Ramu Conservation

8/6/2019 Ramu Conservation

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introduction

Farm Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) include allanimal species, breeds and strains (and their wild

relatives) that are of economic, scientific and cultural

interest to humankind in terms of food and agricultural

production for the present or in the future.

There are some 40 species and 7616 breeds of AnGR that

have been domesticated during the past 10,000 to 12,000

years.


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With the introduction of industrial farm

production bio-diversity is vanishing atrapid rate;

every year about 34,000 plant and 5,200animal species disappear, a rate 50-100

times higher than the losses expectedthrough natural processes.

About 1,000 of the 7,616 recognizedlivestock & poultry breeds extinct in thelast 100 years, and 300 of these aloneduring the last 15 years.


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Another 2,000 breeds are at stake if nocounter measures for their conservation aretaken .India registerd 129 breed in NBAGRAmong the domesticated breeds 1-2 breedsare lost every week FAO reported that -World watch listdomesticated animal diversity 6300 breeds-belong to 30 species


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Genetic Diversity in AnGR in India(Number of breeds)

Species As per World Watch List As per Indian literature

Cattle 70 30

Buffalo 20 10

Yak 5 NilSheep 62 42

Goat 34 20

Horse 7 6Donkey 3 Nil

Camel 9 (+1 Bactrian) 8

Pig 8 Nil

Rabbit 3 Nil

Fowl 19 15

Quail 2 Nil

Duck 6 Nil

NBAGR, 2009


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JUSTIFICATION

FOR

CONSERVATION

OR

REASON?Economic and biological reasons:Scientific reasons:Historical and cultural reasons

Environmental considerationEnergy sources


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Economic and biological reasons:

A. Genetic variation both within andbetween breeds is the raw material withwhich the animal breeder works.Therefore, any loss of genetic variationwill limit our capacity to respond to

changes in economic forces for theexploitation of animal production infuture.


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Breeds with specific qualities like ,Disease resistance , protozoan diseases

Heat tolerance,

Ability to survive and produce under stress

low input and produce good product like

meat,milk,

etc..


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Contin

Future requirements of type and quality of animal produce (milk, draught power) maychange and this requires conservation of animals with better performance in specificproduction traits.


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Magnitude of heterosis depends upon thebreeds crossed.

For exploiting the heterosis in animalproduction, it is necessary to maintainbreeds which are complementary to eachother and on crossing result in maximumheterosis.


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2. Scientific reasonsBreeds with unique physiological or other traits are of great value as they provide missing links in the genetichistory of a livestock species by The study of blood groupsThe study polymorphic traits.To identify the dna sequences causing the distinctive

traits,Preservation of breeds with unique traits will beessential for long term research in molecular

engineering.


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To evaluate the magnitude of genetic change due toselection, maintenance of a sample as controlpopulation is very much essential.

Investigations in different areas likePhysiology,Biochemistry,

Genetics immunology, etc.Require maintenance of diverse populations.


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Variety of populations are an asset forresearch work in biological evolution,behavioural studies, etc.Diverse populations form an excellent

teaching material for students of animalscience, ecology, etc.


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3. Historical and cultural reasons

Conservation of historically important,culturally interesting and visually unusualand attractive population is very importantfor education, tourism etc. Further,conservation of breedsCan be a valuable material of nature and

culture,


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Serve as research and teaching material inhistory and ethnography,Will be preservation of populations withdiverse sizes, colours and other morphologicalfeatures, for aesthetic reasons, and

Need be done to take care of existence of different creations of the nature for posterity.


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4.Environmental consideration

Every organism has its own role to playwith in an ecosystem

Loss of germplasm has adverse effect onthe ecosystem

which is hazardous to the existing mankindDomesticated breed integral part of ourecosystem


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5. Energy source

India has number of good drought breedsof cattle used to perform number of agricultural operation before intensificationof the mechanized agricultureNon-renewable source of energy mayexhausted sooner or laterIn such condition animal drought powerwill be required


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Status of breedss,.no Status Number

1 Normal >10,000

2 Insecure 10,000 5,000

3 Vulnerable 1,000 5,000

4 Endangered 100 1,000

5 Critical < 100


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MECHANISM OF CONSERVING CATTLE

GENETIC RESOURCES

Once genetic resources have beenidentified and characterized, two basicconservation activities can be followed,In situ

Ex situ.


