InterviewwithRamMohan EN
Note:Thefollowingistheoutputresultingfromtranscribinganaudiofileintoaword/textdocument.Althoughthetranscriptionislargelyaccurate,insomecasesmaybeincompleteorinaccurateduetoinaudiblepassagesandgrammatical corrections. It ispostedasanaid to theoriginalaudio file,but shouldnotbe treatedasanauthoritativerecord.
ICANNHistoryProjectInterviewwithRamMohan28June2016
STEVECROCKER: So,thankyouverymuch.Ihavealittlebitofstructureinmindandit’s
going to flow pretty quickly here. So, Ram, thank you very much for
agreeingtospendsometime.This,asIbelieveitisthefirstsessionthat
we’vescheduledinthegrandhistoryprojectoftryingtocaptureICANN’s
history,sowe’llfeelourwayalittlebit.
I’ll ask you a couple of framing questions, and then we’ll be off and
running.You’dbeeninvolvedwithICANNandwiththecommunitythat
ICANN serves for a long time,which is one of the reasonswhywe’ve
selectedyouasoneofthepeoplewewanttotalkto.
Twoquestions. One,aneasyone,and thenwe’ll get into somemore
stuff. Describe roughly your timeframes, your involvement, your
position,andsoforth,justtogiveaquickhistorysowecanplaceyouat
various points in the sequence, and then I’ll come and ask the more
interestingquestion.
RAMMOHAN: It’sapleasuretobehere. Igot involved in ICANNitself in2001. Ihad
beenfollowingICANNinthelate‘90s,whentheClintonadministration
helpedcreateit,butonlyfromafar,andI’dbeenfollowingitbecauseI
hadstartedupacompanythatwastrackingwhatcompaniesweredoing
online. Andoneofthethings,oneofthewaysweweretrackingwhat
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companiesaredoingonline,wasto lookat theWHOISregistrationsof
domainnamesregisteredbycompanies.
Andso,myfirstexposuretoICANNreallywasin,Ithink1998,late’98,or
something like that, where this product that I had helped create, we
found that the CTO of MCI, a telecom company at that time, had
registeredadomainname,SkytelWorldCom.com.AndtheserversthatI
hadcreatedhadfoundthatanamehadbeencreated,andIlookedata
WHOIS look up for it, and it turned out that Skytel, a publicly traded
company-itsnamehadbeenregisteredbytheCTOofMCIWorldCom.
AnditgotusonTheWallStreetJournal,andSkyTel’sstockpricewentup
23%,onceitcameout-TheWallStreetJournal,andeverybodyfromboth
companiesdenied therewasanydeal in thework, and thatThursday,
they announced the acquisition of Skytel by WorldCom. They were
planning,apparently,toannounceitMonday,theweekafter,right?
Andthatwasbecause,youknow…So,thatwaskindoftheveryearly
introduction,ifyouwill,butin2001,Ihadmanagedtoputmyselfoutof
ajob,andIwaslookingforwhatthenextthingtodowas.Andtherewas
a littlecompanycalledAfilias,hadapplied forand thenhadwon from
ICANNthelicense,ifyouwill,togoandopenupthefirstnewgTLDever,
aftercom,dotorg,whichisdotinfo.
Andtheywere lookingforsomebodytogoruntheshop,andItook it,
andithasbeenafunridefromthenon.
STEVECROCKER: Mygoodness.YouandImetbecauseofSSAC,andyouwereoneofthe
charter members, recruited by Andrew McLaughlin, prior to my
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involvement, in a sort of, what felt sort of slightly backwards. I was
recruitedtochairSSACafterallofthemembershadbeenrecruited.
RAMMOHAN: That’sright.IrememberVinttellingme,"Ram,you’regoingtolikethe
guywhoI’verecruited,"becauseIwasaskinghim,“so,whoisgoingtobe
thechair?”Hesaid,"Ican’ttellyouyet,butyou’regoingtoliketheguy."
Andlittledidheknowhowprescienthewasgoingtobe.
STEVECROCKER: Andalready,you’vegottenmeinto…Ireallyhadn'tintendedondrawing
yououtonthings,but justas longaswe’retouchingon it,drawn into
chairingagroupthathadalreadybeenputtogether-thatIhadnothad
aplan.Iquicklyrealizedthatmyfirstjobwastobuildarelationshipwith
eachofthepeople,andtoestablishbothadegreeofknowledgeanda
certainamountofcredibilitythatitwasokayformetostepin.
So Ichattedwitheachof thepeoplebeforeweassembledasagroup.
