RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BENGALURU ,KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS

FOR DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS

MS.SIMI JOHN ,1ST YEAR M Sc NURSING,SRI VENKATESHWARA INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES, BOMMANAHALLI, HOSUR ROAD,BENGALURU- 560068.

2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION SRI VENKATESHWARA INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES,BOMMANAHALLI, HOSUR ROAD, BENGALURU- 560068.

3 COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

4 DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE

14-6-2010.

5 TITLE OF THE TOPIC A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND FIRSTAID MANAGEMENT AMONG WORKERS IN SELECTED CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AT BENGALURU WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOPAN INFORMATION BOOKLET.

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

“If I’d known I was going to live so long, I’d have been better care of myself”

- Leon Eldred

Health is a state of perfect harmony between all the organs and systems of the

body. Defining good health is difficult because each person has his or her own personal

concept of health. According to MC Gough (2004) “Health is the manner in which people

think about health and how they manage their lives in ways that are healthy or promote

health.’’ Health is an elusive word. Most people who consider themselves are healthy but

not, and many people who are suffering from some known disease, may be relatively

healthy.1

Theoretically the relationship between occupation and health has been recognized

for a long time.2According to Dunton (1919) ‘‘Occupation is a basic human need as

essential as food, drink and the air we breathe.” Health flourishes when people’s

occupations give meaning and purpose to life and are publicly valued by the society in

which they live and also organizes the behavior. Health is strongly influenced by having

choice and control in everyday occupations. Health and well-being is influenced by the

ability to engage in life’s occupations. According to Yerxa (1998) “People make choices

about the occupations they engage in to create a routine or daily pattern.” Withdrawal or

changes in occupation can lead to increased dependency, lack of confidence and

depression3. Conversely, to restore an individual’s ability to function independently and

exercise choice and control over his/her daily activities increases productivity and life

satisfaction. So the person needs to engage in occupation that should not cause any harm

to their health.

Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with

protection, safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goal

of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment,

protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers, nearby

communities and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace

environment3.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Health

Organization(WHO) defines occupational health as ‘‘the promotion and maintenance of

the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations,

the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working

conditions, the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from

factors adverse to health, the adaptation of work to man and to his job.’’3

Every occupation is associated with certain risks because of which the person can

get certain diseases and injuries. An industrial worker may be exposed to physical

hazards (exposure to heat and cold, light, noise, ultra violet radiation, ionizing radiation

etc), chemical hazards(dermatitis, eczema, ulcers, inhalation of dusts and gases, ingestion

of lead and mercury etc), biological hazards (Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, anthrax,

hydatidosis, encephalitis), mechanical hazards (accidents) and psychosocial hazards

(hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, absenteeism). About 10% of accidents in

the industry are said to be due to mechanical causes.4

Hazard analysis is a process in which individual hazards of the workplace are

identified, assessed and controlled as close to source as reasonable and possible. Thus

hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention. Hazard-based programs also have the

advantage of not assigning or implying the acceptable risks in the workplace. Modern

occupational safety and health legislation demands that risk assessment to be carried out

prior to making an intervention and also practical recommendations to control the risks.3

Occupational health and safety has a greater scope in the heavy industry sector.5

Skills required to manage occupational health and safety are compatible with

environmental protection and these responsibilities are bolted onto the workplace health

and safety professionals like occupational health nurse. Occupational health nurse is

accountable for occupational health programming and services, promoting workplace

health and wellness within the guidelines and requirements of relevant Occupational

Health and Safety legislation, consults with experts to provide the breadth and depth of

programming necessary for a wide spectrum of occupational disease prevention, health

promotion and education. Occupational health nurse frequently co-ordinates multi-

disciplinary activities employing the knowledge, skill and experience of professionals

from human resources, safety and services for persons with disabilities, mental

health, infection control and public health.

An effective awareness program about occupational hazards and first aid

management helps to reduce the number of injuries and deaths, property damage, legal

liability, illnesses, workers compensation claims, and missed time from work. It is

important that new employees to be properly trained and embraces the importance of

workplace safety as it is easy for seasoned workers to negatively influence the new hires.