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IN SITU CONSERVATION

In situ conservation requires establishment of live animalbreeding farms and their maintenance. The generation andloss of alleles is a dynamic process that should bemaintained at close equilibrium through soundmanagement.

In situ conservation strategies emphasize wise use of indigenous cattle genetic resources by establishing andimplementing breeding goals and strategies for animalsustainable production systems.Information for animal recording and breeding is wellestablished in developed countries through breedingassociations which zealously protect the interest of breedsincluding rare ones


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Types of insitu conservation

Active processbreed development and breeding

programesPassive process

only maintenance of animal in theirnatural environment


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MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF IN-

SITU CONSERVATION:1. Live animals can be evaluated and improved over the years.2. Genetic defects can be detected and eliminated.

3.

Live

animals

are

always

available

for

immediate

use.4. They are a gene bank for future use.5. They are a constant reminder that the needs of

posterity must be considered.


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Contin .,6. The herd may have some economic advantages (heat tolerance, disease resistance) which can be exploited and so render the enterprise economically viable.7. The produce from live animals partly compensates the expenditure, if not entirely.8. From aesthetic point of view, the live animals are,

visible,

a

pleasure

to

look

at,

the

people

are

delighted

to see variety of animals and have some cultural value.


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THE MAJOR LIMITATION OF LIVE

ANIMAL CONSERVATIONWhile fixing the number for preservation of a breed,The cost of maintenance, Availability of animals and rate of inbreeding should be taken into consideration.

With small population size, the effective population size decreases and the genetic structure of the population is affected due to inbreeding and random drift.

Many

models

are

now

available

which

reduce

inbreeding

to

a minimum, but random drift over long periods may lead to a population very different in genetic composition from the initial one.


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Cont..,Gene X environment interactions is another disadvantage.In situ conservation involves

A

large

infrastructure

of

land,Buildings,Feed and fodder resources,

Water supply,Labour,

Technical

and

supervisory

man

power,

etc.


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EX SITU CONSERVATION

Ex-situ conservation includes cryogenicpreservation.It is the storage of genetic resources, which the

farmers are currently not interested in using.

Ex situ conservation is based on the use of liveanimals populations wherever practicable,supported by cryopreservation wheretechnology exists or can be developed,combining within-country gene banks with

global repositories.


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Interested governments, norgovernmentalorganizations, research institutions andprivate enterprises should be encouraged tomaintain in vivo samples of breeds at risk,with national inventories being establishedand kept up to date so that the geneticresources are readily available for use and

study.


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Advantages

1. If the preservation is to maintain populations without genetic change, it can be best done by cryogenic storage as it is difficult to breed many generations of animals without any change in thegenetic structure.2. The resources requirement for in situ preservation isquite large as compared to cryogenic methods.


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Limitations

1. Ex situ preservation using frozen semen delays therestoration of a breed as it can be restored in the futureonly by upgrading. But this could be overcome throughpreservation of embryos.

2. Another important factor is the danger faced by a breedrestored from cryogenic preservation from importantchanges in the environment like germs, climate, etc., thathave taken place over the years.3. Variability in cryogenic storage of germplasm,accessibility to their physical location, ownership,behaviour of animal, response of germplasm to freezing

and thawing techniques, and poor conception rate.


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EX SITU/CRYOGENIC PRESERVATION

INCLUDES1. Preservation of frozen semen2. Preservation of oocytes3. Preservation of embryos4. Preservation of ovaries

5. Use of embryonic stem cells or blastomeres6. Production of chimeras7. Production of embryos in vitro8. Embryo splitting9. Transgenesis

10. DNA libraries


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Semen preservation:Semen cryopreservation and artificial inseminationare important tools of animal improvement with vastscope of genetic improvement, conserving indigenouscattle resources because of their simplicity and

relatively cheaper costs.Semen storage and distribution activities are beingcarried out in a few well known indigenous milch

cattle.Still, many breeds like Amrithmahal, Dangi, Gaolao,and Punganur lack such facilities. Spermatozoa may also be collected from the epidydimis


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Oocyte preservation :

This method provides an opportunity for conserving

females in the same way as sperm is conserved.