Well,SSACisawholebunchofstories.Therearemanywaystocomeat
capturing the history of ICANN. There are tons and tons of written
materialinthearchives,andtranscripts,andallofthat.Iwanttotryto
getatakindofdifferentdimension,whichisthemoreinteresting,big,
well,I’mgoingtomodifythis.Thebigstories,butnotthesobigthatit
seemssimple-minded.Youknow,we’vecreatedICANNandchangedthe
worldkindof thing. Butwheretherealenergy,controversies,energy,
work went into and that absorbed us as individuals, that made a
difference, sometimes negatively even, butmade a difference usually
positively,sothat,[we]getat,attheinner-life,ifyouwill,oftheprocess.
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So,letmeaskyoutopickoutsomenumber,one,two,three,whatever
numberofstoriesyouwanttotellthatmayspansometime,andmaycut
acrossorganizationsor subjectmatters,orwhatever, andmay involve
otherpeople,but fromyourperspective,episodesor,as I say, stories,
thatcometomindandstandoutinthiswholeexperience.
RAMMOHAN: I agreewith you, Steve. I think the history of anything, especially an
organizationandacommunitylikeours,isbesttoldbystories,andthe
tippingpointscomefromsmallthingsratherthanthebigthings.Thebig
things are often the combination of a series of smaller things that
happenedfrombefore.Andthefunthingandthe,Ithinktherealskillof
ahistoryproject,istobeabletoassembleandunderstandwhatwerethe
severalsmallthingsthateventuallyledtothatbigmoment,becauseas
yousaid,everybodyunderstandsabigmoment.
So,I’llsayacoupleofthings-asinterestingstoriesthatpopintomymind.
Andforthisone, letmejustfocusontheearlydays. Youknow,2001,
2006,andthattimeframe.
Youknow,2000,1999/2000wasmarkedbythefirsttimeforICANNto
bringoutnewregistrars. Thereusedtobejustoneregistrar,Network
Solutions.Iusedtopay$100aname,andIhad3,500nameswiththem.
And Network Solutions would, I mean, my postman knew Network
Solutions reallywell, because thewayNetwork Solutions invoicedme
wastosendme,everyyear,oneenvelopeforeachdomainnameIhad.
SoIreceived,everyyear,3,500envelopesfromNetworkSolutions,which
ofcourse,at$100apop,theycouldaffordtosendathousandofthose
andnotworryabout it. Right? But I remembergoingandregistering,
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creatingaccountswithRegister.com,andcreatingaccountswithDomain
Bank,andtherewerefourtestbedregistrars,Idon’trememberwhothe
otherfourortheothertwowere.
Butthatwasaseminalmoment,becauseitwasnot…Themomentwas
notaboutallofthesuddenthereiscompetition,themomentreallywas,
therewasactuallychoiceforthefirsttime,andyou’renotstuckwithjust
oneplace that does everything, right? And inmyperspective, I don’t
thinkactuallyNetworkSolutionsreactedwelltothecompetitionthatwas
comingin.
They had the monopoly, they had the top position, they could have
doubledup,buttheykindoftookaperspectiveof,we’re justgoingto
consolidate and milk this cow. But I remember, registry names at
register.com,andtryingtotransferthemout,andnobodyknewwhatthe
hecktodo.
I’dcometoICANN,andICANN’schief janitorandchieftroubleshooter,
wasat thatpoint,LouisTouton. Right? And I remembersittingdown
withLouis,andheandIsetdownandwemappedoutwhatthatprocess
shouldbetotransferanamefromoneregistrartoanother.Andthatwas
cooltogoanddo.
Herewe arewithmore acronyms thanwe could hold today, but you
know,intheearlydays,eventhatveryfirstthingwasaprettybigdeal.
AndIwouldsaythatitwasalotofheroiceffortsfromafewpeopleinthe
early days that really brought this organization up and got thewhole
systemgoing.Theotherstorythatisveryfreshinmymind,anditreally
changedmylifeinaverybigway,waswhenICANNdecidedtotakedot
organdputitupforbid.
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STEVECROCKER: Yes, letme interrupt for just a second. Iwant tohear that story, but
backinguptothepriorthing.IheardreferencesthatIwanttoflagfor
follow-up, not only with you but others of three things. One is the
introduction of choice slash competition among registrars, the whole
creationoftheregistrarsystem.
Certainlythatisaverymajorchapter,andhastobe…Butit’sgoodthat…
I think it’squitesalientthat itcomesquicklytomindasoneofthebig
things fromyour life. Youalsomentioned thatyourestimate theway
NetworkSolutionshandledthecompetition.Thatstrikesmeasaclassic
potential Harvard Business School case, or a Harvard Business Review
case, of what choice a business makes, and I don’t have enough
informationtoknowwhethertheymadeagoodchoiceorabadchoice,
because there are some seemingly perverse things that companies do
thatturnouttobeexactlytherightthing,eventhoughtheylookfunny
fromtheoutside.Andnow,I’mtryingtorememberthethirdthing.