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

We live in an era of science and technology. A country is powerful and advanced,

only if it is scientifically and technically well-developed. India is one of the largest and

the most important developing countries of the world. Industrialization is the process of

social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society

into an industrial. Industrial revolution as well as globalization is increasing the burden of

occupational hazards and changing occupational morbidity drastically.

In India, occupational health is not simply a health issue, which includes child

labor, poor industrial legislation, vast informal sector, less attention to industrial hygiene

and poor surveillance data. As per the Director General of Factory Advisory Services and

Labor Institutes Report (1998) there were 300,000 registered industrial factories and

more than 5000 chemical factories in India, employing over half a million workers.

Approximately 8.8 million workers were employed in various factories. 6

With increasing economic growth, the problem of occupational hazards and

conditions at work places is significantly increased apart from the health and safety.

World Health Organization report has underscored that India could incur losses of $237

billion by 2015 due to a sharp rise in lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, stroke, cancer

due to increasing unhealthy work practices6.

Fujishiro K, Gong F (2006) conducted a case study in United States to find out the

association between socioeconomic status and health. They examined whether

occupational prestige has a significant association with self rated health independent from

other socio economic indicators like income, education, and also work-related health

determinants like job strain, work place social support and job satisfaction. The results not

only suggest multiple ways that occupation is associated with health, but also highlight

the utility of occupational prestige as a socio economic status indicator that explicitly

represents social standing.7

A case study conducted in 2000 using the World Health Organization comparative

risk assessment methodology to the proportions of the population exposed to selected

occupational hazards to estimate attributable fractions, deaths, and disability. The findings

reveals that the selected risk factors were responsible worldwide for 37% of back pain,

16% of hearing loss, 13% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 11% of

asthma, 8% of injuries, 9% of lung cancer, and 2% of leukemia. These risks at work

caused 850,000 deaths worldwide and resulted in the loss of about 24 million years of

healthy life. Needle sticks accounted for about 40% of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C

infections and 4.4% of HIV infections in health care workers. The results contributes that

exposure to occupational hazards accounts for a significant proportion of the global

burden of disease and injury, which could be substantially reduced through application of

proven risk prevention strategies.8

The major occupational diseases morbidity of concern in India include silicosis,

musculoskeletal injuries, coal workers pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive lung diseases,

asbestosis, byssinosis, pesticide poisoning and noise-induced hearing lose. A study

conducted by Kyle Steenland, Petra macaskill and James Leigh, the annual incidence of

occupational disease was between 924,700 and 19,02,300, leading to over 121,000 deaths

in India. According to a survey of injury incidence in agricultural industry in Northern

India, an annual incidence of 17 million injuries per year (2 million moderate to serious

events), and 53,000 deaths per year was estimated.6

Occupational hazards are being noticed due to fast economic development and

increasing utilization of natural resources.9 The burden of diseases can be controlled by

preventing the use of harmful chemicals and safer technologies and also using more

renewable energy. A better social security system was also needed for providing a helping

hand to persons faced with occupational hazards. 4

Occupational health not only deals with work related disorders or diseases, but it

also encompasses all factors that affect workers health. The investigator identifies that the

occupational hazards is a serious health matter and the workers need to understand the

risk factors and first aid management of these hazards. To create an awareness of workers

about the occupational hazards and first aid management the investigator develops an

information booklet. India urgently requires modern occupational health and safety with

adequate enforcement machinery and establishment of centers of excellence in

occupational medicine to catch up with the rest of the world.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review helps to lay the foundation for the study, and can also inspire

new research ideas. A literature review early in the report provides the readers with the

background for understanding current knowledge on topic and illustrates the significance

of new study. In the process of carrying out the present study, the investigator has

reviewed the following literature which has been categorized under the following

headings.

6.2.1 Studies related to general information about occupational health and safety.

6.2.2 Studies related to occupational hazards of construction company workers.

6.2.3 Studies related to first aid management of occupational hazards.

6.2.4 Studies related to workers awareness of occupational hazards and first aid

management.

