RANGE_OF_V1

8/9/2019 RANGE_OF_V1

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Range of V1Range of V1

Performance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations EngineeringPerformance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations Engineering

November 2001November 2001


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Range of V1. 2

What is V1?What is V

1?

V1 is the speed at which the takeoffshould be continued unless thestopping maneuver has already beeninitiated

V1 is the speed at which the takeoffshould be continued unless thestopping maneuver has already beeninitiated


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Range of V1. 3

Pilots definition of V1Pilots definition of V1V1 - The speed selected for each takeoff, based

upon approved performance data and specified

conditions, which represents:

V1 - The speed selected for each takeoff, basedupon approved performance data and specified

conditions, which represents: The maximum speed by which a rejected takeoff must beinitiated to assure that a safe stop can be completed withintheremaining runway, or runway and stopway;

The maximum speed by which a rejected takeoff must beinitiated to assure that a safe stop can be completed withintheremaining runway, or runway and stopway;

The minimum speed which assures that a takeoff can besafely completed within the remaining runway, or runway andclearway, after failure of the most critical engine at adesignated speed; and

The minimum speed which assures that a takeoff can besafely completed within the remaining runway, or runway andclearway, after failure of the most critical engine at a

designated speed; and

(AC 120-62)(AC 120-62)

The single speed which permits a successful stop orcontinued takeoff when operating at the minimum

allowable field length for a particular weight.

The single speed which permits a successful stop orcontinued takeoff when operating at the minimumallowable field length for a particular weight.


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Range of V1. 4


Definitions

Physical Representation Graphical Presentation

Available V1 Range

Examples

Reduced V1 Policy

Definitions


Available V1 Range

Examples

Reduced V1 Policy


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Range of V1. 5

DefinitionsDefinitions

VEF Engine Failure Speed - The speed at

which the critical engine becomes inoperative

VEF Engine Failure Speed - The speed at

which the critical engine becomes inoperative VR Rotation Speed - The speed at which the

rotation from three point attitude to the takeoff

attitude is initiated.

VR Rotation Speed - The speed at which therotation from three point attitude to the takeoff

attitude is initiated. VLOF Lift-off Speed - The speed at which the

airplane becomes airborne. VLOF Lift-off Speed - The speed at which the

airplane becomes airborne.

V2 Takeoff Safety Speed - The target speedto be attained at the screen height (e.g. 35 ft),assuming one engine inoperative and rotation

initiated at V R

V2 Takeoff Safety Speed - The target speedto be attained at the screen height (e.g. 35 ft),assuming one engine inoperative and rotation

initiated at V R


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Range of V1. 6

Definitions (contd)Definitions (contd)

VMCG Ground Minimum Control Speed - Thespeed during the takeoff run at which, when thecritical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it ispossible to maintain directional control of theairplane using rudder alone, without deviating

from the runway centerline by more than 30 ft.

VMCG Ground Minimum Control Speed - Thespeed during the takeoff run at which, when thecritical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it ispossible to maintain directional control of theairplane using rudder alone, without deviating

from the runway centerline by more than 30 ft. VMBE Maximum Brake Energy Speed - The

highest speed from which the airplane may be

brought to a stop without exceeding themaximum energy absorption capability of thebrakes. Maximum Brake Energy Speed is

compared in takeoff planning to V 1.

VMBE Maximum Brake Energy Speed - Thehighest speed from which the airplane may be

brought to a stop without exceeding themaximum energy absorption capability of thebrakes. Maximum Brake Energy Speed is

compared in takeoff planning to V 1.


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Range of V1. 7

Definitions (contd)Definitions (contd)

V1/VR Speed Ratio - The ratio of V1 to therotation speed VR. Used to generalize data forgraphical presentation.

V1/VR Speed Ratio - The ratio of V1 to therotation speed VR. Used to generalize data forgraphical presentation.

Standard V1/VR - The V1/VR speed ratio definedby the one engine inoperative field length limitedcondition. Commonly used in Boeing takeoff

analysis software.

