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RAP 2/21 PG. 22 1.WHAT PERCENT OF THE EARTH IS COVERED BY WATER? 2.WHAT PERCENT IS FRESH? 3.WHAT PERCENT IS USABLE?
RAP 2/21 PG. 22
1.WHAT PERCENT OF THE EARTH IS COVERED BY WATER?
2.WHAT PERCENT IS FRESH?
3.WHAT PERCENT IS USABLE?
TOPIC: GROUNDWATER
14.1 WATER IN THE GROUND
14.2 CONSERVING GROUNDWATER
14.3 GROUNDWATER AND GEOLOGY
DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH’S WATER
GROUNDWATERDefinition: Water that enters and is stored in the ground
WATER IN THE GROUND
What factors affect the amount of water that enters the ground?
HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#1
HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#2
HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#3
HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#4
HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?
#5
HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#6
FACTORSType of rock or soil
Climate
Topography
Vegetation
Land use
A. POROSITY:Percent of material’s volume that is pore space
Depends on:
a. Particle shape (angular or spherical)
b. Sorting (similar size and shape=good sorting)
I. Ability to Store Water
B. PERMEABILITY:Rate at which water passes through material
(connectedness of pores)
Which is more permeable? clay, silt, sand or gravel
SO, WHAT DOES THIS HAVE TO DO WITH GROUNDWATER?
WATER RESOURCES: ACTIVE READING
GIZMO 2/22
RAP 2/25 PG. 22
1. What is the difference in porosity between a WELL sorted material and a POORLY sorted material?
2. To drill a successful well, you would want the ground material to be both ___________ and _______________.
TOPIC: II. GROUNDWATER ZONES*SEE MODEL GROUNDWATER LAB
Zone of aeration – area underground above the water table that can still hold water
Water table – top of the zone of saturation
Zone of saturation - area where water collects underground by filling all pore spaces
MODEL ZONES LAB: PERIOD 1 GROUPSLab Table 1
Tylek
Colton
Nicole
Lab Table 2
Jackson
Julie
Lab Table 3
Zach
Nick
Jonathan
Lab Table 4
Leanna
Heather
Skyler
Lab Table 5
Miya
Cristian
Travis
Lab Table 6
Sydney
Caitlin
Gary
Noah
MODEL ZONES LAB: PERIOD 6 GROUPSLab Table 1
Shannon
Jake
Jenny
Lab Table 2
Chase
Brice
Lab Table 3
Alex
Daniel
Dylan S.
Lab Table 4Mitchell
Devin
Jordan C.
Kaitlin Bennett
Lab Table 5Davon
Ashtyn
Trey
Lab Table 6Josue
Yony
Ben
Luke
With Ms. Renwick
Group 7
Chrissy
Kaitlyn Bishop
Dylan Wimer
Anandhu
Group 8
Zach
Robert
Jordan B.
RAP 2/26 PG 221. Which substance (A or B) has a higher porosity?
2. What is this picture representing?
3. What term can you use to describe the zone of aeration?
A
B
III. GROUNDWATER STORAGE IN VIRGINIA
A.Aquifer- porous and permeable rock/sediment layer
(stores and carries groundwater in enough quantities to supply wells)
B. Spring- small stream of groundwater that has reached the surface
Shoots up hot water and steam
WATCH OUT FOR
C. GEYSERS!
WHO KNOWS OF A FAMOUS GEYSER?
D. Artesian well- does not need pump, sandwiched between 2 impermeable layers
E. Wells
1. CONE OF DEPRESSION
Salt Water
UNUSUALLY SALTY WATER…
Impact crater in Chesapeake Bay allows salt water to come farther inland
A suitable well location is shown and the recommended minimumdistances between wells and various natural and man-made features are observed.
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
GALLERY WALK: 5 PROVINCES AND GROUNDWATER
RAP 3/1 PG 24
1. A small stream of groundwater that has reached the surface is called:
2. A cone of depression forms when:
3.When drilling a well, these are two concerns the driller must address.
IV. WATER BUDGETA. Income and spending of water for a region
1. Income=rain/snow
2. Spending=water lost by use; runoff and transpiration
B. RECHARGING1. Water soaks into soil and is stored between grains of soil
RAP 2/28 PG. 241. What is one type of “spending” in
the water budget?
2. What is one type of “income” in the water budget?
V. KARST TOPOGRAPHY=CAVERNS
What geologic process created this natural wonder?!
Karst Topography
1. Karst topography occurs in regions containing rock that issoluble.
A. General Description
2. Rock that is soluble will slowly
dissolve.
3. The most common soluble rock type forming karst is limestone.
4. Rainwater dissolves limestone (CaCO3) more readily acidic.
5. Rainwater reacts with carbon dioxide in the air to formcarbonic acid.
because it is
Diagram courtesy of USGS at
va.water.usgs.gov/ GLOBAL/AWWALAST.htm
Physiographic Provinces of Virginia
Karst topography occurs predominately in
region of Virginia.
Valley and Ridge
FEATURES OF KARST TOPOGRAPHY
•Stalagmites•Stalactites•Columns•Sinkhole•“Lost Rivers”
Photo courtesy of USGS at
pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ of03-337/figures/fig9.html
Sinkholes
SINKHOLE FORMATION
Natural Bridge
Near Lexington, VA
Photo courtesy of US Dept. of Justice at http://www.usdoj.gov/marshals/district/va-w/general/natbrid1.jpg
Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico
Photo courtesy of the National Park Service at
photo.itc.nps.gov/.../ cave/cave-Full.00001.html