6.2.5 Studies related to information booklet.

6.2.1 Studies related to general information about occupational health and safety

Nilendu Sharma (2009) conducted a pilot study on Occupational allergic contact

dermatitis in Kolkata to assess the allergological profile among male construction workers

between the age group of 19-34years. Dermatitis affected exposed parts in 93.75% and

covered areas in 62.5%. Total positive test was 24 and relevant was 11. Most common

allergens were chromate (60% of patch tested workers), epoxy resin (RA: 30%), cobalt

(RA: 20%), nickel (RA: 20%), thiuram mixture (RA: 10%) and black rubber mix

(RA: 10%). Two cases (20%) had irritant contact dermatitis. The result indicates that

chromate is the most frequent allergen among construction workers in this part of India.

High frequency of involvement of the covered areas as well as the exposed areas

highlighted the fact that the allergens had access to most body parts of the workers.10

Ayyappan R, Sankar S, Rajkumar P, Balakrishnan K (2009) conducted a

Cross-sectional study in Chennai among automotive industries to illustrate the prevalence

of work-related heat stress in multiple processes of automotive industries and the efficacy

of relatively simple controls in reducing prevalence of the risk through longitudinal

assessments. 400 measurements of heat stress were made over a 4year period at more than

100 locations within 8 units involved with automotive manufacturing. The result shows

that many processes in organized large-scale industries have to control heat stress-related

hazards. 28% of workers employed in multiple processes were at risk of heat stress-

related health impairment. The above finding shows that there is a need for recognizing

heat stress as an important occupational health risk in both formal and informal sectors in

India.11

D C Metgud, Subhash Khatri (September 2005 to April 2006 ) conducted a

cross sectional observational study for identification of health related problems in

Sindholi Belgaum district, Karnataka among 350 workers in spinning section, 100

females aged between 30 to 45 years were randomly selected. The musculo-skeletal

problems with pain were found in 91% of the subjects, postural pain in low back was

present in 47% while in neck was 19%. The finding shows that pain and fatigue are found

to be the main problems for women in the spinning section of the small-scale industry and

reveals that ergonomic factors such as provision of backrest and frequent rest periods

could remediate the musculo-skeletal symptoms.12

K Suparna, A K Sharma, J Khandekar (2005) conducted a cross sectional

study on occupational health problems and role of ergonomics in information technology

professionals in national capital region among 200 Information technology professionals

to assess the computer related health problems and role of ergonomic factors. 76% had

visual discomfort, 77.5% had musculoskeletal problems and 35% felt stressful symptoms.

The study concluded that a very high prevalence of computer related morbidity among IT

professionals and all aspects of ergonomic variables appear to be acting in cohesion in

relation to computer related health.13

6.2.2 Studies related to occupational hazards of construction company workers

Dong XS, Ringen K, Yurongmen MXS (2002) conducted a medical expenditure

panel survey to examine the work related injury conditions among 700 Hispanic

construction workers and assesses disparities between Hispanic and white, non-Hispanic

workers. The above result shows that Hispanic workers differ from white, non-Hispanic

workers in demographic and socioeconomic status. After controlling of major risk factors

Hispanic construction workers were more likely than their white, non-Hispanic

counterparts to suffer non-fatal work-related injury conditions. Enhanced safety and

health programmes for Hispanic construction workers and improved occupational injury

data systems are recommended.14

Hakansson, Niclas, and Floderus (2001) conducted a case study to assess the

sunlight exposure from outdoor work in relation to cancer among 200 job tasks. There

was an increased relative risk (RR) in the high-exposure group for myeloid leukemia

(RR = 2.0), lymphocytic leukemia (RR = 1.7) and for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma group