Standard V1/VR - The V1/VR speed ratio definedby the one engine inoperative field length limitedcondition. Commonly used in Boeing takeoff

analysis software.


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Range of V1. 8


Definitions


Available V1 Range

Examples

Reduced V1 Policy

Definitions


Available V1 Range

Examples

Reduced V1 Policy


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Range of V1. 9

V1 is selected to ensure:V1 is selected to ensure:

V1V1

All EngineAll Engine

VEFVEF

Engine InopEngine Inop

- Greater than or equal to VMCG- Greater than or equal to VMCG

- Less than or equal to VR- Less than or equal to VR

- Less than or equal to VMBE- Less than or equal to VMBE

- Stop on available surface- Stop on available surface

VRVR VLOFVLOF

V2V2

- Go with engine inoperative- Go with engine inoperative

35 ft35 ft


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Range of V1. 10

FAR takeoff field length is the longer of:FAR takeoff field length is the longer of: Engine Inoperative Accelerate-Go Distance:Engine Inoperative Accelerate-Go Distance:

Brake Release Brake Release

One Engine InopAcceleration

One Engine InopAcceleration

All EngineAcceleration


VEFVEF V1V1 VRVR VLOFVLOF V2V2

35 ft35 ft

X 1.15X 1.15

Accelerate-Stop Distance:Accelerate-Stop Distance:

FULL STOPFULL STOP All Engine

Acceleration


EVENTEVENT V1V1 VBVB

BABA TCTC SPSP


115% All Engine Distance to 35 ft:115% All Engine Distance to 35 ft:

All Engine AccelerationAll Engine Acceleration

VRVR VLOFVLOF V2V2

35 ft35 ft



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Range of V1. 11

V1 - Distance RelationshipsV1 - Distance Relationships (Constant Gross Weight)(Constant Gross Weight)

V1V1

35 ft35 ftBrake Release

Brake Release

StopStop

Low V1Low V1


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Range of V1. 12


V1V1


Brake Release

StopStop

Mid V1Mid V1


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Range of V1. 13


V1V1


Brake Release

StopStop

High V1High V1

Note: 115% All Engine Takeoff Distance is not affected by V1 choice

Note: 115% All Engine Takeoff Distance is

not affected by V1 choice


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Range of V1. 14

Why a range of V1?Why a range of V1?

EVEN THOUGH ANY VALUE IN THE ALLOWABLERANGE OF V1 MEETS REGULATORYREQUIREMENTS, ONLY ONE V1 SHOULD BESELECTED FOR EACH SCHEDULED TAKEOFF. TOAID IN THIS SELECTION, THE FOLLOWING FACTSSHOULD BE CONSIDERED:

EVEN THOUGH ANY VALUE IN THE ALLOWABLERANGE OF V1 MEETS REGULATORYREQUIREMENTS, ONLY ONE V1 SHOULD BESELECTED FOR EACH SCHEDULED TAKEOFF. TOAID IN THIS SELECTION, THE FOLLOWING FACTSSHOULD BE CONSIDERED:


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Range of V1. 15

Why a range of V1 ?(contd)Why a range of V1 ?(contd)

1. The stopping margins are increased for a rejected takeoff.(increased stopping margin is helpful on runways with

reduced braking capability)

1. The stopping margins are increased for a rejected takeoff.(increased stopping margin is helpful on runways with

reduced braking capability)

WHEN A LOW V 1 IS SELECTED:

(FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)

WHEN A LOW V 1 IS SELECTED: (FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)

2. There is additional margin from Brake Energy Limits2. There is additional margin from Brake Energy Limits

3. There may be only the minimum required clearance overthe end of the runway if it is necessary to continue thetakeoff after an engine failure.

3. There may be only the minimum required clearance overthe end of the runway if it is necessary to continue thetakeoff after an engine failure.