RAMMOHAN: Louis?
STEVECROCKER Oh, yeah, Louis is many, many stories, but the particular one is the
workingoutoftheinter-registrartransferprocess,andyouknow,it’sa
quickcompetitionandallofthesuddenyou’vegotanewproblemthat
didn’texistbefore,andshouldhavebeenobviousinasense,andthen
thatleadstoquitealotofwork.
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So,Iwanttoflagthosethreethings.AndIwantedtomakesurethatwe
heardwhat thenext story is,andwedidn’t lose trackof that. So,we
comebacktodotorg.
RAMMOHAN: Yeah.Andjustbackonthepreviousonethough,forjustasecond.The,
itwas,theinter-registrartransfers,Ithinkactuallyastorythatshouldbe
dugfrommultiplefacets.Thestorythatisoftenandusuallygoingtobe
told,isgoingtobethestoryofpeoplelikeme.Registryfolks,registrars,
etc.,buttherealstoryhastobeofmeasaregistrant,orsomebodyelse
asaregistrant,whatactuallyhappenedtothem?
Becauseletmetellyou,Ispentmanyhoursonthephonewiththesetwo
registrars,andtheywereperhapstryingtobehelpful.Idon’tthinkthey
wereactuallytryingtobehelpful,buteachweretryingtoholdontome.
Andtherewasnothinginthewaytoactuallycomeinandspeakforme,
andtakemyside.
Andtome,thereisaprettybigstoryof,hasICANNactuallyhelpeddo
that?DoesICANNactuallytakethesideoftheactualuserofanInternet
identity?Becausetome,thatisactuallyfundamentallyabigpartofthe
missionofthisorganization.It’snotjustconsumerchoice.It’sactually,
haveyouhelpedthepersonwhohasmadeaninvestment,oftime,and
effort,andmoney,tousetheresourceontheInternet?
STEVECROCKER: That’sabigandveryimportanttopic.Andwhatyou’resaying,is,ifIcan
put somewords in yourmouth, it seemedobvious to you that ICANN
should,somebody,andpresumablyICANNshouldbeonyourside,andit
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wasalsonotobviousthattheywere,orperhaps,thattheyhadnotyet
evolvedanddevelopedtheprocessesandsoforth.
And,"ohmygoodness,havetheydonesoyet?" Andsothere isabig
theme that we can follow at various points about ICANN’s role with
respecttobeingtheadvocateoftheregistrant.Goodpoint.
RAMMOHAN: So,Ihaveacoupleofotherstories,buttheotheronethatisalwaysbright
inmymind,isdotorg,becauseoftwothings.Numberone,ICANNdid
theunthinkable.IttookabigTLD,awell-knownbrand,atrustedname,
anditputitupforaglobalbid.
Itwas thekindof thing thatactually formanyof the industry insiders
weresittingtheresaying,“itain’tgoingtohappen,youknow.”VeriSign,
NetworkSolutions,VeriSign,hasgotitallstitchedup.Right.Anditwas
actuallyasenseofprideinwatchingthislittleorganizationthathadjust
afewpeopleinit,actuallygoandmakeithappen.
Andsothatspeaksalottothecharacteroftheplace.Ithinktheyactually
put together a pretty good process. There were three parts of the
evaluation.Therewasthefirsttimethattherehadbeenanycompetitive
biddingforaTLDever.Therewasa2.7millionnameTLD,andifithad
gone from VeriSign to somebody else, it was going to be a massive
transition.
Therewasgoingtobeahugeamountofrisk,andIdaresaythattoday,
today’sICANNwouldnothavedonewhatyesterday’sICANNactuallydid,
because there was no safety net at all. And with the exception of
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VeriSign,therewasreallynobodyelsewhohadasignificantamountof
experiencerunningaregistryofscale.
Anditwasactuallyaprettybigrollofthedice.ButIwasverygladtobe
onthesidethatturnedouttobeselectedaspartoftheroleofthedice.
The story there that I think is interesting, is intertwined. The Internet
Societywasindirestraits,hadfinancialtrouble,andthecompanyIwas
workingat,Afilias,wehadanidea.
Wewerelookingtobid,togorundotorg.Wedidn’thaveanyUSP,soto
speak,UniqueSellingPoint,right?Andwewereconcernedabouthow
doyoucompeteagainstVeriSign. WewereexpectingVeriSign tobid.
Theywerenotbarredfrombidding.
STEVECROCKER: Oh,Ididn’tknowthat.
RAMMOHAN: Anditwassaying,howdoyoudifferentiateyourselffromthe800pound
gorilla? And our thought was, maybe we can form a partnership, or
somethinglikethat. Thenwetalkedabout,thisisorg,andthemonies
reallyfromorgoughttogobacktothecommunity,anditoughttoserve
thecommunitythathelpedsupportitandbuildit.