The oocyte can be recovered by surgery, laparotomy or

slaughtering of donor animals. The frozen thawed oocyte

can be used for IVF successfully .

The immature and mature oocyte from slaughteredanimals could be useful in near future for cryopreservation

of genetic material of endangered breeds.


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3. Embryo preservation:

The main advantage of cryopreservation of embryo over that of sperm

or oocyte is that it contains the complete genome.

The embryo transfer technique coupled with micro manipulation,

embryo sexing and splitting are more useful and economical to carry out ex situ conservation of animal genetic resources.

This technique is very useful in conservation of genetic resources by

rapid multiplication of superior or rare germplasm. MOET can be usedin resurrecting the endangered cattle breeds like Sahiwal, Punganur

and Vechur.


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Preserving of ovaries :

The preservation of slices of ovaries in liquid nitrogenis a new technology which may be of great use in

conservation of animal genetic resources.The ovary slices might be transferable into suitable

recipients to obtain oocytes which can be fertilized.


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5. Embryonic stem cell and nuclei :

Preservation of embryonic stem cells could representan important method of genome conservation and

would be helpful in propagating animals from a singleembryo of elite or rare animals belonging to

endangered breed/species.


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6. Chimaeras :

Chimaeras mean the animals having body cell

population with different karyotypes which have beenformed from two or more zygotes with different

karyotypes.Chimeric embryos have been frequently made by the

aggregation of cells from two individual embryos or by injecting cells from one embryo into the blastocyst

cavity of another embryo.


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So long as cells from both embryos are represented inthe inner cell mass, the composite embryo will developinto a chimaeric animal.A more important aspect of chimaerism in geneticconservation is the potential use for inter speciesembryo transfer.Using this technology sheep have been born to goat

foster mother and vice versa.This would be especially important if it was a speciesrather than a breed of animal that was on the verge of

extinction.


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7. Production of embryos in vitro :

This technology involves salvaging mature oocyte from ovaries of

slaughtered animals and developing methods for theirmaturation, fertilization and in vitro culture for normal

embryonic development.

For conservation of rare breeds, such a method could provide an

opportunity to salvage a few oocytes from the ovaries of rare and

superior animals even after their normal reproductive life and to

produce some blastocysts for conservation by deep freezing.


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Embryo splitting :

Embryo splitting is more advantageous in thecircumstances where only few embryos of particular

genotype or breed or species are available.This technique of manipulating embryos could be

helpful in producing more number of animals from afew stored embryos of rare and endangered animals.


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9. Transgenesis : Recent developments in molecular biology have enabled introduction of specific genes into the animal genome.

A small amount of DNA is injected into the nucleus of an egg soon afterfertilization.

In some instances the DNA becomes integrated into the chromosomes and

an embryo and foetus develops in which all the nuclei contain copies of theinserted gene.

As any sequence can be spliced with any other (Anderson, 1986),

transportation of genes across breeds and species is possible by recombinant DNA techniques.

Successful microinjection of genes in mice embryo and their expression


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10. DNA libraries :

Theoretically, an animal can be produced from its

complete DNA complement. However, at presenttechnical developments are limited to the

identification and manipulation of only a few genes.But the direction in which technical advancements are

taking place gives an indication that in futurebreeds/species can be reconstructed from their DNA

complements


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SPECIES SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

s.no species Breed at risk

1 CATTLE Red Sindhi ,Sahiwal ,Tharparkar, and Gir, Kankrej and

Ongole ,Punganur, Red Kandhari, Vechur, Bhagnari,Deoani, Lohani, Bengal, Hill, Kachcha Siri, Tarai,Umblacherry

2 BUFFALOES Toda , Nilli ravi ,Bhadawari3 SHEEP the 42 breeds of sheep, all the breeds of Jammu &

Kashmir and other indigenous breeds like Pugal, Nilgiriand Garole need immediate steps for preservation

4 GOAT Beetal , barbari, jamunapari, surti,jhakrana, chegu,changthangi5 CAMEL Double humped, jaisalmeri,sindhi6 HORSE Bhutia,manipuri,7 POULTRY All breeds


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INDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK AREThe intensive efforts being made to introduce superior

germplasm to overcome the low production of the

local genotypes, without any consideration to the local

ecological and socio economic situation (demand for

increased milk production and introduction of exotic

milk breeds of cattle like Jersey,Holstein),

b. No serious organized effort in maintaining the

purity of the breeds .


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Changes in cropping pattern and increased

mechanization of agriculture with neglect of

indigenous draught breeds of cattle.

The global awareness for conservation of domestic

animal diversity was touched up on at the

International Conference held in Rome in 1936, which

resulted in several recommendations being made in

this regard


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Steps taken in IndiaIn India the need for conservation of animal genetic resourceshas now "become clear, and the lack of necessary documentationand evaluation has been recognized. A National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources and one for fish have beensanctioned, which will have the following functions:To undertake systematic cataloguing of animal germ plasm andto establish a data bank and information service on animalgenetic resources.Identification, evaluation, cataloguing and conservation of herds

or flocks identified as valuable for purposes of conservationconsisting of important indigenous breeds of livestock andpoultry in the country.To undertake survey for the evaluation of merits or attributes of

breeds discovered recently or threatened with extinction.


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Formulation of criteria and parameters to enableidentification of animals and flocks of superior geneticmerit or worthiness for conservation. To take steps forthe preservation of germ plasm both as live animals orby setting up frozen semen and embryo banks.Documentation of pertinent information in regard toidentity of herds and flocks on a computer readable

format.Processing of information collected under surveyscarried out for the identification of valuable animal

resources material.Dissemination of information in a cogent manner toenable individuals and agencies to use information in

regard to the available animal genetic resources,


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Maintenance of national/international liaison with

institutions concerned with similar work.Rendering financial assistance to universities, IGAR institutes and government and private bodies, wheremaintenance of such valuable germ plasm isconsidered desirable.Monitoring of the entire improvement programmeand maintenance of rare breeds/herds/ flocks in thecountry.Monitoring of new introduction of animal germ plasmand new synthetics.To stimulate programmes for improvement in the various breeds and to give adequate financial andtechnical support to these


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Such information would allow the best utilization of genetic resources in cattle and buffaloes and otherspecie s.5. Properly designed selection experiments should becarried out for important indigenous breeds which are notinvolved in genetic improvement experiments throughcrossbreeding.6. Since sizeable populations of different crossbreds areavailable around a number of milk shed areas, suchpopulations should be utilized for performance recording

and progeny testing of crossbred sires, in order to take fulladvantage of crossbreeding, progeny tested half bred bullsshould be used for the development of new breeds/strains

adapted to the given environment.


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7. The present evaluation of different breeds and breed crosses

is being done only under intensive management system. Suchevaluation should be done under intensive, medium and low

input (as close to the existing practices in the farmers fields aspossible) so that the most efficient genotypes for each of these

management levels could be identified.

8. A number of native breeds, strains or varieties are, or may

be, in danger of genetic dilution through indiscriminate

crossbreeding with exotic breeds. Such native breeds should

be identified, so that they can be evaluated before this process

leads to their essential loss.


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Some native breeds are in danger of losing genes for

high production because high performing animals are

withdrawn from breeding populations for use in units

of high production and/or subsequent slaughter (e.g.

city milk production in India or slaughter animals

closen because of large size). Such breeds should be

identified and breeding units kept intact.


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Strategies for CharacterizationIdentification and listing of all the available animalgenetic resources.Breed description and characterization to understand theirunique qualities and potential contributions.Prioritizing the breed for characterization andconservation based on their population structure,economic utility and genetic diversity.Establishment of breed societies for conservation of thebreed in-situ.Creation of data-base on indigenous animal geneticresources.Development of technology for collection and freezing of genetic material.Documentation and creation of mass awareness.


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METHOD OF CHARACTERIZATIONDecide Mark the breeding tractSelect the random sampleConduct complte survey Collection of data General information

Demographic

details

Morphological featuresEconomic trait production & reproduction trait

Manage mental system

Collection of blood samples


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Dna isolation high salt method

Checking agorose gelSelcetion of primer specific PcrDna sequencing


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Use of Characterization by Molecular Genetic tools

Genetic distinctness of breed/ populationInbreeding level in the population

Population bottleneck in the pastEvolutionary pattern of the breed/

populationGenetic endangerment level

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Ramu Conservation

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