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Range of V1. 16

Why a range of V1 ?(contd)Why a range of V1 ?(contd)

1. The margins are increased for a continued takeoff.(required takeoff distance is less; V2 is reached at an earlier

point)

1. The margins are increased for a continued takeoff.(required takeoff distance is less; V2 is reached at an earlier

point)

WHEN A HIGH V 1 IS SELECTED:

(FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)

WHEN A HIGH V 1 IS SELECTED: (FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)

2. There is additional margin from Ground Minimum ControlLimits

2. There is additional margin from Ground Minimum ControlLimits

3. There may be only the minimum required on stoppingdistance (the entire runway may be required if the takeoff isrejected at V1

3. There may be only the minimum required on stoppingdistance (the entire runway may be required if the takeoff isrejected at V1


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Range of V1. 17


Definitions


Available V1 Range

Examples

Reduced V1 Policy

Definitions


Available V1 Range

Examples

Reduced V1 Policy


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Range of V1. 18

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

V1 Accel-Go Accel-StopV1 Accel-Go Accel-Stop

180000 kg 130 kts 12050 ft 6025 ft180000 kg 130 kts 12050 ft 6025 ft140 kts 11220 ft 6910 ft140 kts 11220 ft 6910 ft

150 kts 10250 ft 7890 ft150 kts 10250 ft 7890 ft


150 kts 8430 ft 7450 ft150 kts 8430 ft 7450 ft 160000 kg 130 kts 8440 ft 5310 ft160000 kg 130 kts 8440 ft 5310 ft

140 kts 7660 ft 6190 ft140 kts 7660 ft 6190 ft

150 kts 6870 ft 7050 ft150 kts 6870 ft 7050 ft

TEMP = 15C ELEV = SEA LEVEL NO WIND NO SLOPE A/C ON

FLAPS 5

TEMP = 15C ELEV = SEA LEVEL NO WIND NO SLOPE A/C ON FLAPS 5


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Range of V1. 19

V1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-StopV1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-Stop

A c c e l - G o R e q u i r e d

A c c e l - G o R

e q u i r e d

A c c

e l - S t o

p R e q u

i r e d

A c c

e l - S t o

p R e q u

i r e d

Balanced Field Length

Balanced Field

Length V1

(X-Plot)(X-Plot)


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Range of V1. 20

V1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-StopV1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-Stop (Web chart)(Web chart) Constant Pressure Alt, Temp, Wind, Slope

1 6 0 t

1 7 0 t

1 8 0 t

V 1

= 1 3

0 k t

s

V 1 =

1 4 0

k t s

V 1

= 1 5 0

k t s


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Range of V1. 21

Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE

E N

G I N E I N O P

E R A T I V E

C O R R E C T E D T A K E

O F F D I S T A

N C E

CORRECTEDCORRECTED

C O R R E C T E D

C O R R E C T E D

S p e e d R

a t i o ,

V 1 / V R

i n c r e a s i n g


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Range of V1. 22

Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE

E N

G I N E I N O P

E R A T I V E

C O R R E C T E D T A K E

O F F D I S T A

N C E

C o r r e c t e d R u n w a y L e n g t h

i n c r e

a s i n g


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Range of V1. 23

Corrected Runway Length:Corrected Runway Length:

One Engine InoperativeCorrected Runway Length

(CRL) generalizes:

One Engine InoperativeCorrected Runway Length

(CRL) generalizes:

Temperature Temperature Gross Weight Gross Weight

Altitude Altitude


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Range of V1. 25

Engine Inoperative Corrected Takeoff DistanceEngine Inoperative Corrected Takeoff Distance

ACTUAL RUNWAY LENGTH - 1000 M

ENGINE INOPERATIVE CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE - 1000 M

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ENGINE INOPERATIVE CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CLEARWAY