AndISOCwastherightkindofplace,atleastinourminds.Wewentand
talkedtothe ISOCfolks,and itwasaveryclosevote. ISOCwantedto
havenothingtodowithit,andIrememberLynnSt.Amour,thentheCEO
of ISOC and myself, have made a presentation to the ISOC Board
explaining why if this worked andwewon, it would provide financial
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securityandstabilityfortheorganization,andthenyou’reaskedtostep
outoftheroombecausetheBoardwasgoingtodeliberate.
Westoodoutsideforthreeandahalfhours,becausetheBoardwassplit
onwhethertogetinvolvedornot.Anditturnedoutthatabigpartof
whytheBoard,thepartoftheBoardthatdidn’twanttodoit,abigpart
was because ICANN was this kind of somewhat dirty, somewhat
squeamish,commerciallyorientedorganization,thatwasprettyad-hoc
initsapproach,andreallynotatthescaleandatthesizethat--thetrue,
therewasnotpurity.
Butthe…Ifyoufast-forward,ICANNranabiginternationalcompetition.
11internationalcompetitorscamein.VeriSignactuallyhadtwobidsout
ofthe11.AndIrememberbeingattheICANNmeetinginBucharest,it
wasaBoardmeeting,inBucharest,inRomania.Therewasastageand
thewayitwasstructured,therewasafinalist,therewasacompetition.
Itgottofinalist,andtheISOC-Afiliasbidwasoneofthefinalists.There
werefourfinalists,wewereoneofthefinalists.Andeachfinalisthad15
minutestomakeapresentationtotheBoard.Itwastimed.Youcould
notexceedthe15minutetime.Vint[Cerf]andIarrivedinBucharestfive
daysorfourdayspriortothemeeting,andyouknow,wewereworking
veryhardtoputagoodPowerPointtogether,getthemessage,andallof
thatright,etc.
ItwasgoingtobepresentedoutofLynn’slaptop.ShehadaMacatthat
time,andtheappointedtimecame.WestoodinfrontoftheBoard.Vint
wasthechairatthattime.Andwespent…Theclockstartedtotick,the
firstminutewent,thesecondminutewent,andnothingcameuponthe
screen.
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Wehadabout16slidestocoverin15minutes,andnothingcameupon
thescreen. Andthetechcomesrunningover, jigglesthe littledongle,
andifhehelditacertainway,thenitcameup,heletitgo,itdropped,
andtheclockwasticking.
Andeventuallythetechendedupcoming,andtakingascrewdriver,and
screwingthedongleintotheslotofthecomputer. AndVintendedup
sayingtothepeoplerunningtheclock,“resettheclock,Iwanttomake
surethatLynndoesn’tgetscrewed.”Right?Whichwas,absolutelybroke
thetensionforbothofus.
Right?Becausethisisabigdeal,buthereisVintmakingajoke,andthe
whole audience erupted in laughter. We did the presentation, 15
minutes,itwentthrough,andthereisaQ&Asessioninthere,andoneof
theBoardmembersendedupaskingus,“so,abouthalfofushereonthe
stage,asBoardmembers,abouthalfofusonthestagearemembersof
theInternetSociety,isn’tthataconflictofinterest?”
AndLynngaveaverymemorableanswer.Shesaid,“what’swrongwith
theotherhalfofyou?”
STEVECROCKER: Exactly.
RAMMOHAN: Again,alotoflaughter.Butthattome,signifiedkindofthespiritofhow
itshouldbe,orwhatitoughttobe,whichisyoudeclarethatyouhavean
interestinsomething,butthatdoesn’tstopyoufromactuallyengaging
inimportantstuff.
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AndIthinkthat’saprettyimportantprincipletoholdinICANN.Itwas
there at the start, that characterwas there at the start, and I’m very
hopeful,andIthinkit’sreallyimportanttotryandpreservethatkindof
a character going forward,because sometimes you canget lost in the
nuancesof conflict, and it’san important thing,butat the same time,
opennessandhonestyisactuallyaprettygoodantidotetosuspicionand
conspiracytheories.
STEVECROCKER: Lotsof,eveninthatshortthing,severaldifferentthingscomequicklyto
mind.YoumentionedthissenseamongtheISOCBoardthattheydidn’t
knowiftheywantedtogetinvolvedwiththeICANN,becauseithadan
odortoit,kindof.IencounteredthesamethingwhenImadetheone
ononediscussionswith,madetheroundsofthe…
Andeach,Italkedtoeachpersonindividually.Therewasnocross-talk,
andonethemeemergedinarepeatedway,whichwas,securityonthe
Internetisimportant.Weareinterestedindoingthis,andwedon’tknow
ifwereallywanttobeinvolvedwithICANN,but ifwecansortofhold
ourselvesapart,andfocusjustonsecurityissues,we’dbewillingtoget
involved.