(RR=0.9-1.9). They found an increased risk for malignant melanoma of the eye in this

group (RR = 3.4). Outdoor workers had no increased risk of non melanoma skin group

was estimated as 1.8. Among other sites, an increased risk of stomach cancer was also

suggested in this group (RR = 1.4). From the above study shows that the results for

lymphoma, leukemia, and also for stomach cancer might reflect a suppression of the

immune system from ultraviolet light in outdoor and also estimates that relative

risks(RRs) adjusted for age, smoking, and magnetic field exposure workers.15

Rivara FP, Thompson DC (2000) conducted a case study to review the evidence

for the effectiveness of different strategies to prevent falls from heights in the construction

industry and used the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy and selected three studies

for review. An ecologic study found some evidence that regulations with enforcement

may decrease falls in construction industry. Two studies on educational efforts

suggested that educational programs may decrease falls. Findings shows that there are

few data to support the effectiveness of current programs to decrease fall-related injuries

and also rigorous evaluation of these interventions is indicated.16

Juratli SM, Nayan M (2000) in Washington conducted a case study to assess the

potential ability to return to work among 250 workers who are diagnosed with work

related ulnar neuropathy. The results shown that the mean wage replacement and medical

benefits paid per case were $19,100 and $15,200, respectively. Older age, concomitant

carpal tunnel syndrome, receipt of wage replacement benefits prior to diagnosis, and

longer diagnostic delays were associated with lower return to work potential after injury.

The study concluded that work-related ulnar neuropathy is a common and costly

occupational health challenge and maximize functional recovery should start in the first

medical encounter. Older workers, those who have concomitant carpal tunnel syndrome,

or who are already receiving wage replacement benefits at the time of diagnosis deserve

special attention. 17

Dong Wei,Vaughan P,Sullivan K,Fletcher T(1995) conducted a mortality study

among construction field people who died during 1975-1987 aged 20-64 years. The result

shows that significantly elevated proportional mortality ratio were found for deaths from

all cancers. Occupational exposures to hazardous substances may have contributed to the

elevated cancer mortality. Inadequate supervision of safety procedures, together with a

high proportion of young and inexperienced workers, may be associated with the high

number of accidental deaths. The above finding supports that working in the construction

Industry is associated with a high risk for accidental death and also for malignant diseases

including lung, mesothellum and stomach cancers. Further epidemiological studies among

construction workers are needed to support policies aimed at improving occupational

health, including the prevention of accidents.18

6.2.3 Studies related to first aid management of occupational hazards

Kheni NA, Gibb AGF, Dainty ARJ (2010) conducted a case study among

Ghanaian construction enterprises workers to examine the influence of the contextual

environment to manage occupational health and safety .A questionnaire survey was

administered to construction workers to understand the health and safety management

practices and associated problems followed up by field interviews to explore key issues.

The study highlights the institutional structure for implementing occupational health and

safety standards, prevailing economic climate, and extended family culture as challenges

to the management of occupational health and safety.19

Singru SA, Banerjee (2009) conducted a case study in Scotland among 114

people from the medical field to assess the impact of educational interventions on primary

health care workers knowledge of management of occupational exposure to blood or body

fluid .The study shows that 77% of staff identified themselves as at risk of exposure to

blood and body fluids. 21% of staff believed they were not at risk of exposure to blood-

borne viruses and 16% of exposed staff had not been immunized against hepatitis B. The

findings suggest that greater knowledge regarding management of exposures to blood and

body fluids following face to face training than other educational interventions and also

there is a need for education to primary health care workers. 20

Lingard H (2002) conducted an experimental study among construction industry

employees to assess how first aid training affects the motivation in avoiding occupational

injuries and illnesses and its effect on their occupational health and safety behavior.

