k u FkkA os lc vkxs cs fdlh us ,d Hkh u nhA ml ij dgrs gSa]esjs lkFk [ksyksA esjk ;g dke djksA vc vxj fdlh us dksbZ dke djus dksdgk] rks iwNwxkA [kk, feBkb;k] vki eqg lM+sxk] iQksMs+ iq aQfl;k fudysaxh] vki

gh kcku pVksjh gks tk,xhA rc ?kj ls iSls pqjk,x s vkSj ekj [kk, xsA fdrkc es a>wBh ckrsa FkksM+s gh fy[kh gSaA esjh kcku D;ks a [kjkc gksxhA vEek fpeVk ns[krsgh nkSM+dj esjs gkFk ls ys ysaxh vkSj dgsaxh esjk cPpk vEek osQ fy, fpeVkyk;k gSA gkkjksa nqvk, n saxhA fiQj iM+k sl dh vkSjrksa dks fn[kk,xhA lkjs xk o esappkZ gksus yxsxh] gkfen fpeVk yk;k gSA fdruk vPNk yM+dk gSA bu yksxksa osQf[kykSuks a ij dkSu bUgsa nqvk, nsxk\ cM+ksa dh nqvk, lhks vYykg osQ njckj esaigqprh gSa vkSj rqjar lquh tkrh gSa A esjs ikl iSl s ugha gSaA rHkh rks eksgflu vkSjegewn ;k sa fekkt fn[kkrs gSaA eSa Hkh buls fekkt fn[kkxkA [ksysa f[kykSus vkSj[kk, feBkb;k A eSa ugha [ksyrk f[kykSus] fdlh dk fekkt D;ksa lgwA eSa xjhc

lgh] fdlh ls oqQN ekxus rks ugha tkrkA vkf[kj vCcktku dHkh&u&dHkhvk,xsA vEek Hkh vk,xh ghA fiQj bu yksxksa ls iwNwxk] fdrus f[kykSus yksxs\,d&,d dks Vksdfj;k sa f[kykSus nw vkSj fn[kk nw fd nksLrksa osQ lkFk bl rjglywd fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ugha fd ,d iSls dh jsofM+;k yha rks fp


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izsepan / 11

nwdkunkj us mldh vksj ns[kk vkSj dksbZvkneh lkFk u ns[kdj dgk rqEgkjsdke dk ughagSth!

^fcdk gSfd ugha\*^fcdk D;ksa ugha gSA vkSj ;gk D;ksa ykn yk, gSa\*^rkscrkrsD;ksa ugha] oSQ iSls dk gS\*^Ng iSls yxsaxsA*gkfen dk fny cSB x;kA^Bhd&Bhd crkvks!*^Bhd&Bhd ikp iSls yxsaxs] ysuk gksyks] ughapyrscuksA*gkfen us dystk ekcwr djosQ dgk rhu iSlsyksxs\;g dgrk gqvk og vkxs c


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12 / varjk

vc ckydksaosQ nksny gksx, gSaA eksgflu] egewn] lEeh vkSj uwjs,d rjI+kQgSa] gkfen vosQyk nwljh rjI+kQA 'kkL=kkFkZ gksjgk gSA lEeh rksfokehZgksx;kA nwljsi{k ls tk feyk_ ysfdu eksgflu] egewn vkSj uwjsHkh] gkfen ls ,d&,d] nks&nkslky cM+sgksusij Hkh gkfen osQ vk?kkrksalsvkrafdr gksmBsgSaA mlosQ ikl U;k;dk cy gSvkSj uhfr dh 'kfDrA ,d vksj fe^h gS] nwljh vksj yksgk] tks bl oDrviusdksI+kQkSykn dg jgk gSA og vts; gS] ?kkrd gSA vxj dksbZ'ksj vk tk,]rksfe;k fHk'rh osQ NDosQ NwV tk,] fe;k flikgh fe^h dh canwd NksM+dj Hkkxsa]odhy lkgc dh ukuh ej tk,] pksxsesa eqg fNikdj kehu ij ysV tk,A exj;g fpeVk] ;g cgknqj] ;g #Lres&gn yiddj 'ksj dh xjnu ij lokj gkstk,xk vkSj mldh vk[ksafudky ysxkA

eksgflu us,M+h&pksVh dk kksj yxkdj dgk vPNk] ikuh rksughaHkj ldrkAgkfen usfpeVsdkslhkk [kM+k djosQ dgk fHk'rh dks,d MkV crk,xk

rksnkSM+k gqvk ikuh ykdj mlosQ }kj ij fNM+dusyxsxkAeksgflu ijkLr gksx;k_ ij egewn usoqQeqd igqpkbZ vxj cpk idM+tk,

rksvnkyr esacks&cksfiQjsaxsA rc rks odhy lkgc osQ iSjksa iMs+axsAgkfen bl izcy roZQ dk tokc u nsldkA mlusiwNk gesaidM+usdkSu vk,xk\uwjsusvdM+dj dgk ;g flikgh canwdokykAgkfen useqg fpk rksmluskkkyh 'kq: dh esjkfpeVk ckcphZ[kkusesa ughajgsxkA odhy lkgc oqQlhZ ij cSBsaxs] rkstkdj mUgsakehu ij iVd nsxk vkSj mudk dkuwu muosQ isV esa Mky nsxkA

AglaSem S
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ckr oqQN cuh ughaA [kklh xky&xykSt Fkh_ ysfdu dkuwu dksisV esaMkyus

okyh ckr Nk xbZA ,slh Nk xbZfd rhuksalwjek eqg rkdrsjg x,] ekuksdksbZksypkdudkSvk fdlh xaMsokysdudkS, dksdkV x;k gksA dkuwu eqg lsckgj fudyusokyh phk gSA mldksisV osQ vanj Mky fn;k tkuk] csrqdh&lh ckr gksusij Hkh oqQNu;kiu j[krh gSA gkfen useSnku ekj fy;kA mldk fpeVk #Lres&gn gSA vc blesaeksgflu] egewn] uwjs] lEeh fdlh dksHkh vkifk ughagksldrhA

fotsrk dks gkjusokyksalstks lRdkj feyuk LokHkkfod gS] og gkfen dks HkhfeykA vkSjksausrhu&rhu] pkj&pkj vkusiSls [kpZfd,] ij dksbZdke dh phku yslosQA gkfen usrhu iSlsesa jax tek fy;kA lp gh rks gS] f[kykSuksa dk D;kHkjkslk\ VwV&iwQV tk,xsA gkfen dk fpeVk rkscuk jgsxk cjlksa!

lafk dh 'krsr; gksusyxhaA eksgflu usdgk kjk viuk fpeVk nksgeHkh ns[ksaA rqe gekjk fHk'rh ysdj ns[kksA

egewn vkSj uwjsusHkh vius&viusf[kykSusis'k fd,Agkfen dksbu 'krksosQ ekuusesadksbZvkifk u FkhA fpeVk ckjh&ckjh ls

lcosQ gkFk esax;k_ vkSj muosQ f[kykSus ckjh&ckjh ls gkfen osQ gkFk esavk,Afdrus[kwclwjr f[kykSus gSa!

gkfen usgkjus okyksaosQ vklwiksaNs eSa rqEgsa fp


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usnkSM+dj fHk'rh mlosQ gkFk lsNhu fy;k vkSj ekjs[kq'kh osQ tksmNyh] rksfe;kfHk'rh uhpsvk jgsvkSj lqjyksd fl/kjsA bl ij HkkbZ&cgu esaekj&ihV gqbZA nksuksa[kwc jks,A mldh vEek ;g 'kksj lqudj fcxM+h vkSj nksuksa dks ij ls nks&nkspkVs vkSj yxk,A

fe;kuwjsosQ odhy dk var muosQ izfr"BkuqowQy blls ;knk xkSjoe; gqvkAodhy kehu ij ;k rkd ij rksughacSB ldrkA mldh e;kZnk dk fopkj rksdjuk gh gksxkA nhokj esa nks[kwfV;kxkM+h xbA mu ij ydM+h dk ,d iVjk j[kkx;kA iVjsij dkxk dk dkyhu fcNk;k x;kA odhy lkgc jktk Hkkst dh Hkkfrlgklu ij fcjktsA uwjsusmUgsaia[kk >yuk 'kq: fd;kA vnkyrksa esa[kl dhVf^;kvkSj fctyh osQ ia[ks jgrs gSaA D;k ;gkekewyh ia[kk Hkh u gks! dkuwu dhxjeh fnekx ij pkyjnkj lkI+kQk [kqjp fn;k x;kgSA vc mldk ftruk :ikarj pkgks] dj ldrs gksA dHkh&dHkh rksmllsckV dkdke Hkh fy;k tkrk gSA

vc fe;kgkfen dk gky lqfu,A vehuk mldh vkokk lqursgh nkSM+h vkSj

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izsepan / 15

mlsxksn esamBkdj I;kj djusyxhA lglk mlosQ gkFk esafpeVk ns[kdj og pkSadhA^;g fpeVk dgkFkk\*^eSauseksy fy;k gSA*^oSQ iSls esa\*^rhu iSls fn,A*vehuk usNkrh ihV yhA ;g oSQlk csle> yM+dk gSfd nksigj gqvk] oqQN

[kk;k u fi;kA yk;k D;k] fpeVk! lkjsesysesarq>svkSj dksbZphk u feyh] tks;g yksgsdk fpeVk mBk yk;k\

gkfen usvijkkh&Hkko lsdgk rqEgkjh mxfy;kroslsty tkrh Fkha_blfy, eSausmlsfy;kA

cqf


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16 / varjk

5- ^bZ nxkg* dgkuh osQ 'kh"kZd dk vkSsfpR; fl dhft,A D;k bl dgkuh dksdksbZvU;

'kh"kZd fn;k tk ldrk gS\6- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kks adh lizlax O;k[;k dhft, &&

(d) dbZckj ;gh fozQ;k gksrh gS----------------vkRekvksadks,d yM+h esafijks, gq, gSA

([k) cqf


20/136

izsepan / 17

cngokl & ?kCkjkuk] gks'k&gokl Bhd u gksuk

fuxksM+h & vHkkxh] fujkJ;] ftloQk dksbZu gks

fprou & fdlh dh vksj ns[kusdk


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vejdkar dk tUe mkj izns'k osQ cfy;k fkysosQ uxjkxko esa gqvkA mudk ewy uke Jhjke oekZ gS] mudhvkjafHkd f'k{kk cfy;k esagqbZA rRi'pkr~ mUgksaus bykgkcknfo'ofo|ky; lsch-,- dh fMxzh izkIr dhA lkfgR;&l`tuesa mudh cpiu lsgh #fp Fkh] fd'kksjkoLFkk rd vkrs&vkrsmUgksaus dgkuh&ys[ku izkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA

vejdkar usviuslkfgfR;d thou dh 'kq#vkr i=kdkfjrklsdhA lclsigysmUgksausvkxjk lsizdkf'kr gksusokysnSfudi=k lSfud osQ laikndh; foHkkx easdk;Zdjuk vkjaHk fd;k

vkSj ;gha os izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ls Hkh tqMs+A blosQvfrfjDr mUgksausnSfud ver if=kdkrFkk nSfud HkkjrosQlaikndh; foHkkxksa esa Hkh dke fd;kA oqQN le; rd osdgkuhif=kdk osQ laiknu lsHkh tqM+sjgsA

vejdkar u;h dgkuh vkanksyu osQ ,d izeq[k dgkuhdkjgaSA mUgksasausviuh dgkfu;ksaesa'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k thou dk;FkkFkZ fp=k.k fd;k gSA oseq[;r% e;oxZosQ thou dhokLrfodrk vkSj folaxfr;ksadksO;Dr djusokysdgkuhdkjgSaA orZeku lekt esaO;kIr vekuoh;rk] n;ghurk] ik[kaM]

vkMacj vkfn dksmUgksausviuh dgkfu;ksadk fo"k; cuk;k gSAvkt osQ lkekftd thou vkSj mlosQ vuqHkoksadksvejdkarus;FkkFkZoknh


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vejdkar / 19

nksigj dk Hkkstuxjhch lstw> jgs,d fuEu e;oxhZ; ifjokj dh dgkuh gSAbl dgkuh esalekt esaO;kIr xjhch dksfpfr fd;k x;k gSA eqa'khth osQ iwjsifjokjdk la?k"kZHkkoh mEehnksaij fVdk gqvk gSA fls'ojh xjhch osQ vglkl dkseq[kj ughagksusnsrh vkSj mldh vkp lsviusifjokj dks cpk, j[krh gSA f'kYi dh lknxhvkSj lgt laosQrksaosQ ek;e lsdFkk dksizLrqr djusdh dyk dk mR"V :i bldgkuh esans[kusdksfeyrk gSA

AglaSem S
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nksigj dk Hkkstu

fls'ojh us[kkuk cukus osQ ckn pwYgs dkscq>k fn;k vkSj nksuksa?kqVuksa osQ chpflj j[kdj 'kk;n iSj dh mxfy;k;k kehu ij pyrsphaVs&phafV;ksa dksns[kusyxhA vpkud mls ekywe gqvk fd cgqr nsj lsmlsI;kl yxh gSA og erokys

dh rjg mBh vkSj xxjslsyksVk&Hkj ikuh ysdj xV&xV p


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vejdkar / 21

iQVs&iqjkus twrksaij xnZteh gqbZ FkhA

fls'ojh dh Ikgys fgEer ugha gqbZ fd mlosQ ikl tk, vkSj og ogha lsHk;Hkhr fgjuh dh Hkkfr flj mpdk&?kqekdj csVs dks O;xzrk ls fugkjrh jghAoQrq yxHkx nl feuV chrus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh tc jkepanz ugha mBk] rks og?kcjk xbZA ikl tkdj iqdkjk] ^cM+owQ] cM+owQ!* ysfdu mlosQ oqQN mkj u nsu sij Mj xbZ vkSj yM+osQ dh ukd osQ ikl gkFk j[k fn;kA lkl Bhd ls pyjgh FkhA fiQj flj ij gkFk j[kdj ns[kk] cq[kkj ugha FkkA gkFk osQ Li'kZ lsjkepanz u s vk[ksa [kksyhaA igys mlus ek dh vk sj lqLr ukjksa ls ns[kk] fiQj >Vls mB cSBkA twrs fudkyus vkSj uhps j[ks yksVs osQ ty ls gkFk&iSj kksus osQ cknog ;a=k dh rjg pkSdh ij vkdj cSB x;kA

fls'ojh us Mjrs&MjrsiwNk] ^[kkuk rS;kj gS] ;gha ykmQ D;k\*jkepanzusmBrs gq, iz'u fd;k] ^ckcw th [kk pqosQ\*fls'ojh us pkSosQ dh vksj Hkkxrs gq, mkj fn;k] ^vkrsgh gksaxsA*jkepanz ih


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jkepanzusviuh cM+h&cM+h Hkkoghu vk[kksals viuh ekdksns[kk] fiQj uhpk

flj djosQ oqQN #[kkbZlscksyk] ^le; vkusij lc Bhd gkstk,xkA*fls'ojh pqi jghA kwi vkSj rsk gksxbZFkhA NksVs vkxu osQ ij vkleku

esa ckny osQ ,d&nksVqdMs+iky dh ukoksadh rjg rSj jgs FksA ckgj dh xyh lsxqkjrs gq, [kM+[kfM+;k bDosQ dh vkokk vk jgh Fkh vkSj [kVksys ij lks, ckyddh lkl dk [kj&[kj 'kCn lqukbZ nsjgk FkkA

jkepanz usvpkud pqIih dksHkax djrs gq, iwNk] ^izeksn [kk pqdk\*fls'ojh usizeksn dh vksj ns[krsgqq, mnkl Loj esamkj fn;k] gk] [kk pqdkA*^jks;k rksugha Fkk\*fls'ojh fiQj >wB cksy xbZ] ^vkt rks lpeqp ugha jks;kA og cM+k gh

gksf'k;kj gksx;k gSA dgrk Fkk] cM+dk HkS;k osQ ;gktkxkA ,slk yM+dk---*ij og vkxsoqQN u cksy ldh] tSls mlosQ xysesaoqQN vVd x;kA dy

izeksn usjsoM+h [kkusdh fkn idM+ yh Fkh vkSj mlosQ fy, Ms


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vis{kk dghavfkd xaHkhj vkSj mnkl fn[kkbZiM+ jgk FkkAfls'ojh usmlosQ lkeusFkkyh j[krs gq, iz'u fd;k] dgk jg x, Fks csVk\HkS;k iwN jgk FkkA*

eksgu us jksVh osQ ,d cM+s xzkl dksfuxyusdh dksf'k'k djrsgq, vLokHkkfodeksVsLoj esatokc fn;k] ^dgharksugha x;k FkkA ;gha ij FkkA*

fls'ojh oghacSBdj ia[kk Mqykrh gqbZbl rjg cksyh] tSls LoIu esacM+cM+kjgh gks] cM+dk rqEgkjh cM+h rkjhI+kQ dj jgk FkkA dg jgk Fkk] eksgu cM+k fnekxhgksxk] mldh rch;r pkSchlksa?kaVs iys yM+osQ dh vksj bl rjg ns[kk] tSls mlus dksbZ pksjh dh gksA

eksgu viuh ek dh vksj ns[kdj iQhdh glh gl iM+k vkSj fiQj [kkusesatqVx;kA og ijkslh xbZnksjksfV;ksa esa ls ,d jksVh] dVksjsdh rhu&pkSFkkbZ nky rFkkvfkdka'k rjdkjh lkI+kQ dj pqdk FkkA

fls'ojh dh le> esa ughavk;k fd og D;k djsA bu nksuksayM+dksals mlscgqr Mj yxrk FkkA vpkud mldh vk[ksaHkj vkb og nwljh vksj ns[kusyxhA

FkksM+h nsj ckn mluseksgu dh vksj eqg isQjk] rksyM+dk yxHkx [kkuk lekIrdj pqdk FkkA

fls'ojh us pkSadrs gq, iwNk] ^,d jksVh nsrh gw\*eksgu usjlksbZdh vksj jgL;e; us=kksalsns[kk] fiQj lqLr Loj esacksyk] ughaA*fls'ojh us fxM+fxM+krsgq, dgk] ^ugha] csVk] esjh dle] FkksM+h gh ysyksA

rqEgkjsHkS;k us,d jksVh yh FkhA*eksgu usviuh ekdksxkSj lsns[kk] fiQj khjs&khjsbl rjg mkj fn;k] tSls

dksbZf'k{kd viusf'k"; dksle>krk gS] ^ughajs] clA vOoy rksvc Hkw[k ughaAfiQj jksfV;krwus,slh cukbZgSafd [kkbZughatkrhaA u ekywe oSQlh yx jgh gSaA [kSj]vxj rwpkgrh gh gS] rksdVksjsesaFkksM+h nky nsnsA nky cM+h vPNh cuh gSA*

fls'ojh lsoqQN dgrsu cuk vkSj mlusdVksjsdks nky ls Hkj fn;kAeksgu dVksjsdkseqg lsyxkdj lqM+&lqM+ih gh jgk Fkk fd eqa'kh pafnzdk izlkn

twrksadks[kl&[kl ?klhVrsgq, vk, vkSj jke dk uke ysdj pkSdh ij cSB x,Afls'ojh usekFksij lkM+h dksoqQN uhpsf[kldk fy;k vkSj eksgu nky dks,d

lkl esaihdj rFkk ikuh osQ yksVsdksgkFk esaysdj rskh lsckgj pyk x;kAnks jksfV;k] dVksjk&Hkj nky rFkk pusdh ryh rjdkjhA eqa'kh pafnzdk izlkn

ih


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dh Hkkfr ped jgh FkhA xanh kksrh osQ ij vis{kkr oqQN lkI+kQ cfu;ku

rkj&rkj yVd jgh FkhAEkaq'kh th us dVksjs dks gkFk esaysdj nky dks FkksM+k lqM+drsgq, iwNk] cM+dk

fn[kkbZughans jgk!*fls'ojh dh le> esaughavk jgk Fkk fd mlosQ fny esaD;k gksx;k gS

tSlsoqQN dkV jgk gksA ia[ksdkskjk vkSj kksj ls?kqekrh gqbZcksyh] ^vHkh&vHkh[kkdj dke ij x;k gSA dg jgk Fkk] oqQN fnuksaesaukSdjh yx tk,xhA ges'kk ckcwth&ckcwth* fd, jgrk gSA* cksyk] ^ckcwth nsork osQ leku gSaA*

eaq'kh th osQ psgjsij oqQN ped vkbZA 'kjekrs gq, iwNk] ^,sa] D;k dgrk Fkkfd ckcw th nsork osQ leku gSa\ cM+k ikxy gSA*

fls'ojh ij tSls u'kk p


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^efD[k;kcgqr gksxbZgSaA*

fls'ojh usmRlqdrk izdV dh] iwQiQk th chekj gSa] dksbZlekpkj ughavk;kA*Eakq'kh th uspusosQ nkuksadh vksj bl fnypLih ls n`f"Vikr fd;k] tSls muls

ckrphr djusokys gksaA fiQj lwpuk nh] ^xaxk'kj.k ckcw dh yM+dh dh 'kknh r;gks xbZA yM+dk ,e-,- ikl gSA*

fls'ojh gBkr pqi gksxbZA eqa'kh th Hkh vkxsdqN ugha cksysA mudk [kkuklekIr gksx;k Fkk vkSj osFkkyh esacps&[kqpsnkuksa dks canj dh rjg chu jgs FksA

fls'ojh usiwNk] ^cM+dk dh dle] ,d jksVh nsrh gwaA vHkh cgqr&lh gSaA*Eakq'kh th usiRuh dh vksj vijkkh osQ leku rFkk jlksbZ dh vksj du[kh ls

ns[kk] rRi'pkr fdlh ?kqVs mLrkn dh Hkkfr cksys] ^jksVh--- jgusnks] isV dkI+kQh Hkj

pqdk gSA vUu vkSj uedhu phkksa lsrch;r c Hkh xbZgSA rqeusO;FkZ esadlekjk nhA [kSj] dle j[kusosQ fy, ys jgk gwaA xqM+ gksxk D;k\*

fls'ojh us crk;k fd gfM;k esa FkksM+k&lk xqM+gSAEakq'kh th usmRlkg osQ lkFk dgk] ^rks FkksM+sxqM+ dk BaMk jl cukvks] ihmQxkA

rqEgkjh dle Hkh jg tk,xh] kk;dk Hkh cny tk,xk] lkFk&gh&lkFk gkkek Hkhnq#Lr gksxkA gk] jksVh [kkrs&[kkrsukd esa ne vk x;k gSA* ;g dgdj os Bgkdkekjdj gl iM+sA

Eakq'kh th osQ fucVusosQ i'pkr fls'ojh mudh twBh Fkkyh ysdj pkSosQ dhkehu ij cSB xbZA cVyksbZ dh nky dks dVksjsesa mM+sy fn;k] ij og iwjk Hkjk

ughaA fNiqyh esa FkksM+h&lh pus dh rjdkjh cph Fkh] mlsikl [khap fy;kA jksfV;ksadh Fkkyh dksHkh mlusikl [khap fy;k] mlesaosQoy ,d jksVh cph FkhA eksVh]Hkh vkSj tyh ml jksVh dks og twBh Fkkyh esaj[kustk gh jgh Fkh fd vpkudmldk ;ku vkslkjsesa lks, izeksn dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksx;kA mlusyM+osQ dksoqQN nsj rd ,dVd ns[kk] fiQj jksVh dksnkscjkcj VqdM+ksaesafoHkkftr dj fn;kA,d VqdM+sdks rksvyx j[k fn;k vkSj nwljs VqdM+sdks viuh twBh Fkkyh esa j[kfy;kA rnqijkar ,d yksVk ikuh ysdj [kkuscSB xbZA mlusigyk xzkl eqag esaj[kkvkSj rc u ekywe dgk ls mldh vk[kksa lsViVi vklwpwusyxsA

lkjk ?kj efD[k;ksals HkuHku dj jgk FkkA vkxu dh vyxuh ij ,d xanh

lkM+h Vxh Fkh] ftlesadbZ iScan yxsgq, FksA nksuksa cM+syM+dksa dk dghairk ughaFkkA ckgj dh dksBjh esaEakq'kh th vkSakseqag gksdj fuf'aprrk osQ lkFk lks jgs Fks]tSls Ms


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iz'u&vH;kl

1- fls'ojh usviuscM+s csVs jkepanzlse>yscsVseksgu osQ ckjs esa >wB D;ksacksyk\

2- dgkuh osQ lclsthoar ik=k osQ pfj=k dh n`wB lkSlR;ksalsHkkjh oSQlsgSa\ vius'kCnksaesamkj nhft,A

10- vk'k; Li"V dhft,

(d) og erokys dh rjg mBh vkSj xxjsls yksVk Hkj ikuh ysdj xV&xV pysyM+osQ dh vksj bl rjg ns[kk] tSlsmlus dksbZpksjh dh gksA

(x) ea q'kh th us pusosQ nkuksa dh vksj bl fnypLih ls n`f"Vikr fd;k] tSlsmulssckrphr djusokysgksaA

;ksX;rk&foLrkj1- vius vkl&ikl ekStwn leku ifjfLFkfr;ksaokysfdlh foo'k O;fDr vFkok

foo'krkiw.kZ?kVuk dk o.kZu vius'kCnksaesadhft,A

2- ^Hk w[k vkSj xjhch es aizk;% /S;ZvkSj la;e ughafVd ikrs gSaA* blosQ vkyksd esafls'ojh osQ pfj=k ij d{kk esappkZdhft,A

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIi.khO;xzrk O;koq Qyrk] ?kcjk;k gqvkcjkZd ;kn j[kuk] pedrk gqvkiaMwd dcwrj dh rjg dk ,d izfl i{kh

du[kh vk[k osQ dksusls

AglaSem S
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vkslkjs cjkenk

fufoZdkj ftlesa dksbZfodkj ;k ifjorZu u gksrk gksfNiqyh [kkus dk NksVk crZuvyxuh diM+sVkxusosQ fy, ck/h xbZjLlh

ukd esane vkuk ijs'kku gksukth esath vkuk pSu vk tkuk

AglaSem S
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gfj'kadj ijlkbZdk tUe tekuh xko] fkyk gks'kaxkckn]e; izns'k esa gqvk FkkA mUgksaus ukxiqj fo'ofo|ky; lsgnh esa,e-,- fd;kA oqQN o"kksrd v;kiu dk;ZdjusosQ i'pkr lu~1947 lsosLora=k ys[ku esatqV x,A mUgksaustcyiqj lsolqkkuked lkfgfR;d if=kdk fudkyhA

ijlkbZusO;aX; fokk dkslkfgfR;d izfr"Bk iznku dhAmuosQ O;aX;&ys[kksadh mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd oslekt easvkbZfolaxfr;ksa] foMacukvksaij djkjh pksV djrsgq, pru vkSj deZdh izsj.kk nsrsgSaA muosQ O;aX; xqnxqnkrs

gq, ikBd dks>d>ksj nsusesal{ke gSaAHkk"kk&iz;ksx esaijlkbZ dksvlkkkj.k oqQ'kyrk izkIr gSA

osizk;% cksypky osQ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx lroZQrk lsdjrssgSaAdkSu lk 'kCn dc vkSj oSQlk izHkko iSnk djsxk blsosc[kwch tkursFksA

ijlkbZusnksntZu lsvfkd iqLrdksadh jpuk dh gS]ftuesafo'ks"k :i lsmYys[kuh; gSa glrsgSajksrsgSa] tSlsmuosQ fnu fiQjs(dgkuh&laxzg)_jkuh ukxiQuh dh dgkuh]rV dh [kkst (miU;kl)_rc dh ckr vkSj Fkh] Hkwr osQ

iko ihNs] csbZekuh dh ijr] ixMafM;ksa dk kekuk]lnkpkj dh rkohk] f'kdk;r eq>sHkh gS] vkSj var esa(fucak&laxzg)_oS".ko dh fiQlyu] frjNh js[kk,] fBBqjrkgqvk x.kra=k] fodykax Jk dk nkSj (O;aX;&ys[k laxzg)Amudk lexzlkfgR; ijlkbZjpukoyhosQ :i esaNg Hkkxksaesaizdkf'kr gSA

;gkladfyr jpuk VkpZcspusokysesaVkWpZosQ izrhd osQek;e ls ijlkbZusvkLFkkvksaosQ ckkkjhdj.k vkSj /kfeZdik[kaM ij izgkj fd;k gSA

(lu~1922&1995)

gfj'kadj ijlkbZ

AglaSem S
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gfj'kadj ijlkbZ/ 29

VkpZ cspusokys

og igyspkSjkgksaij fctyh osQ VkpZcspk djrk FkkA chp esa oqQN fnu og ughafn[kkA dy fiQj fn[kkA exj bl ckj mlusnk


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FkkA gekjslkeus vkleku dksNwrk gqvk ,d loky [kM+k FkkA og loky Fkk ^iSlk oSQlsiSnk djsa\* ge nksuksa usml loky dh ,d&,d Vkx idM+h vkSj mlsgVkus dh dksf'k'k djusyxsA gesailhuk vk x;k] ij loky fgyk Hkh ughaA nksLrus dgk ;kj] bl loky osQ iko kehu esa xgjs xM+s gSaA ;g m[kM+sxk ughaAblsVky tk,A

geus nwljh rjI+kQ eqg dj fy;kA ij og loky fiQj gekjslkeusvkdj [kM+kgksx;kA rc eSausdgk ;kj] ;g loky Vysxk ughaA pyks] bls gy gh djnsaA iSlk iSnk djusosQ fy, oqQN dke&kakk djsaA ge blh oDr vyx&vyxfn'kkvksa esa viuh&viuh fdLer vkkekusfudy iMa+sA ikp lky ckn Bhd blh

rkjh[k dks blh oDr ge ;gk feysaAnksLr usdgk ;kj] lkFk gh D;ksa u pysa\eSausdgk ughaA fdLer vkkekusokyksadh ftruh iqjkuh dFkk,eSaus i


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gfj'kadj ijlkbZ/ 31

eSa mls x;k gSA ;g ;qx gh vakdkje; gSA ;g loZxzkgh va/dkj laiw.kZfo'o dksvius mnj esa fNik, gSA vkt euq"; bl va/dkj ls ?kcjk mBk gSA ogiFkHkz"V gksx;k gSA vkt vkRek esaHkh vakdkj gSA varj dh vk[ksa T;ksfrghu gksxbZgSaA osmlsHksn ugha IkkrhaA ekuo&vkRek vakdkj esa ?kqVrh gSA eSa ns[k jgk gw]euq"; dh vkRek Hk; vkSj ihM+k ls=kLr gSA

blh rjg os cksyrsx, vkSj yksx LrCk lqursx,Aeq>s glh NwV jgh FkhA ,d&nksckj nckrs&nckrsHkh glh iwQV xbZvkSj ikl

osQ Jksrkvksa useq>s MkVkAHkO; iqjQ"k izopu osQ var ij igqprs gq, dgus yxs Hkkb;ksavkSj cgukas]

MjkserA tgkva/dkj gS] oghaizdk'k gSA vakdkj esaizdk'k dh fdj.k gS] tSlsizdk'k esavakdkj dh oQfpr dkfyek gSA izdk'k Hkh gSA izdk'k ckgj ughagS] mlsvarj esa[kkstksA varj esacq>h ml T;ksfr dkstxkvksA eSarqe lcdk ml T;ksfrdkstxkus osQ fy, vkku djrk gwA eSarqEgkjs Hkhrj ogh 'kk'or T;ksfr dkstxkukpkgrk gwA gekjs^lkkuk eafnj* eas vkdj ml T;ksfr dks viusHkhrj txkvksA

lkgc] vc rks eSa f[kyf[kykdj gl iM+kA ikl osQ yksxksauseq>s kDdk nsdjHkxk fn;kA eSa eap osQ ikl tkdj [kM+k gks x;kA

HkO; iqjQ"k eap ls mrjdj dkj ij ps gkFk idM+dj dkj esafcBkfy;kA eSafiQj oqQN cksyus yxk rks mUgksausdgk cxys rd dksbZ ckrphr ugha

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gksxhA oghaKku&ppkZ gksxhAeq>s ;kn vk x;k fd ogkMkboj gSAcxysij igqpdj eSaus mldk BkB ns[kkA ml oSHko dksns[kdj eSa FkksM+k

f>>dk] ij rqjar gh eSausviusml nksLr ls[kqydj ckrsa'kq: dj nhaAeSaus dgk ;kj] rw rks fcyoqQy cny x;kAmlusxaHkhjrk lsdgk ifjorZu thou dk vuar e gSAeSaus dgk lkys] fiQyklI+kQh er c?kkj ;g crk fd rwusbruh nkSyr oSQls

dek yh ikp lkyksaesa\mlusiwNk rqe bu lkyksaesaD;k djrsjgs\

eSaus dgk eSarks ?kwe&?kwedj VkpZ csprk jgkA lp crk] D;k rwHkh VkpZdk O;kikjh gS\

mlusdgk rq>sD;k ,slk gh yxrk gS\ D;ksa yxrk gS\eSaus mls crk;k fd tksckrsa eSa dgrk gw_ ogh rw dg jgk Fkk eSalhks


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gfj'kadj ijlkbZ/ 33

le>k nsrk gwArkslkgc eSa nks fnu mlosQ ikl jgkA rhljsfnu ^lwjt Nki* VkpZdh isVh

dksunh esaisaQddj u;k dke 'k

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
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