So, I think there is a kind of a thing that emerges there. I was very
interestedinyour,youdescribedthatyouinitiatedsearchingforpartner
forthis. ItwasreallythecasethatyouapproachedISOCandtheyhad
notbeenthinkingaboutthispriortothat?
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RAMMOHAN: That’sright.Wedecidedweneededapartner.Wedidn’thaveanyone,
wedidn’tknowanyoneat thattimedirectlyonthe ISOCBoard,sowe
ended,Ken[Stubbs]endeduptalkingtoDon[Heath],whohadbeenon
theISOCBoardbefore,andthatgotusanintroductiontoLynn.
AndthenwemetLynn,andwejust,allofushititoff. Wehadshared
ideals,sharedprinciples,andshegotitthattherewas…It’snotjustthat
therewasadealtobedone,butthetermsthatwewereofferingwere
very straightforward. Wewill foot all of the bills. Wewill pay for all
travel,etc.
Allofitwouldbecreatedasaloan,thatwouldbecompletelywrittenoff
ifthebidislost,andthatwillbepaidbackwithnointerestifthebidis
won,right?Andalongtheway,therewere,Ithink,threepayrollcycles
thatweputchecksinfor,butyeah,that’showitstarted,was-ISOCwas
approachedbyus,andLynntellsmebyIFC.
Andthechoicethattheyhadtomakeatthatpointwas,doyoudoanyof
itatall?Andifyoudon’tdo,ifyoudoit,thenwithwhoamong?
STEVECROCKER: Withwhom?That’sinteresting.Sotwopoints.Oneis,LynnSt.Amour
isoneofthemostimportantpeople,eventhoughshe’snoteverbeenan
ICANN person, but the interrelationship between ISOC and ICANN is
important,andsheisevenbeyondhervery,verystrongroleatISOC,one
oftheimportantpeopleintheInternetcommunity.
So,letmeflagthatsheneedstobeinterviewed.Ihadnotknownabout
thecompetitionwithIFC.What…?AreyouawareofwhyISOCwentwith
youinsteadofthem?
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RAMMOHAN: Idon’tknowwhyISOCwentwithusinsteadofthem,butIknow…Ihave
asenseofwhyLynnwentwithusinsteadofthem.Ithinknumberone
was,therewasasenseofsharedmission,asenseofsharedprinciples,
therewasjustpersonalchemistrybetween…Therewasafewofuswho
interactedwithLynninthosedays,therewasHalLubsen,theCEO,Ken
Stubbs, myself, Roland [LaPlante], there were four or five of us, and
uniformly,therewasacommonsharedmission.
Theotherreason,Ibelieve,wasthatwewerefinanciallyfarmorestable
thanIFCwas,evenatthattime.Andthelastreasonwasthatwehad,we
wereabletodemonstratetoLynn,theleveloftechnicalinvestmentwe
weremakingintheregistrytechnology,intheDNSspace,andthelevel
ofcommitmentthatwehadtoit,wehadgrownfrom2001,wherewe
werefourpeopleinthecompany,wehadgrowninto-Attheendof2001,
therewereabout20people.Butoutofthe20people,about17ofthem
wereengineers.Right?AnditwasateamthatIhelpedgrow,butthere
wasaverystrong,clearfocuson:gettheengineeringright.Buildasolid
registry.Buildasolidsystem,right?AndIthinkthatmadeanimpression
becausewewerefocusedonthelongterm.
AndIthinkHalwasabletoshowthatthisisaprivatecompanythatwas
lookingfive,10yearsdowntheroad.
STEVECROCKER: YoumentionedthepresentationinBucharest-ithappensthatthatwas
myveryfirstICANNmeeting,anditalsohappensthatincheckinginfor
theflighttogotoBucharest,atWashingtonDullesAirport,andsothere
isnodirectflightfromWashingtontoBucharest,youflythrough,Ithink,
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Frankfurt,andsoI’mcheckinginontheflight,andtherewasawoman
nexttomecheckinginforthesameitinerary.Whatarethechances?
So,ofcourse,shewas,infact,goingtotheICANNmeeting,andwespent
theentireflight-shewassomewhatinvolvedwiththebiddingprocess
onthis.So,IhadnotbeeninvolvedbutIthoughtIknewsomethingabout
thecommunity,soIaskedhertowalkmethroughthe11bidders.
Shewalkedmethroughthe11bidders,andeachonewasacombination
of twoor threegroups, andmyheadwas spinning. I couldnotmake
sense.Icouldn’thandicap,IthoughtIoughttobeabletopickoutlikely
onesornot. So, Iwassurprised intheobjectivesenseofnothavinga
prediction,butverypleasantlyso,thatyouguyswonthebid.
Ithoughtthatwasanexcellentresult,andI’lljustnotefortherecordthat
it wasMiriam [Sapiro] who is another very interesting and important
persontotalktoatsomepoint. Whatweretheevaluationcriteria,do
youknow?
RAMMOHAN: Therewere,it’spublic.It’sstillontheICANNwebsite.Infact,allthebids
areuponthe ICANNwebsite,andtheevaluationcriteria. Therewere
threepiecestoit.Onewastechnical.Onehadtodowithsomethinglike
doing good, or social effectiveness, or something like that. I don’t
remembertheprecisewordsforit.
Where ISOC creamed the competition, right? And there was a third
componentwhichwas somesortofa consensusofopinion that came
fromagroupofacademicCIOs,whoevaluatedallofthebids,andcame
outwitharatingschemethatblendedthetechnicalviabilityofeachof
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thebids,andcameupwithanevaluationofwho,youknow,wasplaced
best.
Andinthatone,webeateverybodyelse.So,that’showitcameabout.
STEVECROCKER: So, are you saying that you came out in the top of two of those
categories?
RAMMOHAN: Twoofthethree,right? So, inthethird,which isapuretechone,we
cameinsecond.Therewassomeoneelsewhowasfirst,butwhenyou
tookitacrossallthree,weprevailed.
STEVECROCKER: Wow, that’s right. That’sverygood. Ihada slightlydifferentpicture,
but…
RAMMOHAN: Whatwasyourpicture?
STEVECROCKER: Itwas,soIdidn’tlookatthefirst…thedata…Ijust,somebodymadea
remark that thebidwasn’texcellentacross theboard,but itwasvery
goodacrosstheboard,andwhatyou’retellingmeisit’sevenbetterthan
Ihadremembered.SoIthoughtitwassortofchoppier,butthat’sgreat.
That’sgood.So,thatspeaksvery,verywellofyou.
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IfVeriSignwascompeting,Iimagineitwouldhavebeenextremelyhard
to showup compared to them in terms of a technical operation. So,
that’sspeaksextremelywell.
RAMMOHAN: Look,therewereacoupleofthingsthatweredifferent,right?VeriSign
didnotproposethenextgenerationoftechnologyatall.VeriSignhada
protocolcalledRegistryRegistrarProtocol,RRP,andtheirproposal,they
wererunningitonRRP.TheirproposalwastocontinuerunningitonRRP,
withnorisk,becauseitwasalreadyworking.
Well,ourbidproposedgoingtoanew,brandnewprotocol,thatactually
hadnotevengottentoRFCstatus.ItwasanIDdraft,itwasa06IDinthe
IETF,andwepickeditup,andtheysaid,we’regoingtodoit.It’sgoing
tobeXMLschema,XMLwasjustbrandnewatthattime.Wesaiditwas
goingtobeXMLschema.
Wesaidthat itwasgoingtobethickregistry, ithadneverbeendone.
Right?
STEVECROCKER: Andyou’vegotguyslikeVintontheBoardwhoaredoingtheevaluation,
Icanjustsee,yes,that’sexactlyright.Godothat.
RAMMOHAN: So,IthinkthathelpedqualifyushigherthanVeriSign,becausewewere…
Ifyoulookatit,weweretakingbiggerrisks,right?Wewerethe…There
wereonlytwobidsofthe11thatproposedanopensourcedatabase;we
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wereoneofthem.Becauseweproposedrunningtheentireregistryon
postgreSQL,right?
Andtherewasanopensourcedatabase,andintheevaluationprocess,
theISOCAfiliasgotwackedbadlybyallofthecompetitors,VeriSignhad
a senior vice-president from IBM. They were using DB2. From IBM,
commentinginthepubliccomments,putanabsolute,youknow,helland
damnationonopensourceingeneral,andpostgreSQLinspecific,right?
AndIforgetwhotheothercompanywas. MaybeitwasNeustar,they
wereusingOracle,andtheyhadanOracleVPcominginandsayinghow
open sourcewas unsafe. The codewasmade public and therefore it
couldbeexploited, right? Andwhen I saw that, Iwasactually feeling
prettygoodbecausethereweretechiesontheBoardwhowouldlookat
thatandseeitforthelieitwas.
STEVECROCKER: Right.Veryinteresting.Ihadn’taclueaboutallofthat,that’sinteresting.
Today,andprettyearlyon,andIwantyoutospeaktoit,anotherentity
emergedoutofthisprocess,PublicInterestRegistry,PIR.Wheredidthat
comeaboutintheprocess?ButtheoriginalideawhenAfiliaswentand
spoketoISOC,wasforISOCtobetheregistryoperator,andfortheAfilias
tobetheregistryserviceprovider.
Andthatallofthemoneythatwouldcomeoutoftheregistrationsofdot
orgwouldgotoISOC,andISOCwouldpayAfiliasafeeforrunningthe
service.But,theISOCBoard,thetwothings,atleast,thatIremember,
werethefactorof–andLynnwillknowmore-butthefirstwasthisdesire
toputalittlebitofdistancebetweenICANNandISOC.
InterviewwithRamMohan EN
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But the second more important factor was that there was a clear
probabilityofissuewiththe501c3non-for-profittaxstatusofISOC.And
asaresult,ISOCdecidedtogocreatePublicInterestRegistry,anewnon-
for-profit,inwhichitwouldbethesolestakeholder.Andgetalittlebit
moreprotectionfrom…foritstaxstatus.
STEVECROCKER: Wasthisafteryoutwohadwonthebid?
RAMMOHAN: Yeah.Thecompanywasnotformeduntilthebidwascreated,because
we didn’t want to waste themoney. ISOC didn’t want to spend the
money.ButintheapplicationitselftoICANNatthattime,thewayitwas
createdwas,thebidwaspresentedbytheInternetSocietyfordotorg,
whenyouopenedupthebidandyoureadit,whattheapplicationsaid
was,theInternetSocietywilluseAfiliasasaregistryprovider.
AndtheagreementthatISOCandAfiliashadatthattimewas:Solongas
you’veorg,we’vegotorg,butthebiditselfforICANN,itsaid,shouldwe
prevail,wewill create anewentity called thePublic InterestRegistry,
whichwillhaveamissiontobeanexemplaryregistrytosettheexample
fortheworldofregistryproviders,whichwouldbeaseparateentitywith
itsownBoard,withitsowngovernancestructure,etc.
Anotforprofitorganization.So,ICANNknewthattherewasgoingtobe
actuallyanewentity,butifthebidwas…
InterviewwithRamMohan EN
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STEVECROCKER: Andwasthatanissueatallinthedialogueabouttheevaluation?Ordid
itraiseanyquestionsaboutwhotheyweredealingwith?
RAMMOHAN: The competitors were allowed to comment on each of the other
competitors’bids.Competitorsraisedthatasanissue,andsaidthatthis
wasunnecessary complexity, and in addition, theyalso raised the fact
thatpointsshouldbetakenawayfromtheISOCbid,becausetherewas
thisideatocreateanewentity,withanunknowngovernancestructure,
unknownBoard,etc.
Andthatanypoints thatweregoingtobegivento ISOC,shouldallbe
taken away, because the actual entity that was going to run it was
unknown.
STEVECROCKER: Interesting.Youmentionedawordthatresonatedalotwithme,thatPIR
wasgoingtobeanexemplaryregistry.So,Ijustwanttoflagthatthereis
another story and thread there about the role PIR played in the
constellation of registries, because the initial structure was VeriSign
runningcomandnet,andithadorg.
AndwhendidNeustarcomealonginthis…?
RAMMOHAN: 2001.
STEVECROCKER: 2001.
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Page21of25
RAMMOHAN: December2001.
STEVECROCKER: And so thosewere established registries, and nowwe’re bringing in…
Were there any others? Thereweren’t. So, we’re bringing in a new
registry,andwhen Igot involved, I sawthat ICANNhadsome,a lotof
bureaucracyandastrongsenseofrestraintaboutwhatitcoulddoand
howitshouldbehave.
Soeventhoughitwantedtoactgenerally inthepublic interest, italso
feltobligedtobesomewhatneutral,andnotapplytoomuchpressure
when[inaudible].So,Ihadathought,andIhadmultiplerolesinallof
thisbecauseIwasontheISOCBoardforaperiodoftime,afterthebid,I
wasontheISOCBoardfrom2003until2006.
Andbythattime,thingswereupandrunning,butstillatanearlystage.
AndIremember,expressingto,actuallytoPIR…Iwasinvitedtogivea
talktotheiradvisorycommittee,andtothestaffoneevening,thatPIR
hadanatural, very special roleofbeingexactly thewordyou said, an
exemplary registry. Exemplary in three dimensions. They should be
exemplaryasabusiness.
Theyshouldactuallybesuccessfulasabusiness. There isnoquestion
aboutthat.Theyshouldbesuccessfulinleadershipofcleanoperation.
Andtheyshouldbeexemplaryasathoughtleaderinthecommunity.
InterviewwithRamMohan EN
Page22of25
WecouldlookbackathowPIRfaredinallofthis.Somegood,somefall
short of expectations, but generally pretty good. But I’m glad you
mentionedthat,becauseitresonatedverystronglywithme.
We’renearingtimeforthissession.Butwedohavetimefor,afewmore
minutes. Another short story, or a thought, or an embellishment, or
suggestionsforhowweshouldproceedwiththis?
RAMMOHAN: I’dlovetohearyourstoryofwhyyoudecidedtoagreetoVint’scallto
comeandchairSSAC.
STEVECROCKER: Thiswouldbe,asmysonwouldsay,averyhumblestory,andsince,and
that’sapejorativeterm…I’llgobackafewyears.Ihadbeeninvolvedin
averyaggressivestart-uptopioneermovingfinancialtransactionsonthe
Internet, a company calledCyberCash. Founded in ‘90… We started
discussions in ’93, foundedin ’94. I joined it. Wehadaveryfastrise,
wentpublicrightaway,andthengotintoprogressivetrouble.
InJuneof’98,Ileftthecompany.AndIsentnotesouttovariousfriends
that Iwasoutof it. Averyold friend,BobMetcalfe,whowasawell-
knownguy,sentmebackanotesaying,don’tdoanythingforsixmonths.
AndIsaid,really?Hesaidyeah.
Itookthesummeroff,andthengraduallystartedtolookfortrouble.And
Igotinvolvedinastart-upofmyown,anditdiedacoupleofyearslater.
So,thesequencein2001was9/11hit,andthathadabroadscaleeffect,
InterviewwithRamMohan EN
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andamongotherthings,itabsolutelysealedthefateofthiscompanythat
wewerestrugglingwith.
AndonHalloween,October31st,weclosedthedoors.So,attheendof
October,2001,Iamunemployed.Iamingoodfinancialshapepersonally.
TheCyberCashventureandpreviouslyhadputmeingoodshape.So,
I’mnowatastage inmy lifewhere I’m, Ihavea lotof freedomthat I
neverhadbefore,andI’msortoflookingaroundforwhattodo.
AndVintcallsmeup.AndIhadwatchedfromafarthecreationofICANN,
butIhadn’tbeeninvolved.Andhesaid,explainedthat…So,oneofthe
consequences of the 9/11 event was that ICANN, like every other
organization in the world, said security is important, and they held a
symposiuminMarinadelReyinNovember,ifIrecall.Iwasnotthere.
RAMMOHAN: Iwasthere.
STEVECROCKER: Andyouwerethere.
RAMMOHAN: Therewassevenofus.
STEVECROCKER: And therewas somevery goodpresentations,whichare still available
online.AndVinthadexplainedthatthathadhappenedandtheintention
wastocreateanAdvisoryCommittee,andifIwouldjust…VintandIgo
InterviewwithRamMohan EN
Page24of25
way,wayback.IfIwouldjuststepinandgetitgoing.Sixmonthswould
beenough.
So,Iknewfullwellthatwasanunderestimatetosaytheveryleast.But
I thought itwould be fun, and I had some background in that. I had
previouslybeenthefirstareadirectorforsecurityintheIETF.So,when
the security areawasput together in the IETF, and theywere looking
aroundforsomebodytodo,Iwoundupwiththatjob.
Sothiswas,inaway,related,sortofanaturalsegueinanotherway.And
asIsaid,itcaughtmeatapointintimewhenIhadfreetime,andwas
lookingforvariousinvolvements.Itookonthreeseparateinvolvements,
butthisone-Oneofthemdiedaway.OneofthewasthecompanyIhad
created,andoneofthemwasgettinginvolvedwithICANN.
AndIenjoyedit.IlikedthechallengeofstructuringSSACandtryingto
getanagendatogetherandasenseofdirection.Thepeopleweregood,
and ICANN,my reaction to ICANNwasnotasnegativeas someof the
peopleyouknow,Irecognizedthepolitics,butIalsorecognizedthatit
hadapositivemission.
Andinatleastafewcases,thereweresomefantasticpeople,ofwhich
youareatthetopofmylist.
RAMMOHAN: You’reverykind.
STEVECROCKER: No,trulyso.Thatoneofthepersonalpleasures,inadditiontopeopleI
alreadyknewlikeVintorothers,butintermsofnewpeople,Iwasat,sort
InterviewwithRamMohan EN
Page25of25
of,laterstageinlifewasgettingtoknowyou.You’reanamazingperson,
butthat’smaybeaseparatestory.Andso,that’stheanswertohowIgot
involved,andthenitwasalong,downhillslidefromtheretochairingthe
Board.
RAMMOHAN: CharingtheBoard,yes.AndthenyouenticedmetogetontheBoard,
afteryou.
STEVECROCKER: Yeah,sothereisanothersetofstories. Thankyouverymuch. You’ve
nowseentheattemptataprocesshere.Youareherebyinductedinto
theadvisoryprocessforthis,aswellasaprimarycontributor.
[ENDOFTRANSCRIPTION]