Participants' motivation to control occupational safety and health risks was explored

during in-depth interviews before and after receipt of first aid training. The result shows

that first aid training had a positive effect on the occupational safety and health behavior

of participants. First aid training appeared to reduce participant willingness to accept

prevailing levels of occupational safety and health risk and increase the perceived

probability that they would suffer a work-related injury or illness. Participants expressed

greater concern about taking risks at work after receiving first aid training. From the

above findings the study suggests that first aid training can have a positive preventive

effect and could complement traditional occupational health and safety training programs

and also there may be benefit in providing first aid training to all employees rather than

limiting the training to a small number of designated first aiders.21

Lipscomb (2000) conducted a case study in United States of America to describe

the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent work-related eye injuries in

construction, manufacturing, and agricultural industries. Cochrane Collaboration search

strategies were used to identify reports of the effectiveness of interventions designed to

prevent eye injuries. The study reveals that there is some evidence that policy changes are

effective in changing behaviors and reducing eye injuries in manufacturing settings either

in conjunction with a broader program focused on eye safety, and also a need for

systematic evaluation of interventions designed to prevent eye injuries and to change the

overall safety culture.22

Leroyer C, JL Malo, Rivard CI, Dufour JG, Gautrin D (1998) conducted a

prospective study among 278 workers to describe the baseline characteristics and the time

course of changes in lung function in workers accidentally inhaling high concentrations of

chlorine. Workers in accidental inhalation led to intervention in a first aid unit were

reassessed 5 - 25 days after the accident and there were notable changes. The result shows

that during a four year follow up period, 13 workers were seen at the first aid unit after a

symptomatic accidental inhalation. Three of them experienced notable functional changes:

one worker experienced a 10% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1),

and the other two had a notable fall in the concentration of methacholine that caused a

20% fall in FEV1. Two workers were smokers and one had a personal history of atopy.

Recovery was complete three months after the accidental inhalation. Finding shows that

notable decreases in airway function or increases in bronchial responsiveness can occur

after an accidental inhalation of high concentrations of chlorine in workers at risk.23

6.2.4 Studies related to workers awareness of occupational hazards and first aid

management.

Kumar BM, Bhattacherjee A, Cheu NA (2007) conducted a case control study

among 245 male underground coal miners to assess the relationships of job hazards,

individual characteristics, and risk taking behavior to occupational injuries of coal miners.

Handling material, poor environmental/working conditions, and geological/strata control-

related hazards were the main risk factors: adjusted ORs 5.15 (95%), 2.40 (95%), and 2.25

(95%) respectively. Their roles were higher among the face-workers than among the non-

face-workers. No formal education, alcohol consumption, disease, big-family, and risk-

taking behavior were associated with injuries, and the findings were similar for both face

and non-face workers. The above results concludes that prevention should focus on

handling material, poor environmental condition, especially addressing workers with no

formal education, alcohol consumption, disease, big family size, and risk-taking

behaviour.24

Haldiya KR, Sachdev R, Mathur ML, Saiyed HNA (2004) conducted a case

study among 205 salt workers to assess their awareness, attitude and practices related to

occupational health problems related to their working conditions, usage of protective

measures and suggestions for their improvisation. The brine workers had a fair knowledge

of their occupational health problems (98.7%), protective measures (100.0%) and their

benefits (100.0%) as compared to non brine workers for whom these figures were 89.0%,

85.8% and 78.7% respectively. The brine workers (29.5%) and non brine workers (31.5%)

used unconventional measures to prevent contact with salty water, salt dust, raw salt and

glare. The results reveals that a huge gap between their knowledge and practice with

protective devices and suggests improvement in protective devices to increase their

acceptability.25

Kermode M, Jolley P, Langkham B,Thomas MS (2004)conducted a cross-

sectional survey study among 266 health care workers from 7 rural north Indian health

care settings to assess the compliance with universal precautions and a range of other

relevant variables that potentially influence compliance .The results shows that knowledge

and understanding of Universal precautions were partial, and Universal precautions

compliance was suboptimal,32% wore eye protection when indicated, and 40% recapped

needles at least sometimes..The study suggests that Interventions to improve universal

precautions compliance among health care workers in rural north India need to address

not only their knowledge and understanding but also the safety climate created by the

organizations that employ them.26

Walters V and Haines T (2002) conducted a case study among 492 rank and file

workers to examine the aspects of workers perceptions, knowledge and actions regarding

workplace hazards and to improve the occupational health and safety. Workers lacked

information on environmental and medical monitoring, core legal rights and the more

effective strategies for reducing hazards. Few respondents sought information and few

were persistent in dealing with their worries about hazards. From the above study suggests

that workers pursuit of their health and safety concerns might be facilitated if they had

better access to information about their legal rights and mechanisms for dealing with

hazards in the workplace.27

6.2.5 Studies related to information booklet

Angela CA (2007) conducted a study to assess the impact of patient information

booklet on how anesthesiology improves preoperative patient education in Canada. The

study was carried out in two phases. Phase 1. Anesthesiologists were surveyed to

determine the key topics routinely discussed during a preadmission clinic visit.