SLOPE

WIND

ANTI-ICE

-

+

-

+

M A X IM U M A L L L O W A B L E C L E A R W A Y


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Range of V1. 27

Takeoff SpeedsTakeoff Speeds

AIRPORT OAT

TAKEOFF SPEEDS

PRESSURE ALTITUDE

ROTATION SPEED V RTAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED V

2

T A K E O F F G R O S S W E I G H T

T A K E O F F G R O S S W E I G H T


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Range of V1. 28


Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

E n g

i n e

I n o p e r a

t i v e

C o r r e c

t e d T a

k e o

f f D i s t a n c e

Engine Inoperative CorrectedTakeoff Distance Available

C o r r e c t e d

R u n w a y L e n g t h

Corrected RunwayLength Required

RUNWAY LENGTH AND V1 ADJUSTMENTS

C o r r e c

t e d

A c c e

l - S t o p

D i s t a n c e

A v a

i l a

b l e


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Range of V1. 29



E n g

i n e

I n o p e r a

t i v e

C o r r e c

t e d T a

k e o

f f D i s t a n c e

C o r r e c t e d

R u n w a y L e n g t h

Standard V 1/VR

RUNWAY LENGTH AND V1 ADJUSTMENTS

MaximumV1/VR

MinimumV1/VR


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Range of V1. 31

Determining a Range of V1:Determining a Range of V1:

NOTE: V 1MIN and V 1MAX are the lowestand highest values of V 1 that will

satisfy all the Federal AviationRegulations related to MaximumTakeoff Gross Weight, Field LengthLimits. V 1 must not be greater thanVMBE or V R, nor less than V MCG

NOTE: V1MIN and V1MAX are the lowestand highest values of V 1 that will

satisfy all the Federal AviationRegulations related to MaximumTakeoff Gross Weight, Field LengthLimits. V1 must not be greater thanVMBE or VR, nor less than VMCG


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Range of V1. 32

Range of V1 DeterminationRange of V1 Determination

V1MINV1MIN

Actual Runway LengthActual Runway Length

V1MAXV1MAX

Engine Inoperative Corrected Takeoff Distance Available

Engine Inoperative Corrected Takeoff Distance Available Corrected

Accelerate-Stop Distance Available

Corrected Accelerate-Stop

Distance Available

V1

VR MAX

V1

VR MAX

V1 VR MIN

V1 VR MIN

V1

VR MIN

V1

VR MIN X VRX VR

V1

VR MAX

V1

VR MAX X VRX VR

Rotation SpeedRotation Speed

Takeoff Gross WeightTakeoff Gross Weight

Corrected Runway Length Required

Corrected Runway Length Required

11 22

33

44 55

66

77 7

7

Actual Runway Length plus

Stopway

Actual Runway Length plus

Stopway


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Range of V1. 34

Example Conditions:Example Conditions:

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B4

FLAPS 5 A/C ON

ANTI-ICE OFF

TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT = 335,000 LB

AIRPORT PRESSURE ALTITUDE = 5000 FT

AIRPORT TEMPERATURE = 35 DEG C

RUNWAY LENGTH = 10500 FT

SLOPE = -1%

WIND = 11 KTS HEADWIND

NO CLEARWAY OR STOPWAY

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B4

FLAPS 5

A/C ON

ANTI-ICE OFF

TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT = 335,000 LB

AIRPORT PRESSURE ALTITUDE = 5000 FT

AIRPORT TEMPERATURE = 35 DEG C

RUNWAY LENGTH = 10500 FT

SLOPE = -1%

WIND = 11 KTS HEADWIND

NO CLEARWAY OR STOPWAY

Example Solution


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Range of V1. 35

Class Problems:Class Problems:

STOPSTOP

Problem Set


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Range of V1. 36

Minimizing V1Minimizing V1

When your dispatch weight is below themaximum allowed, V1 can be reduced while

remaining within the takeoff distance allowed

When your dispatch weight is below themaximum allowed, V1 can be reduced while

remaining within the takeoff distance allowed

At weights below the maximum takeoff weightAt weights below the maximum takeoff weight


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Range of V1. 37


Takeoff Gross Weight

V 1

V M C G V M C G

T a k e o f f

D i s t a

n c e A

v a i l a

b l e

T a k e o f

f D i s t

a n c e

A v a i l

a b l e

V 1 = V R V 1 = V R

Ac c e l e r a t e - S t o p D i s t a n c e Av a i l a b l e

Ac c e l e r a t e - S t o p D i s t a n c e Av a i l a b l e

One Engine InopField Length Limit

Range of V1


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Range of V1. 38



E n g

i n e

I n o p e r a

t i v e

C o r r e c

t e d T a

k e o

f f D i s t a n c e

V 1 = V

R

A c c e l -

S t o p

D i s t

A v a

i l a

b l e V 1

= V M C G

Takeoff Distance Available


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Range of V1. 39



E n g

i n e

I n o p e r a

t i v e

C o r r e c

t e d T a

k e o

f f D i s t a n c e

R a n g e

o f V 1

One Engine InopField Length Limit


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Range of V1. 40


V1 Accel-Go Accel-StopV1 Accel-Go Accel-Stop


150 kts 10250 ft 7890 ft150 kts 10250 ft 7890 ft


150 kts 8430 ft 7450 ft150 kts 8430 ft 7450 ft 160000 kg 130 kts 8440 ft 5310 ft160000 kg 130 kts 8440 ft 5310 ft

140 kts 7660 ft 6190 ft140 kts 7660 ft 6190 ft

150 kts 6870 ft 7050 ft150 kts 6870 ft 7050 ft




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Range of V1. 41

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

V1 ReductionV1 Reduction

1 3 0 k t s

1 4 0

k t s

1 5 0

k t s

1 6 0

k t s

1 6 0 t

1 8 0 t

1 7 0 t

Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft

E n g

i n e

I n o p e r a

t i v e

T a

k e o

f f D i s t a n c e -

f t


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Range of V1. 42

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

B a l a

n c e d

V 1 B a

l a n c e d

V 1


1 6 0 t

1 3 0 k t s

1 4 0

k t s

1 5 0

k t s

1 8 0 t

1 6 0

k t s

1 7 0 t

For a field length of 9000 ft:

Field Limit TOW =

V1 =

For a field length of 9000 ft:

Field Limit TOW =

V1 =

180,000kg

160 kts

180,000kg

160 kts


E n g

i n e

I n o p e r a

t i v e

T a

k e o


f t


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Range of V1. 43


Bal V1

Bal V1

F.L. GW = 180t 160 kts 160 kts(CRL = 9000 ft)

F.L. GW = 180t 160 kts 160 kts(CRL = 9000 ft)



Minimum V1 for weight

Minimum V1 for weight

Delta V1from bal to min

Delta V1from bal to min

No reductionNo reduction

Actual GW = 170t ? ? ?Actual GW = 170t ? ? ?


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Range of V1. 44

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000


1 6 0 t

1 3 0 k t s

1 4 0

k t s

1 5 0

k t s

1 8 0 t

1 6 0

k t s

1 7 0 t

B a l a

n c e d

V 1 B a

l a n c e d

V 1

For a field length of 9000 ftand Actual TOW = 170,000kg:

For a field length of 9000 ftand Actual TOW = 170,000kg:

Balanced V1 = 154 ktsBalanced V1 = 154 kts Minimum V1 = 144 ktsMinimum V1 = 144 kts


E n g

i n e

I n

o p e r a

t i v e

T a

k e o


f t


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Range of V1. 46

Range of V1 - SummaryRange of V1 - Summary

V1 within the allowable range can be chosen tomaximize margins on either Go or Stop

V1 within the allowable range can be chosen to

maximize margins on either Go or Stop Statistical evidence from RTO accidents and

incidents might lead us to consider a Reduced V1Policy

Statistical evidence from RTO accidents andincidents might lead us to consider a Reduced V1

Policy

Range of V1 can be used to optimize both

performance and takeoff safety

Range of V1 can be used to optimize both

performance and takeoff safety

A single V1 is chosen for each takeoff A single V1 is chosen for each takeoff

Within the allowable V1 Range, all Federal AviationRegulations related to Maximum Takeoff Gross

Weight, Field Length Limits, are satisfied.

Within the allowable V1 Range, all Federal AviationRegulations related to Maximum Takeoff Gross

Weight, Field Length Limits, are satisfied.


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Performance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations Engineering

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Flight Operations Engineering

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