Subsequently, an illustrated booklet was developed to highlight some of the topics

identified during the survey. Phase 2. The booklet was evaluated by a questionnaire

designed to assess patient’s knowledge about preoperative issues. A questionnaire was

administered to a control group of patients who did not receive the booklet and a study

group who received the booklet. Patients in the study group scored significantly higher

compared to patients in the control group. Finding shows that an illustrated patient

information booklet when appropriately written is an effective means of standardizing the

communication of the risks and benefits of anesthesia in a pre admission clinic.28

Coydeyr E, Tubach F, Rannou F, Baron G, Coriat F, Brin S, Revel M,

Poiraudeu S (2007) conducted a case study in France among 2752 patients with acute

lower backache (LBP) to assess the impact on outcome of standardized written

information on LBP . 2337 (85%) patients were assessed at follow-up and 12.4% of

participants reported persistent LBP. The result shows that patients in the intervention

group are more satisfied than those in the control group with the information they

received about physical activities, when to consult their physician, and how to prevent a

new episode of LBP. The finding shows that the level of improvement of an information

booklet is modest, but the cost and complexity of the intervention is minimal and also the

implications and generalizability of this intervention are substantial.29

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING OCCUPATIONAL

HAZARDS AND FIRSTAID MANAGEMENT AMONG WORKERS IN

SELECTED CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AT BENGALURU WITH A VIEW

TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET.

6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

6.3.1 To assess the knowledge regarding occupational hazards among workers in

selected construction companies.

6.3.2 To assess the knowledge regarding first aid management among workers in

selected construction companies.

6.3.3 To find out the association between the knowledge scores of occupational hazards

and first aid management with selected demographic variables.

6.3.4 To develop an information booklet.

6.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

There will be no significant association between knowledge of workers in selected

construction companies regarding occupational hazards and first aid management with

selected demographic variables.

VARIABLES UNDER THE STUDY

RESEARCH VARIABLE

Knowledge regarding occupational hazards and first aid management.

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Demographic variables like age, sex, religion, socioeconomic status, occupation, income,

education, experience of occupational hazardous events and exposure to any information

regarding occupational hazards.

6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

6.5.1. Knowledge: It refers to the correct verbal responses received from workers in

selected construction company regarding occupational hazards and first aid management.

6.5.2. Occupational hazards: Danger to health, limb, or life that is associated with a

particular occupation, industry or work environment.

6.5.3. First aid management: First aid is the initial temporary and immediate treatment

given to workers in construction company for any injury or sudden illness before taking to

hospital.

6.5.4. Construction company workers: Workers engaged in preparation of land and

construction, alteration, and repair of buildings, structures and other real property.

6.5.5. Information booklet: It refers to a self learning printed material which contains

information regarding occupational hazards and first aid management of construction

company workers.

6.6. ASSUMPTIONS

6.6.1. Workers in selected construction companies may have some knowledge regarding

occupational hazards and first aid management.

6.6.2. Workers in selected construction companies may improve and update their

Knowledge regarding occupational hazards and first aid management by utilizing the

information booklet.

6.7 DELIMITATIONS

The study is delimited to workers in selected construction companies at Bengaluru.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1. SOURCES OF DATA

Data will be collected from workers in selected construction companies at Bengaluru.

7.2. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Self administered structured knowledge questionnaire will be used to assess the

knowledge on occupational hazards and first aid management.

7.2.1. RESEARCH APPROACH

Descriptive research approach will be used to conduct the study.

7.2.2. RESEARCH DESIGN

Non experimental research design will be used to conduct the study.

7.2.3. RESEARCH SETTING

Study will be conducted in selected construction companies, at Bengaluru.

7.2.4. POPULATION

The population of the present study comprises of workers in selected construction

companies at Bengaluru.

7.2.5 SAMPLE SIZE

Sample size will consists of 60 workers from selected construction companies at

Bengaluru.

7.2.6. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Purposive sampling technique will be used to select the samples.

7.2.7. SAMPLING CRITERIA

INCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Workers of both sexes

Workers in selected construction companies who are

2. Willing to participate in the study.

3. Available during the period of data collection

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Workers who are

1. Not willing to participate in the study.

2. Not available during the period of data collection.

7.2.8 TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

Data collection method is by self administered structured knowledge questionnaire. It

consists of two parts.

Part 1- Deals with demographic variables.

Part 11- Deals with knowledge regarding occupational hazards and first aid management.

7.2.9 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Data analysis will be done through descriptive and inferential statistics

1. Descriptive statistics: Frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation will be

used to describe demographic variables to interpret knowledge scores.

2. Inferential statistics: Chi square -test will be used to find the association between

the knowledge scores with selected demographic variables.

7.3. DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATIONS OR

INTERVENTIONS TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMANS

OR ANIMALS?

Yes, the workers knowledge is assessed by using self administered structured knowledge

questionnaire.

7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION

- Yes, ethical clearance will be obtained from the research committee of Sri

Venkateshwara Institute of Nursing Sciences Bengaluru have been enclosed.

- Permission will be granted from the concerned authority of selected construction

companies at Bengaluru.

- Informed consent will be obtained from the subjects who are participating in the study.

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4. Park K. Text book of preventive and social medicine. 17thed. Jabalpur, India:

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http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.

9. SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT :

10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE : The topic which is selected by the candidate is

relevant and appropriate and it attempts to

increase the knowledge of construction

company workers regarding occupational

hazards and first aid management.

11. NAME AND DESIGNATION

OF THE GUIDE : Mrs.Merina Joseph, HOD,

Medical Surgical Nursing,

11.1. GUIDE’S NAME AND

ADDRESS : Mrs.Merina Joseph, HOD,

Medical Surgical Nursing,

Sri. Venkateshwara Institute of Nursing

Sciences, Hosur road, Bommanahalli,

Bengaluru.

11.2. SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE :

11.3. HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

NAME AND ADDRES : Mrs.Merina Joseph.

Head of the department,

Sri. Venkateshwara Institute of Nursing

Sciences, Hosur road, Bommanahalli,

Bengaluru.

11.4. SIGNATURE OF HOD :

12. REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL : The study is relevant and feasible, as it

focuses occupational safety and first aid

management with aim to provide

information booklet.

13. NAME OF THE PRINCIPAL : Mrs.P. Saraswathi

Associate professor,

Sri. Venkateshwara Institute

Of nursing sciences.Hosur road,

Bommanahalli, Bengaluru.

14. SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL:

SRI VENKATESHWARA INSTITUTE OF

NURSING SCIENCESBOMMANAHALLI, HOSUR ROAD, BENGALURU-560068

ETHICAL COMMITTEE

NAME OF THE STUDENT : MS. SIMI JOHN

YEAR : 1ST YEAR MSc. NURSING (2010-2011)

SUBJECT : MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

TITLE OF TOPIC : A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE

REGARDING OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND FIRSTAID MANAGEMENT

AMONG WORKERS IN SELECTED CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AT

BENGALURU WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION

BOOKLET. ETHICAL COMMITTEE MEMBER APPROVAL

DESIGNATION NAME SIGNATURE

CHAIRMAN ASSO.PROF.P.SARASWATHY

LEGAL ADVISOR MAJOR MUDDEGOWDA

SOCIOLOGIST PROF. LEELAVATHI

PSYCHOLOGIST MRS. MAMATHA

STATISTICIAN DR. RANGAPPA

FACULTY ADVISOR ASSO.PROF.S.BHARATHI

SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL