Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Wildlife Areas within...

Southern Washburn, Polk, Barron County Planning Group 1

Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Wildlife Areas

within the Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron

County Planning Group

An Addendum to the 2011 “Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Fishery Areas within

the Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group”

Properties included in this report are:

Washburn County

Polk County

Barron County

Beaver Brook Wildlife Area Balsam Branch Wildlife Area Loon Lake Wildlife Area

Joel Marsh Wildlife Area New Auburn Wildlife Area

Loon Lake Wildlife Area

McKenzie Creek Wildlife Area

Rice Beds Creek Wildlife Area

Wisconsin’s Natural Heritage Inventory Program Bureau of Natural Heritage Conservation Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707 March 2017 PUB- NH-857 2017

2 2017 Addendum to 2011 Rapid Ecological Assessment

Acknowledgments We extend our appreciation to property managers Michelle Carlisle, Nancy Christel, Pete Engman, Paul

Heimstead, Ryan Magana, Kevin Morgan, and Kyle Young for their support and assistance.

Primary Author: Amy Staffen

Contributors:

Abner Jacobson – report assistance

Andy Clark – natural community surveys

Kevin Doyle – surveys for rare plants and natural communities; botany data processing;

report contributions

Ryan Magana – surveys for herps, Ephemeral Ponds, and natural communities; report

contributions

Ryan O’Connor – inventory coordination, ecology data processing, report contributions

Kurt Schmude – aquatic invertebrate surveys

Amy Staffen – surveys for birds, rare plants and natural communities

Richard Staffen – surveys for birds, herps, and Ephemeral Ponds; zoology data processing;

inventory coordination; report contributions

Cover photos (all by Amy Staffen): Top – Poor Fen at Tula Lake SNA with Black Spruce Bog and

upland forest in the background; Lower left – Northern Dry-mesic Forest at Rice Beds Creek WA; Lower

right – Flowage at dawn at Loon Lake WA.


Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4

Description of the Study Area ...................................................................................... 7

Regional Ecological Context ........................................................................................ 9

Vegetation .................................................................................................................... 12

Rare Species and High Quality Natural Communities of the Southern Washburn,

Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas ..................................................................... 18

Management Considerations and Opportunities to Conserve Biodiversity .......... 19

Wetlands and Aquatic Features ..................................................................................................... 19

Habitat for Breeding and Migratory Birds..................................................................................... 23

Opportunities to Conserve Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) and Rare Plants ..... 24

Invasive Species ............................................................................................................................. 26

Game Species of the SWPB-WA ................................................................................ 30

Primary Sites: Site-specific Opportunities for Biodiversity Conservation ............. 32

Future Needs ............................................................................................................... 33

References ................................................................................................................... 35

Species List ................................................................................................................. 36

Appendices

NHI Rapid Ecological Assessments normally have a standardized set of Appendices as listed below. For

Appendix A, B, D, and F, see the 2011 REA (WDNR, 2011).

A. Natural Heritage Inventory Methods Overview (See 2011 REA)

B. Map of Conservation Opportunity Areas for the North Central Forest and Northeast Sands Ecological

Landscapes (See 2011 REA)

C. Documented rare species and high-quality natural communities for the Wildlife Areas within the

Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group listed by property……………...….37

D. Descriptions for Rare Species and High Quality Natural Communities Documented on the Wildlife

Areas within the Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group (See 2011 REA)

E. Species of Greatest Conservation Need of the Wildlife Areas within the Southern Washburn, Polk,

and Barron County Planning Group …................................................................................….39

F. Wisconsin Natural Heritage Working List Explanation (See 2011 REA)

G. Primary Sites within the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas Planning

Group…...……………………………………………………………………………………………46

http://intranet.dnr.state.wi.us/int/land/nhc/reports/WashburnPolkBarronFishery_REA_int.pdf


Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas

At a Glance

Exceptional Characteristics of the Study Area

Wetlands and Aquatic Features. Streams and aquatic features figure prominently in the

SWPB-WA properties, and include high-quality streams, extensive and diverse types of

wetlands, springs and seeps, and undeveloped wilderness lakes. These features support

diverse plants and wildlife, including some that are rare (e.g., rare aquatic invertebrates, frogs

and turtles).

Habitat for Breeding and Migratory Birds. Significant opportunities to manage for three

distinct assemblages of breeding birds exist on the SWPB-WA, including grassland birds

(e.g., Henslow's Sparrow), marsh birds (e.g., American Bittern), and colonial water birds

(e.g., Black Tern).

Site Specific Opportunities for Biodiversity Conservation

Five ecologically important sites, or “Primary Sites,” were identified at the Southern Washburn, Polk

and Barron County Wildlife Areas. “Primary Sites” are typically delineated because they encompass

the best examples of 1) rare and representative natural communities, 2) documented occurrences of

rare species populations, and/or 3) opportunities for ecological restoration or connections. These sites

warrant high protection and/or restoration consideration during the development of the property

master plan.

New Auburn Wetlands (includes New Auburn Sedge Meadow SNA). This vast expanse

(over 700 acres) of Northern Sedge Meadow and Alder Thicket provides important habitat for

nesting and migratory marsh birds and waterfowl, including some that are rare.

Tula Lake Upland Forest and Peatlands (includes Tula Lake SNA). This complex of wild

seepage lakes, Poor Fen, Black Spruce Swamp and upland pine-oak forest spans over 600

acres, supporting rare forest raptors, warblers, herptiles, and invertebrates.

McKenzie Creek Headwaters. This 300+-acre primary site features a wild lake, creek,

forested and open wetlands, springs, seeps, and upland forest. The site plays an essential role

in maintaining the health of the Clam River Watershed and associated riparian ecosystems,

and supports diverse birds of upland forest and shrubby wetlands.

Loon Lake Woods SNA. This 71-acre site supports a shady Southern Mesic Forest of sugar

maple and basswood, with large red, white and burr oaks. Older successional stages of this

forest type are poorly represented in this region, highlighting the significance of this site. A

rare aquatic invertebrate is associated with Ephemeral Ponds here.

Rice Beds Creek Swamps and Meadows. This 819-acre site harbors a large wetland

complex that lies at the convergence of the Apple River and Rice Beds Creek. Vast tracts of

Hardwood Swamp support over 130 plant species and forest interior birds, while an extensive

swathe of sedge meadow and alder thicket straddle Rice Beds Creek, providing important

habitat for nesting marsh birds.

Beaver Brook. This primary site captures 2.8 miles of the Beaver Brook corridor, and is one

of the most botanically diverse sites in the Northwest Sands Ecological Landscape. Upland

and lowland forest, extensive areas of Alder Thicket, pockets of Emergent Marsh, scattered

spring ponds, and abundant groundwater upwellings support diverse wildlife. Patches of older

and old-growth Northern Dry-mesic Forest occur on the site.


Introduction Purpose and Objectives

The Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) program completed a Rapid Ecological Assessment

(REA) for the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Fishery Areas in July 2011. That report

provides baseline information for property master planning, highlighting ecological issues and

opportunities to conserve biological diversity. Seven wildlife areas (WA) within this same tri-county

area overlap closely with the fishery areas described in the 2011 REA in terms of geographical location,

ecological landscapes, rare species, natural communities, management opportunities and conservation

actions. The NHI program completed a rapid ecological assessment of those seven wildlife areas in

2016. This document presents a summary of the 2016 wildlife areas assessment, and in particular

stresses conservation themes and opportunities that are unique from those presented in the 2011 REA

(WDNR 2011). Since this document is meant to serve as an addendum to the SWPB 2011 REA, please

refer to that document for more detailed information. Although the format for NHI REAs has changed

slightly since 2011, attempts were made to make the format of this report match as closely as possible

that of the 2011 REA, to make it easier for readers to compare and combine information as needed.

Properties included in this current assessment are as follows:

Balsam Branch WA McKenzie Creek WA

Beaver Brook Wildlife Area (WA) New Auburn WA

Joel Marsh WA Rice Beds Creek WA

Loon Lake WA Tula Lake SNA

Loon Lake Woods State Natural Area (SNA)

The primary objectives of this project were to collect biological inventory information relevant to the

development of master plans for the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas

(SWPB-WA) and to analyze, synthesize and interpret this information for use by the master planning

team. This effort focused on assessing areas of documented or potential habitat for rare species and

identifying natural community management opportunities.

Survey efforts for the SWPB-WA were limited to a “rapid ecological assessment” for 1) identifying and

evaluating ecologically important areas, 2) documenting rare species occurrences, and 3) documenting

occurrences of natural communities with high ecological integrity. There will undoubtedly be gaps in our

knowledge of the biota of this property, especially for certain taxa groups; these groups have been

identified as representing either opportunities or needs for future work. Inventory data collected through

this effort is a starting point for adaptive management of the SWPB-WA and should be revisited as

opportunity allows and updated when new information becomes available.




Overview of Methods

For detailed background on Wisconsin’s NHI program and methodology, please see the 2011 SWPB

REA (WDNR 2011).

The most recent taxa-specific NHI field surveys for the study area were conducted during 2016. Survey

locations were identified or guided by using recent aerial photos, USGS 7.5’ topographic maps, various

Geographic Information System (GIS) sources, information from past survey efforts, discussions with

property managers, and the expertise of several biologists familiar with the properties or with similar

habitats in the region. Based on the location and ecological setting of properties within the SWPB-WA,

key inventory considerations included the identification of high-quality open and forested wetlands and

upland forests, as well as the location of habitats that had the potential to support rare species. With the

exception of the Beaver Brook DOT mitigation site, private lands, including easements, surrounding the

SWPB-WA were not surveyed.

The 2016 NHI surveys were limited in scope and focused on documenting natural communities with high

ecological integrity, rare plants, breeding birds (terrestrial, marsh, forest raptors), aquatic invertebrates,

and herptiles. The results from these surveys were used, along with other information, to identify

ecologically important areas (Primary Sites) of the SWPB-WA (see pages 49-65).

Background on Past Efforts

Various large-scale research and planning efforts have identified a number of locations within the SWPB

as being ecologically significant, most of which are detailed in the 2011 REA (WDNR 2011). Several

examples that are unique to the SWPB-WA are described below:

Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan: Conservation Opportunity Area

Conservation Opportunity Areas (COA) are places in Wisconsin containing ecological features, natural

communities, or Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) habitat for which Wisconsin has a

unique responsibility for protection when viewed from the global, continental, upper Midwest, or state

perspective. The Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan (WAP; WDNR 2006b) identifies one Conservation

Opportunity Area (COA) within which two SWPG-WA properties occur:

McKenzie Creek and Rice Beds Creek WAs lie within the Straight Lake COA. This COA

features regionally significant complexes of oak forest and lakes, including good-quality

examples of Northern Mesic Forest, Northern Dry-mesic Forest, Southern Dry-mesic Forest,

Northern Wet Forest, and Inland Lakes. It is recognized as important for its large blocks of

predominately older northern forest, and for providing habitat for a variety of Species of Greatest

Conservation Need (SGCN), including forest raptors, forest interior birds, forest mammals,

marsh birds, herptiles, and aquatic invertebrates.

Legacy Places

The Land Legacy Report (WDNR 2006a) was designed to identify Wisconsin’s most important

conservation and recreation needs for the next 50 years.

Rice Beds Creek WA and Loon Lake WA fall within the Apple River Land Legacy Site. This

area occupies the upper stretches of the Apple River, and supports a variety of grasslands,



wetlands, numerous small glacial pothole lakes, and hardwood forests. North of Rice Beds

Creek WA are large blocks of northern hardwood forest with old-growth characteristics.

McKenzie Creek WA is part of the Clam River Land Legacy Site. The Clam River is a lightly

developed, 55-mile-long river that runs through a variety of habitat types including forests and

barrens. McKenzie Creek WA lies within the headwaters area, which is known for excellent

trout fishing.

Special Management Designations

State Natural Areas

State Natural Areas (SNA) are places on the landscape that protect outstanding examples of native

natural communities, significant geological formations, and archaeological sites. Designation confers a

significant level of land protection through state statutes, administrative rules, and guidelines. State

Natural Areas within the SWPB-WA are as follows:

Tula Lake SNA is a 160-acre site that occurs within McKenzie Creek WA.

Loon Lake Woods SNA is a 59-acre site within Loon Lake WA.

TNC Lakes Portfolio

In 2014, The Nature Conservancy identified a ‘portfolio’ of lakes for Wisconsin that represent high

quality examples of each lake type (Blann and Wagner 2014). The project aims to support prioritization

of strategies for protection, maintenance, and restoration of Wisconsin’s diversity of lake ecosystems.

Several lakes at Loon Lake WA were identified as Portfolio sites.

Description of the Study Area

Location and Size

The SWPB-WA is located in northwestern Wisconsin (Map A) and is made up of seven properties

totaling 16,452 acres. This includes:

Balsam Branch WA (173 acres) is located in southeastern Polk County about 11 miles southeast

of Saint Croix Falls.

Beaver Brook WA (1,896 acres) is located in southwestern Washburn County less than one mile

southeast of Spooner.

Joel Marsh WA (1,309 acres) is located in southeastern Polk County about two miles west of

Turtle Lake.

Loon Lake WA (3,151 acres) is located mostly in Barron County with a small portion in Polk

County between Turtle Lake and Cumberland.

McKenzie Creek WA (5,547 acres) is located in Polk County less than one mile south of Clam

Falls.

New Auburn WA (1,162 acres) is located in Baron County about four and a half miles south of

Chetek.

Rice Beds Creek WA (3,211 acres) is located in Polk County about eight miles northwest of

Turtle Lake.

All acreages are based on fee simple ownership from DNR Facilities and Lands GIS records as of

December 2016; acreage may not include easements, leases and some permanent water bodies.



Regional Ecological Context Similarly to the fishery areas highlighted in the 2011 REA, the SWPB-WA properties are located almost

entirely within the Forest Transition Ecological Landscape (Fig. 1); just a tiny part of Beaver Brook WA

extends into the Northwest Sands Ecological Landscape. For more information on the Forest Transition

Ecological Landscape, see the 2011 REA (WDNR 2011).

Land Type Associations (LTAs) of Wisconsin are mapped based on

the associations of biotic and environmental factors which include

climate, physiography, water, soils, air, hydrology, and potential

natural communities. The majority of the SWPB-WA properties fall

within the Late St. Croix Moraines LTA (Map B), which is

described in detail in the 2011 REA. Those that are unique to the

SWPB-WA include the following: New Auburn WA falls within the

Chetek Plains and New Auburn Moraines LTAs, and a small part of

McKenzie Creek WA lies within the Polk Basalt Moraines LTA:

Chetek Plains (212Qb04). The characteristic landform

pattern is nearly level outwash plain with terraces, fans, and

sandstone hills common. Soils are predominantly well

drained sandy loam over outwash. The majority of New

Auburn WA falls within this LTA.

New Auburn Moraines (212Qb06). The characteristic landform pattern is rolling moraine with

pediments common. Soils are predominantly moderately well drained silt loam over dense, acid

sandy loam till or sandstone. Approximately 200 acres in the southeast part of New Auburn WA

lie within this LTA.

Polk Basalt Moraines (212Qa03). Landform pattern is undulating, rolling collapsed moraines

intermixed with ice-walled lake plains, bedrock knolls and ridges. Soils are predominantly well

drained sandy loam over dense, acid sandy loam till or igneous/metamorphic bedrock.

Approximately 1,300 acres in the western part of McKenzie Creek WA, including Tula Lake

State Natural Area, lie within this LTA.

Figure 1. Ecological Landscapes in

relation to the Property Group.




Physical Environment The glacial geology, landforms, and soils of the SWPB-WA remain consistent with those described in the

2011 REA (WDNR 2011). While the general hydrology of the study region is also consistent with that

described in the previous REA, a number of important waterbodies associated with the SWPB-WA merit

special attention here.

A number of coldwater streams in the SWPB-WA have exceptionally high water quality, including

McKenzie Creek (Class I and II trout stream in places, as well as an Outstanding Resource Water),

Beaver Brook (Class I trout stream fed by 10 spring ponds), and Rice Bed Creek (Class II trout fishery as

it flows through the northern unit of the namesake wildlife area, as well as the northern quarter of the

southern unit). In addition, two headwater streams occur within the property group, including Rice Bed

Creek and McKenzie Creek.

Undeveloped lakes are becoming increasingly rare in this part of the state, thus their abundant

representation in this property group is significant. McKenzie Creek and Loon Lake WAs are

particularly rich in small seepage lakes. Large impoundments at Joel Marsh, Loon Lake, and McKenzie

Creek WAs are also major landscape features.



Vegetation See the 2011 REA for an applicable description of the historical vegetation of the SWPB-WA (WDNR,

2011; pp. 21-22). A summary of current vegetation of the SWPB-WA follows.

Each one of the SWPB-WA properties harbors a mosaic of habitats capturing a continuum from stream to

wetlands to uplands. Wetland types run the gamut from Floodplain Forest and Northern Tamarack

Swamp to Alder Thicket, Emergent Marsh, Poor Fen, Open Bog and Northern Sedge Meadow. Upland

cover types include Surrogate Grassland and upland forest dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.), aspen

(Populus spp.), or a mix of northern hardwoods and pines. Shallow seepage lakes punctuate the

landscape mosaic at a number of the properties as well, supporting diverse aquatic plant communities.

Descriptions of the dominant cover types as well as examples of natural communities with high

ecological integrity on the property group are described below.

Upland Forest – Northern/Southern Dry-mesic Forest and Northern Mesic Forest

The largest WisFIRS cover types in the property group are northern hardwoods, aspen, and oak,

capturing approximately 60% of the total area (the “Oak” cover type represents approximately 25%). On

the SWPB-WA, the most common upland forest type is dry-mesic forest, which occurs on gently rolling

morainal topography on sandy loams or loamy sands. Pockets of rich loamy soils on glacial till plains

and moraines also harbor mesic forest.

Due to the position of the property planning group within the Tension Zone, both southern and northern

elements may blend here, thus wide-ranging canopy trees such as red oak (Quercus rubra), sugar maple

(Acer saccharum) and American basswood (Tilia americana) may be joined by southern species such as

white oak (Quercus alba; common in Southern Dry-mesic Forest) and northern species such as white

pine (Pinus strobus), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and red pine (Pinus resinosa), which are

more typical of Northern Dry-mesic Forest).

In the 2015 update of Wisconsin's Wildlife Action Plan, northern forest natural communities were

subdivided into seral stages based on the progression from young forest to mature forest following

harvesting or a major natural disturbance (Tables 1 and 2). These subdivisions were created to help

illustrate the relative impact of the wide range of possible forest types on SGCN habitat; see the

“Northern Forest Communities” webpages on the WDNR website for more details, or Appendix E of this

report for the greatest opportunities for SGCN conservation in upland forests and other community types

on the SWPB-WA. In describing these forest seral stages, it is recognized that they exist and persist on

the landscape due to a marked range of conditions depending on the nature and intensity of forest

management. Managers are encouraged to adopt a balanced approach that takes into account the need for

large blocks of older forest as well as areas of mid-seral and young-seral forest, which would benefit the

most SGCN.



Table 1. Three seral stages of Northern Dry-mesic Forest1

Source: Wisconsin’s Wildlife Action Plan (WDNR 2015). DBH = diameter at breast height; CWD = coarse woody debris

Seral Stages DBH Stand

Development

Stage

Canopy Subcanopy Layering Structural Diversity

Late Seral (Old-

growth Forest,

Older Forest)

12-

24"+

Understory Re-

initiation stage to

Old Growth stage

Well-developed canopy,

with diverse species such

as northern red oak, white

pine, red pine. Also red

maple, paper birch and

aspen.

Moderate

subcanopy, with

shade-tolerant spp

such as white pine,

red maple.

Size and age diversity of

trees are high, which are

strong contributors to

habitat for SGCN.

High, with numerous snags

and CWD.

Mid-Seral 5-11" Stem Exclusion

stage to

Understory Re-

initiation stage

Moderate to well-

developed canopy, often

with lower species

diversity of tree species,

with northern red oak, red

maple, white pine. Also

aspen and birch in small

patches. Red pine in some

landscapes.

Moderate to well-

developed

subcanopy, with red

maple, aspen, birch,

eastern hop-

hornbeam,

musclewood.

Often even-aged, but

multiple age classes

starting to develop,

though not as complex

as Late Seral stands.

Snags and CWD are

typically sparse unless

intentionally retained by

previous management.

Young Seral 1-5" Stand Initiation

stage, followed by

Stem Exclusion

stage

Ranges from dog-hair

thicket to, very dense

canopy of short, young

white pine, red pine, red

oak, black oak, red maple,

aspen, and birch.

Usually none. Usually even-aged with

a single layer of young

trees, unless scattered

older trees have been

retained.

Low. Snags and CWD may

or may not be present

depending on stand origin

and management history.

1 Stands with more than 50 percent aspen by basal area fall into the "Aspen-Birch" habitat type. For stands dominated by planted conifers, refer to the "Conifer Plantation" type.


Table 2. Four seral stages of Northern Mesic Forest

2

Source: Wisconsin’s Wildlife Action Plan (WDNR 2015). DBH = diameter at breast height; CWD = coarse woody debris

Seral Stages DBH Stand

Development

Stage

Canopy Subcanopy Layering Structural Diversity

Late Seral

(Old-growth

Forest, Older

Forest)

15-

24+"

Old Growth

stage

Well-developed, with sugar

maple, basswood, red oak, yellow

birch, white ash. Hemlock and

white pine occur as scattered

individuals or in small groves.

White pines occupy supercanopy.

All tree sizes and age

classes present,

creating complex,

multi-layered canopy.

Old-growth canopy

trees can be75-300

years old.

High. Abundant snags,

cavity trees, CWD in

various stages of

decomposition.

Mid-Seral 11-15" Understory Re-

initiation stage

Moderate to well-developed, with

sugar maple, basswood, red oak,

American elm, white ash, yellow

birch. Also scattered groves of

hemlock.

Moderate to well-

developed. Young

saplings may be

present.

Occasional older trees

may be present. Young

saplings may be

present.

Stands lack complex

structural diversity of Late

Seral stands. If trees are

allowed to age beyond

rotation age, stands may

acquire snags, CWD, and

multi-aged structure.

Early Seral 5-11" Stem Exclusion

stage

May have high canopy cover, but

lack the larger trees as well as tree

species diversity of later seral

stands. Sugar maple is often

dominant, also red oak, red maple,

basswood, white ash. Also aspen

and birch in small patches.

May be even-aged or

two-aged, fitting into

what foresters term the

"stem exclusion phase"

as competition inhibits

new saplings and

shrubs.

Snags and CWD are

typically sparse except for

legacy trees.

Young Seral 1-5" Stand Initiation

stage

Low diversity of tree species, with

sugar maple, aspen and birch.

Other northern hardwoods may be

present (e.g., red oak, red maple,

basswood, white ash).

Typically low, unless stand

originates from blow-down

and salvage logging doesn't

occur). Snags and CWD

may or may not be present

depending on stand origin

and management history.

2 Stands with more than 50 percent aspen by basal area fall into the "Aspen-Birch" habitat type. For stands dominated by planted conifers, refer to the "Conifer Plantation" type.


The majority of upland forest on the SWPB-WA is comprised of young and mid-seral dry-mesic and

mesic forest. Scattered small areas of older (“late seral”) Northern Mesic Forest also occur on the

property group. Diversity of tree species, sizes and age classes in all strata is an indicator of high

ecological integrity that can support diverse plants and wildlife and have greater adaptive capacity in

response to natural disturbances. Maintaining or restoring some lands to more closely resemble

historical conditions within actively managed lands can help conserve important elements of biological

diversity. Five areas on the SWPB-WA have been identified as supporting upland forest with high or

moderate ecological integrity:

At McKenzie Creek WA, over 600 acres of mid- to late seral Northern Dry-mesic Forest occurs

south of County Highway W. The forest tracts near Tula and Margaret Lakes represent the

highest quality examples of this community type on the property group in terms of providing

diverse habitat for SGCN and rare plants. The forest here has characteristics of late seral forest,

including complex layering, diverse tree size and age classes, and structural diversity. Large

tracts of contiguous mid-seral dry-mesic forest continue all the way to the south boundary of the

wildlife area, where the forest plays a particularly important role in protecting the headwaters

area of McKenzie Creek. A variable forest canopy is created by 9- to 32-inch DBH red oak,

white oak, sugar maple and American basswood. Large white pines (24-36 inch) also occupy the

canopy as well as the supercanopy. A moderately diverse ground layer includes conservative

species such as blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), leatherwood (Dirca palustris), and

miterwort (Mitella diphylla). Two primary sites in this area feature parts of this important forest

block: Tula Lake Upland Forests and Peatlands and McKenzie Creek Headwaters.

Stands of late seral Northern Dry-mesic Forest, including natural origin white and red pine, occur

at the south and north ends of the Beaver Brook Primary Site (within Beaver Brook WA; see

pages 62-64). Older age class natural origin white and red pine stands are uncommon within the

Forest Transition Ecological Landscape.

Over 500 acres of Northern Dry-mesic Forest are found at Loon Lake WA with additional forest

lands continuing on adjacent private lands. Here, the forest composition is similar to those

described above, but the diversity of tree age and size classes is lower, there are fewer native

ground layer species, and regeneration of canopy dominants (especially oak) is very limited.

Patches of mid-seral forest are interspersed here with young seral patches that have been

intensively logged. This forest is particularly important for protecting the numerous small

seepage wilderness lakes and wetlands that occur within this unique landscape of kettles and

moraines.

Another forest area at Rice Beds Creek WA south of County Highway G is significant for its

large size (600+ acres) and good landscape context, but also similar to the stands at Loon Lake

WA in terms of structure, age class, and composition (mostly mid-seral with young patches).

This block was typed as Southern Dry-mesic Forest, mainly due to the absence of pines.

Loon Lake Woods SNA supports mid- to late seral Northern Mesic Forest of sugar maple and

basswood, with large red, white and burr oaks (Quercus macrocarpa) also contributing to this

forest's dense canopy. This forest shows characteristics of older forest, including some trees as

large as 20 inches dbh, a mix of tree sizes and age classes, abundant coarse woody debris, and

“pit-and-mound” microtopography. A rich ground flora includes ephemerals such as large-

flowered trillium and wild leek (Allium tricoccum). Older successional stages of Southern Mesic

Forest are poorly represented in this region, highlighting the significance of this site.

At New Auburn Wildlife Area, a small tract of mid- to late seral Northern Mesic Forest

supports large sugar maple, basswood and red oak with a rich ground flora. The site’s small size

and large amounts of habitat edge make it vulnerable to harmful disturbances such as non-native

invasive species, windthrow, and runoff.


Emergent Marsh

Emergent Marsh occupies approximately 15% of the property group area, with particularly large tracts at

Joel Marsh and Loon Lake WAs associated with flowages. These marshes occur where there is

permanent standing water, and are dominated by cattails (Typha spp.), bulrushes (especially softstem

bulrush [Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani]), bur-reeds (Sparganium spp.), and arrowheads (Sagittaria

spp.). These provide significant habitat for numerous bird and herptile species as well as offer important

ecosystem services such as filtration of runoff and flood mitigation.

Open and Brushy Wetlands

This broad cover type occupies approximately 10% of the area on the property group, and includes

Northern Sedge Meadow, Alder Thicket, and Poor Fen.

Northern Sedge Meadow and Alder Thicket. In this property group, sedge meadows and Alder Thickets

occur along the margins of streams, and are dominated by broad-leaved sedges such as common yellow

lake sedge (Carex utriculata) or lake sedge (C. lacustris), along with bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis

canadensis), soft-stem bulrush, and a variety of forbs such as water smartweed (Persicaria amphibia),

orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), and swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata). In undisturbed

settings, Alder Thickets typically occupy areas that are transitional between sedge meadows and forested

wetlands or uplands. Past drainage of open wetlands in places has fostered artificial development of

these lowland shrub communities, however (e.g., in parts of New Auburn WA). The ground layer

species of Alder Thickets are largely typical of sedge meadow, but native shrubs (especially speckled

alder [Alnus incana]) can create moderate to deep shade. Two areas on the SWPB-WA have been

identified as supporting Southern Sedge Meadow and Alder Thicket with high ecological integrity:

New Auburn WA (New Auburn Wetlands Primary Site)

Rice Beds Creek WA (Rice Beds Creek Swamps and Marshes Primary Site)

Poor Fen. Poor Fen is a weakly minerotrophic peatland that has deep Sphagnum and higher plant

diversity than that of Open Bog communities. Species typical of fens on the SWPG-WA include cotton-

grasses (Eriophorum spp.), woolly-fruit sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), purple pitcher-plant (Sarracenia

purpurea), round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), and pod grass (Scheuchzeria palustris). Three

areas on the SWPB-WA have been identified as supporting Poor Fen with high ecological integrity:

McKenzie Creek WA at Marsh Lake, Tula Lake and Dinger Lake.

Lowland Forest

Lowland forests occur on more than 10% of the study area, and include Hardwood Swamp, Black Spruce

Swamp, and Northern Tamarack Swamp.

Hardwood Swamp. Northern Hardwood Swamp is a deciduous forested wetland that occurs along

streams or in insular basins. The dominant tree species is black ash (Fraxinus nigra), but in some stands

red maple, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and American elm (Ulmus americana) are also

important. The tall shrub speckled alder may be locally common. Gooseberries and currants (Ribes spp.)

are also characteristic shrubs of these swamps. Vines may also be important, especially Virginia creeper

(Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron spp.). The herbaceous flora is often

diverse and may include many of the same species found in Alder Thickets, including marsh-marigold

(Caltha palustris), orange jewelweed, wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), and numerous fern, grass, and

sedge species. One area on the property group was recognized for supporting Hardwood Swamp with

high ecological integrity:


At Rice Beds Creek WA, over 360 acres of Hardwood Swamp extends north, west and east from

the confluence of the Apple River and Rice Beds Creek. Black ash is the dominant canopy tree

here, along with lesser amounts of yellow birch and red maple. Over 130 plant species grace the

mucky forest floor, including numerous fern, lily, and sedge species. This forest block is part of

the Rice Beds Creek Swamps and Marshes primary site.

Black Spruce Swamp. Black Spruce Swamp is a forested wetland community characterized by a

relatively dense canopy of black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) growing over

deep beds of Sphagnum. The associated ground flora is relatively low in diversity due to the high

acidity, cold ambient temperatures, short growing season, and low nutrient levels typical of this

community. On the SWPB-WA, these include shrubs such as Labrador tea (Rhododendron

groenlandicum), leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), and bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), herbs

such as false mayflower (Maianthemum trifolium) and purple pitcher-plant, and various sedges and

cotton-grasses. One area on the SWPB-WA was recognized for supporting Black Spruce Swamp with

high ecological integrity:

Beyond the fen margins of Tula and Marsh Lakes at McKenzie Creek WA lies a Black Spruce

Swamp where small-diameter black spruce and tamarack create 35-65% canopy cover over a

deep Sphagnum mat with scattered bog shrubs such as Laborador tea, leather leaf and bog

rosemary, along with occasional tufts of rusty cotton-grass (Eriophorum virginicum) and other

wetland herbs. This is part of the Tula Lake Upland Forests and Peatlands Primary Site.

Surrogate Grassland

Lastly, surrogate grasslands are maintained on about 5% of the total study area, and comprise mostly

former agricultural lands that have been planted to prairie; a subset is dominated by non-native cool-

season grasses.


Rare Species and High Quality Natural Communities of the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas Rare species and high-quality natural communities have been documented at the SWPB-WA (Table 3).

Other rare or declining species may be present on the SWPB-WA that escaped detection during surveys.

All species listed below are Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN), and are tracked by NHI.

Table 3. Documented rare species and high-quality natural communities of the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron

County Wildlife Areas Planning Group

For an explanation of state and global ranks, as well as state status, see Appendix F of 2011 REA. State Rank and

Listing Status is based on Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) Working List updates (WDNR, 2016). Bird

occurrences refer only to breeding activity. *Observation did not meet criteria for mapping in NHI database.

Common Name Scientific Name Last

Observed

Date

State

Rank

Global

Rank

State

Status

Birds

American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus 2016 S2S3B G4 SC/M

Black Tern Chlidonias niger 2016* S2B G4 END

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 2016 S2S3B G5 SC/M

Brewer’s blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus 2016 S2S3B G5 SC/M

Cerulean Warbler Setophaga cerulea 2016 S2S3B G4 THR

Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna 2016 S2S3B G5 SC/M

Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera 2016 S3B G4 SC/M

Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii 2016 S2S3B G4 THR

Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii 2016 S2S3B G4 SC/M

Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus 2016 S3B G5 SC/M

Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis 1983 S2B,S2N G5 SC/M

Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus 2016 S3B,S2N G5 m-SIN

Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes

erythrocephalus

2016 S3B G5 SC/M

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus 2016 S3S4B,S1N G5 THR

Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta 2016 S2B G5 SC/M

Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 2016 S4B G5 m-SIN

Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus

xanthocephalus

2016 S1S2B G5 SC/M

Reptiles

Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii 2013 S3S4 G4 SC/P

Prairie Skink Plestiodon septentrionalis 2016 S3 G5 SC/H

Amphibians

Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum 2016 S3? G5 SC/H

Mink Frog Lithobates septentrionalis 2016 S3 G5 SC/H

Mammals

Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus 2013* S2S4 G5 THR

Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus 2011* S2S4 G3 THR


Common Name Scientific Name Last

Observed

Date

State

Rank

Global

Rank

State

Status

Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans 2013* S3 G3G4 SC/N

Dragonflies and Damselflies

Sioux (Sand) Snaketail Ophiogomphus smithi 2013 S2 G2G3 SC/N

Swamp Darner Epiaeschna heros 2011 S2S3 G5 SC/N

Natural Communities

Alder Thicket Alder thicket 2016 S4 G4 NA

Black Spruce Swamp Black spruce swamp 2016 S3? G5 NA

Ephemeral Pond Ephemeral pond 2013 SU GNRQ NA

Hardwood Swamp Hardwood Swamp 2016 S3 G4 NA

Lake--Shallow, Soft,

Seepage

Lake--shallow, soft,

seepage

2016 S4 GNR NA

Lake--Soft Bog Lake--soft bog 1984 S4 GNR NA

Northern Dry-mesic Forest Northern dry-mesic forest 2016 S3 G4 NA

Northern Mesic Forest Northern mesic forest 2009 S4 G4 NA

Northern Sedge Meadow Northern sedge meadow 2016 S3 G4 NA

Poor Fen Poor fen 2016 S3 G3G4 NA

Southern Dry-mesic Forest Southern dry-mesic forest 2016 S3 G4 NA

Southern Mesic Forest Southern mesic forest 2012 S3 G3? NA

Plants

Pale Green Orchid Platanthera flava var.

herbiola

2016 S2 G4?T4Q THR

Robbin’s Spike-rush Eleocharis robbinsii 2016 S3 G4G5 SC

Snail-seed Pondweed Potamogeton bicupulatus 2016 S2 G4 SC

Management Considerations and Opportunities to Conserve Biodiversity

Many of the conservation themes presented in the 2011 REA pertaining to the SWPB fishery areas also

apply to the SWPB wildlife areas. Examples of how SWPB-WA sites relate to these themes is presented

below. For more details on these themes, please see the 2011 REA (WDNR, 2011; pp. 25-30).

Wetlands and Aquatic Features Similarly to the SWPB fishery areas, streams and aquatic features figure prominently in the SWPB-WA

properties, and support a variety of rare and declining species. Important and unique examples on the

SWPB-WA are described below (Table 4). For more details on this theme, see the 2011 REA (WDNR,

2011; p. 26).

A number of streams in the SWPB-WA have good water quality due to the fact that the surrounding

wildlife areas protect them from harmful runoff from agricultural lands in the region. McKenzie Creek,

for example, is completely protected from start to end within its namesake wildlife area, and is a Class I

and II trout stream in places, as well as an Outstanding Resource Water. Beaver Brook is also a Class I


trout stream fed by 10 spring ponds. Rice Bed Creek is a Class II trout fishery as it flows through the

northern unit of the namesake wildlife area, as well as the northern quarter of the southern unit.

Two headwater streams occur within the property group, including Rice Bed Creek and McKenzie Creek.

These streams are essential to the health of the Upper Apple River and Clam River Watersheds

(respectively) and associated riparian ecosystems: They keep sediment and other pollutants out of the

stream's lower reaches, they provide vital organic and inorganic elements that support ecosystems

downstream, and they support diverse and unique plants and animals that are specially adapted to the

physical and chemical conditions associated with this habitat complex (Kaplan et al. 2008).

Table 4. Significant aquatic features of the Southwest Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas.

Property Name Significant Areas

within Property

Features

Beaver Brook WA Beaver Brook Primary

Site

One-mile-long swathe of Alder Thicket, Floodplain

Forest, ten spring ponds supports several rare bird

species.

Beaver Brook WA DOT Mitigation

Wetland

Important example of a commercial cranberry bog

undergoing ecological restoration.

Beaver Brook WA Harrison Lake Wilderness lake with fringe of Northern Sedge

Meadow

Beaver Brook WA Wetland in northwest

corner near public

access point

Poor Fen, Tamarack Swamp, Alder Thicket, open

water. Rare frog.

Loon Lake WA

Joel Marsh WA

Flowages with extensive Emergent Marsh and open

water habitats for rare marsh and colonial water

birds.

Loon Lake WA Loon Lake Hardwoods

SNA

Ephemeral Ponds support rare dragonfly.

Loon Lake WA South and east of

Loon Lake (Fig. 3)

Patches of Black Spruce Swamp, Tamarack Swamp,

Northern Sedge Meadow, Emergent Marsh,

Submergent Marsh and Poor Fen scattered

throughout a large complex of wilderness lakes.

Rare aquatic plants and frog.

McKenzie Creek WA McKenzie Creek,

Clam Falls Flowage

Outstanding Resource Water, trout stream, supports

rare dragonflies.

McKenzie Creek WA Tula Lake Upland

Forests and Peatlands;

Dinger Lake; Margaret

Lake

Peatlands of high ecological integrity including Poor

Fen and Black Spruce Swamp. Undeveloped small

seepage lakes and Ephemeral Ponds. Rare

salamander and flies.

New Auburn WA New Auburn

Wetlands Primary Site

Over 700 acres of Northern Sedge Meadow with

pockets of Emergent Marsh, patches of Alder

Thicket, and areas of open water. Rare marsh and

grassland birds.

Rice Beds Creek WA Rice Beds Creek

Swamps and Meadows

Primary Site

Over 200 acres of Hardwood Swamp with high

ecological integrity along with extensive tracts of

Northern Sedge Meadow and Alder Thicket. Rare

marsh and grassland birds.


Extensive wetlands on the SWPB-WA are associated with streams, as well as springs, spring seeps,

forested seeps, insular basins, and impoundments, and include both open and forested types. They serve

to slow the release of water during storms (thus minimizing flooding), filter nutrients and pollutants that

are carried in runoff, and provide moisture banks during low water periods or droughts. Riparian

wetlands also provide vital habitat to many animals (e.g., the Special Concern Blanding’s turtle

[Emydoidea blandingii]), as well as natural corridors for their migration.

Undeveloped lakes are becoming increasingly rare in this part of the state, thus their abundant

representation in this property group is also significant. Those lake and wetland areas that hold the

highest ecological integrity or importance as wildlife habitat on the property group are described below

(Table 3). Many of these areas fall within primary sites, which are described in greater detail in the next

major section within this report.

At Loon Lake WA, a complex of 17 shallow seepage lakes occurs within a rolling forest landscape (Fig.

2), including four that were identified as high priorities for conservation by The Nature Conservancy

(Blann and Wagner 2014). Wetlands occur in zones around the lakes: Northern Sedge Meadow in

shallower waters, Emergent and Submergent Marsh in deeper embayments, and Floating-Leaved Marsh

in the deepest waters. Sphagnum mats with Poor Fen, Open Bog or Northern Tamarack Swamp also

occupy some lake margins and kettle depressions. Several rare species are associated with these lakes

and wetlands, including two rare plants and one amphibian. This area is only accessible on foot,

providing diverse opportunities for conservation of these important aquatic communities and associated

plants and animals.


Figure 2. The wild lakes region at Loon Lake WA supports diverse aquatic and wetland habitats. Lakes are outlined

in aquamarine. Lakes identified as high priority for conservation by The Nature Conservancy (2014) are denoted

with a solid aquamarine color (all are unnamed, so Water Body Identification Codes provided instead).

Conservation of lakes, streams and wetlands. Nutrient enrichment and sedimentation are among the

leading causes of stream, lake and wetland degradation, and can be reduced using various approaches:

To slow the flow of harmful runoff into streams during snowmelt and rain events, maintain or

promote diverse tree species in mid- and older age classes, along with appropriate shrub and

groundlayer vegetation, in upland riparian corridors and associated slopes and terraces. In

particular, a mixture of hardwoods and conifers reduces snowmelt rates, minimizes

sedimentation, and maximizes water quality. (Note: Naturally open sandy banks should not

necessarily be reforested, as they provide critical nesting habitat for turtles.)

To protect water quality in wilderness lakes on the SWPB-WA, maintain or restore wetlands that

are directly or partially connected to them.

Follow forestry best management practices (BMPs) for water quality (WDNR, 2010b), and

consider additional buffers around sensitive riparian and wetland habitats.

Work with municipal planners, developers, businesses, and local zoning boards to increase

groundwater infiltration practices and decrease storm water input from impervious surfaces

(parking lots, etc.) through techniques such as the installation of bioswales.

Hydrologic alteration is another significant threat to streams and wetlands, and can be mitigated with the

following actions:

Identify priority groundwater recharge areas that supply wetlands, springs, and streams.


Conduct groundwater quantity and/or quality monitoring, stream flow, and lake levels in areas

where groundwater dependent species and communities are in close proximity to areas with high

demand on groundwater resources.

Habitat for Breeding and Migratory Birds Opportunities to manage for three distinct assemblages of breeding birds exist on the SWPB-WA,

including grassland/shrubland birds, marsh birds, and colonial water birds (Table 5). In addition to the

detailed information provided below on managing for these suites of species, see the 2011 REA (WDNR,

2011; p. 25) for related opportunities on the SWPB Fishery Areas.

Table 5. Significant conservation opportunities for rare or declining breeding birds on the Southwest Washburn,

Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas Planning Group

Bird Assemblage Species tracked by NHI that breed

on SWPB-WA (state rank*)

Suitable SWPB-WA Properties

Grassland Birds bobolink (SC)

eastern meadowlark (SC)

western meadowlark (SC)

Henslow’s Sparrow (Thr)

LeConte’s Sparrow (SC)

northern harrier (SIN)

Loon Lake WA

New Auburn WA

Rice Beds Creek WA

Shrubland Birds golden-winged warbler (SC) Balsam Branch WA

Beaver Brook WA

Loon Lake WA

McKenzie Creek WA

New Auburn WA

Rice Beds Creek WA

Marsh Birds and

Colonial Water Birds

American bittern (SC)

northern harrier (SIN)

yellow-headed blackbird (SC)

black tern (END)

Loon Lake WA

Joel Marsh WA

New Auburn WA

*END = Endangered, THR = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, SIN = Species with information needs.

Grassland Birds. Since the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) began in 1966, grassland birds

have declined more steeply than any other group of birds in North America and the Midwest (Askins et

al. 2007). There are two types of open habitats that support grassland bird species on the SWPB-WA:

Surrogate Grassland and Northern Sedge Meadow. Surrogate Grasslands were historically cleared,

drained, plowed and/or heavily grazed and later replanted with non-native cool-season grasses or native

prairie plants. There are large areas of surrogate grassland at Loon Lake WA, the most productive area

of which lies in the northwest part of the property (Fig. 3). At this site, rare and declining birds such as

both meadowlark species (Sturnella neglecta and S. magna), Henslow’s sparrow (Ammodramus

henslowii), Le Conte’s sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii), and bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) are

regularly seen during breeding season. At New Auburn and Rice Beds Creek WAs, there are extensive

swathes of Northern Sedge Meadow that also support vulnerable species such as northern harrier (Circus

cyaneus) and Le Conte’s sparrow. Brushy thickets within or along the edges of these open habitats at all

three sites provide important habitat for shrubland birds including the golden-winged warbler (Vermivora

chrysoptera). Restricting brushy areas to discrete thickets and edges, along with removal of tall trees

within core habitat areas, will further promote habitat for these declining species. When managing for

grassland birds, the minimum recommended size for a habitat block is 250 acres (Sample and Mossman

1997). Blocks of managed grassland can be even smaller, however, if they are surrounded by compatible

open cover types, even if they have limited value for grassland birds (e.g., pasture, grassy hayfields, idle


grasslands, reed canary grass-dominated meadows). Promoting large open landscapes and rotating

management spatially and temporally using a variety of management techniques (e.g., brushing,

prescribed fire, mowing, herbicide application) can benefit the greatest number of species by creating a

variety of habitat structures.

Figure 3. Grassland bird habitat with highest productivity on the SWPB-WA occurs at Loon Lake Wildlife Area

(yellow highlighted area). Clearing trees in area delineated with brown polygon could expand habitat area and

remove avian predator perches.

Marsh and Colonial Water Birds. Large expanses of Emergent Marsh, Northern Sedge Meadow, and

open water impoundments provide important habitat for marsh bird and colonial water bird species

during breeding season. Diverse bird species may also use these sites during migration, including

waterfowl and shorebirds. Runoff from agricultural lands and roads adjacent to these sites may

contribute to overgrowth of cattails and non-native invasives, potentially diminishing habitat for birds by

reducing diversity of food sources and nesting habitats. Initiatives to promote diversity in native plant

species, habitat structure (open water, wetland, shrubland, grassland) and food sources (aquatic tubers,

mudflat colonizers, etc.) will benefit birds who utilize these habitats during migration and breeding

season.

Wisconsin’s Wildlife Action Plan: Opportunities to Conserve

Species of Greatest Conservation Need and Rare Plants The Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan (WDNR 2015) notes Species of Greatest Conservation Need

(SGCN) associated with each Ecological Landscape. Species of Greatest Conservation Need are animals

that have low and/or declining populations that are in need of conservation action. They include various

birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates (e.g., dragonflies, butterflies, and freshwater

mussels) that are:

Are already listed as threatened or endangered;

Have few, low, or declining populations, and/or threats their populations or habitats;

Are stable in number in Wisconsin, but declining in adjacent states or nationally;


Have biological, genetic or ecological characteristics that place them at risk or make them

vulnerable to decline.

There are 67 SGCN and 53 rare plants significantly associated3 with the Forest Transition Ecological

Landscape. This means that these species are (and/or historically were) significantly associated with this

Ecological Landscapes, and that restoration of natural communities with which these species are

associated would significantly improve their conditions. For a complete list of which SGCN and rare

plant species occur on the SWPB-WA, please see Appendix C.

The Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan also identifies conservation opportunities by highlighting the natural

communities in each Ecological Landscape that are most important to the SGCN. While many

communities that occur on the SWPB-WA have major or important conservation opportunities, some of

these communities support more SGCN and rare plant species than others (Error! Reference source not

found.). For example, mid-seral and late seral Northern Dry-mesic Forest can potentially support more

species in the Forest Transition Ecological Landscape than do Aspen-Birch and Conifer Plantation.

Although all of these rare species do not necessarily occur on the SWPB-WA, communities with higher

species counts provide a disproportionate benefit to a greater number of SGCN and rare plants across this

Ecological Landscape and may warrant special consideration in the master planning process. This

intersection of SGCN and rare plants with priority natural communities represents the best opportunities

for management on the SWPB-WA from an ecological and biodiversity perspective; see Appendix E for

further details.

3 Here, we consider “significantly” to equate with “high” and “moderate” associations as defined in Wisconsin’s Wildlife Action Plan (WDNR

2015). For more information, see the “Key to SGCN-EL Association Scores.”

A note on northern forest natural communities: In the 2015 update of

Wisconsin's Wildlife Action Plan, northern forest natural communities were

subdivided into seral stages based on the progression from young forest to

mature forest following harvesting or a major natural disturbance (see pp.

12-14 in this report). These subdivisions were created to help illustrate the

relative impact of the wide range of possible forest types on SGCN habitat.

In describing these forest seral stages, it is recognized that they exist and

persist on the landscape due to a marked range of conditions depending on

the nature and intensity of forest management. Managers are encouraged to

adopt a balanced approach that takes into account the need for large blocks

of older forest as well as areas of mid-seral and young-seral forest, which

would benefit the most SGCN.

http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/endangeredresources/documents/keytoassociationscores.pdf


Figure 4. Number of SGCN and Rare Plant Species associated with Natural Communities of Conservation

Significance on the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas (WDNR 2015).4

4 Chart represents the SGCN and rare plants that are moderately or highly associated with the respective natural communities. Species and

natural communities represented are limited to those that are moderately to highly associated with the Forest Transition Ecological Landscape.


Invasive Species Non-native invasive plants and animals pose a threat to the integrity of the SWPB-WA habitats and the

plants and animals that rely on them. While managing for non-native invasives that are already known to

occur on SWPB-WA properties (Table 6) is important, it is also important to monitor for the appearance

of new invasives on the scene; a list of such species that are known to occur in the larger region is

provided in Table 7. While detailed information on invasive species is provided in the 2011 REA

(WDNR, 2011; pp. 29-30), several issues unique to this property group merit special attention here:

Given the influence of numerous recreational trails that pass through or alongside the SWPB-

WA properties, managers and planners should also refer to the BMPs for recreational settings

developed by the Wisconsin Council on Forestry (Wisconsin Council on Forestry 2010).

Monitor riparian areas 1-2 years post-flooding for new invasive species.

Survey for and control invasive species prior to forest management; follow WDNR Forest

Invasives Best Management Practices (BMPs) during forest management activities (WDNR,

2009).

For recommendations on controlling specific invasive species, consult with DNR staff, refer to websites

on invasive species, such as that maintained by the DNR (dnr.wi.gov, search term “invasives”) and by the

Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin (ipaw.org), and seek assistance from local invasive species

groups:

St. Croix – Red Cedar Cooperative Weed Management Area (St. Croix, Polk, Barron, Washburn,

and Burnett Counties; scrcinvasives.org)

Ice Age Trail Alliance (iceagetrail.org)

o Indianhead Chapter (Polk County)

o Superior Lobe Chapter (Barron and Washburn Counties)

Japanese hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica)

was identified at McKenzie Creek WA in

2016, and is a relatively new non-native

invasive of upland forests in the region.

http://www.iceagetrail.org/volunteer/chapters/indianhead/

http://www.iceagetrail.org/volunteer/chapters/superior-lobe/


Table 6. Non-native Invasive Species currently known at the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas (SWPB-WA) Planning Group

Property abbreviations: BeaB = Beaver Brook Wildlife Area, BalB = Balsam Branch Wildlife Area, JM = Joel Marsh Wildlife Area, LL = Loon

Lake Wildlife Area, MC = McKenzie Creek Wildlife Area, NA = New Auburn Wildlife Area, RBC = Rice Beds Creek Wildlife Area. Chapter NR

40 classification codes for SWPB-WA counties in superscript: P = Prohibited, R = Restricted, PR = Proposed Restricted.

Upland Habitats Wetland Habitats

Common Name Latin Name Open Wooded Open Wooded Aquatic Sites Where Present

Plants

Bird’s foot trefoilNR Lotus corniculatus X Common at many parking areas.

Canada thistleR Cirsium arvense X X

BalB: Present.

BeaB: Common on earthen dam at mitigation site.

common buckthornR Rhamnus cathartica X X

BalB: Abundant at south end of site.

BeaB: Forest N of mitigation site.

JM: Dense in western part, scattered to the east.

LL: Scattered in western part.

MC: Along IAT, dense at McKenzie L. boat landing.

RBC: West of 195th Ave at dead end.

common reedP Phragmites australis X

BeaB: Rare in mitigation wetland.

MC: Noted in SWIMS database as present.

Crown vetchR Coronilla varia X Dense along Cranberry Road near BeaB. Field rd at LL.

glossy buckthornR Rhamnus frangula X X BeaB: Rare at NW wetland.

curly-leaf pondweedR Potamogeton crispus X MC: Clam Falls Flowage

Hemp-nettleR Galeopsis tetrahit X X NA: 29th St. parking area and adjoining field road.

Japanese hedge-parsleyP Torilis japonica X MC: South end along field rd.

narrow-leaf cattailR Typha angustifolia X BeaB: Rare in wetland mitigation site.

purple loosestrifeR Lythrum salicaria X BeaB: Harrison L, NW wetland, mitigation site.

reed canary grassNR Phalaris arundinacea X X X

BalB: Uncommon.

BeaB: Occasional on mitigation site dam.

LL: Ponds and wetlands S of Loon Lake.

NA: Around wetland edges and old ditches.

RBC: Along Apple R.

spotted knapweedR Centaurea biebersteinii X

Common at virtually all parking areas. BeaB: Patch at

east end of earthen dam at wetland mitigation site.

wild parsnipR Pastinaca sativa X BeaB: Rare at wetland mitigation site.

Animals

Chinese mystery snailR Cipangopaludina chinensis X

BeaB: Beaver Brook, RBC: Apple River, MC:

McKenzie Lake, Clam Falls Flowage.


Table 7. Non-native invasives to watch for in the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas Planning Group

Chapter NR 40 classification codes for SWPB-WA counties in superscript: P = Prohibited, R = Restricted, PR = Proposed Restricted.

Upland Habitats Wetland Habitats

Common Name Latin Name Open Wooded Open Wooded Aquatic

Plants

dame's rocketR Hesperis matronalis X X X X

cypress spurgeR Euphorbia cyparissias X

Eurasian bush honeysuckleR

Lonicera sp. (L. x bella,

L. morrowii, L.

maackii) X X X

Eurasian water-milfoilR Myriophyllum spicatum X

garlic mustardR Alliaria petiolata X X

giant hogweedP

Heracleum

mantegazzianum X X

Grecian foxgloveP Digitalis lanatum X X

Japanese knotweedR Polygonum cuspidatum X X

scarlet pimpernelR Pimpinella saxifrage X X

tall manna grassP Glyceria maxima X

tansyR Tanacetum vulgare X

tree of HeavenR Ailanthus altissima X X

wild chervil* Anthriscus sylvestris X X

yellow irisR Iris pseudacorus X X

Animals

European earthworms

Families of

Acanthodrilida,

Lumbricidae,

Megascloedidae X X

New Zealand mud snailP

Potamopyrgus

antipodarum X

rusty crayfishR Orconectes rusticus X

banded mystery snailR Vivaparus georgianus X

*Wild chervil Prohibited in Washburn County (among others), Restricted in Polk and Barron Counties (among others).


Game Species of the SWPB-WA The following information was provided by WDNR wildlife and fisheries managers

Beaver Brook, Loon Lake, Rice Beds Creek, McKenzie Creek, Joel Marsh, and New Auburn WAs

provide good opportunities for hunting and trapping. Primary game species include white-tailed deer

(Odocoileus virginianus), black bear (Ursus americanus), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), eastern gray

squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), American woodcock (Scolopax minor), Wilson’s snipe (Gallinago

delicata), and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Numerous upland furbearers such as long-tailed weasel

(Mustela frenata), short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea), fisher (Martes pennanti), red fox (Vulpes

vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), and wolf

(Canis lupus) are present. Waterfowl are present in low numbers at Beaver Brook WA, but offer some

hunting opportunities, especially near the junction of the Yellow River and Beaver Brook and at Harrison

Lake. Properties with wetlands (Joel Marsh, Loon Lake, and New Auburn WAs), especially those with

flowages, support abundant waterfowl. Waterways and adjacent wetlands and aquatic areas provide

habitat for river otter (Lontra canadensis), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), mink (Neovison vison), raccoon

(Procyon lotor), and beaver (Castor canadensis), providing trapping opportunities.

Though small, Balsam Branch WA affords good opportunities for hunting, trapping, and wildlife

observation. Game species commonly found on the property are white-tailed deer, eastern cottontail

rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), eastern gray squirrel, black bear, and turkeys. Numerous furbearers such

as long-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel, fisher, red fox, and coyote are present. Waterfowl are present

and offer hunting opportunities on the lake. The waterways and adjacent wetlands provide habitat for

river otter, muskrat, mink, raccoon, and beaver, but do not support a sport fishery.

Beaver Brook, within Beaver Brook WA, is classified as a Class I trout stream along its entire length. It

is the longest Class I trout stream in Washburn County and one of the few supporting fishable trout

populations in Washburn County. The stream sustains excellent levels of natural reproduction for both

brook and brown trout (Salvelinus fontinalis and Salmo trutta). Brown trout tend to be less abundant in

this system. In addition, brook trout have reestablished in the southeastern section of beaver brook,

where a cranberry flowage was removed in 2008. This section (between Cranberry Rd. and Cty Rd. B)

continues to see improved numbers of brook trout each season (though it was originally thought it could

not sustain trout). DNR Fisheries Staff in Spooner monitor this stream yearly and this stream remains a

priority for trout habitat/survey work in our area. The stream is a relatively small trout stream (~6.0

miles), therefore protection of spawning habitat is important to maintain a healthy trout population.

Having a limited watershed, upland disturbances near the stream would likely result in trout habitat

degradation. Overall, the fishery provides an excellent trout fishing opportunity for anglers near

Spooner. Harrison Lake is has a history of partial winterkills. But our most recent data show records of

largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in the lake.

At Loon Lake WA, sport fishing opportunities are limited to Loon Lake, Crystal Lake, and Chain Lakes,

all of which contain warmwater fish communities consisting of bluegill, black crappie, pumpkinseed,

yellow perch, largemouth bass, and northern pike. Loon Lake once had a naturally-reproducing walleye

population, but is now a stocked walleye fishery. Crystal Lake and Chain Lake both have history of

periodic winterkills, but do support desirable fish communities most of the time.


McKenzie Creek WA offers diverse sport fishing opportunies. There are several warmwater lakes in

the wildlife area including Clam Falls Flowage, Dinger Lake, Margaret Lake, and McKenzie Lake, all of

which support sport fisheries with bluegill, black crappie, pumpkinseed, yellow perch, largemouth bass,

and northern pike. In addition to the warmwater lakes, McKenzie Creek and Clam River are coldwater

trout streams. The fishery in McKenzie Creek consists of a coldwater fish community with brook and

brown trout being the primary sportfish. McKenzie Creek is a class II trout stream in the upper reaches

(above CTH W) and Class I in the lower reaches (below CTH W). Clam River is a class I stream for

both brook trout and brown trout. Mohnson Creek is considered a class II trout stream, though brook and

brown trout are only present in low numbers. Major game species of McKenzie Creek WA include

white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse, American woodcock, and grey squirrel. Bear, beaver, otter, muskrat,

mink, coyote, and fox are also present and offer trapping and hunting opportunities.

Running through Rice Beds Creek WA, Rice Bed Creek is a cool water stream with marginal trout

habitat, and does not support a sport fishery.

At Joel Marsh WA, sport fishing opportunities are restricted to Joel Flowage, which is a

winterkill lake that periodically supports yellow perch, northern pike, and black crappie.


Primary Sites: Site-specific Opportunities for Biodiversity Conservation Five ecologically important sites, or “Primary Sites,” were identified within the SWPB-WA (Table 8).

Primary Sites are delineated because they generally encompass the best examples of 1) rare and

representative natural communities, 2) documented occurrences of rare species populations, and/or 3)

opportunities for ecological restoration or connections. These sites warrant high protection and/or

restoration consideration during the development of the property master plan. This report is meant to be

considered along with other information when identifying opportunities for various management

designations during the master planning process.

Brief descriptions of the primary sites are provided in the “At a Glance” section at the beginning of this

report, while complete descriptions can be found in Appendix G.

Table 8. Southwest Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas Primary Sites

Code Name

SWPB-WA01 New Auburn Wetlands

SWPB-WA02 Tula Lake Upland Forest and Peatlands

SWPB-WA03 McKenzie Creek Headwaters

SWPB-WA04 Loon Lake Woods State Natural Area

SWPB-WA05 Rice Beds Creek Swamps and Meadows

SWPB-WA06 Beaver Brook



Future Needs This project was designed to provide a rapid assessment of biodiversity values for the SWPB-WA and is

an addendum to the information in the 2011 REA for SWPB fishery areas (WDNR, 2011). The project

relied, in large part, on one field season of survey work. Although the report should be considered

adequate for planning purposes, additional efforts could help to inform adaptive management. These

could include the following:

Updated breeding bird surveys are needed at Joel Marsh WA due to the fact that the site had

undergone an artificial drawdown during the 2016 survey season.

Aquatic plant surveys on wilderness lakes with exceptional landscape context could inform

presence and status of rare aquatic plants and identify high quality aquatic natural communities.

Detailed surveys for plants and natural communities are needed at the following wetland sites

(access was limited due to high water/deep muck during 2016 survey season):

o Open wetlands and forested wetlands in northern third of Rice Beds Creek Swamps and

Meadows Primary Site.

o Alder Thickets at Beaver Brook Primary Site.


References

Askins, R.A., F. Chavez-Ramirez, B.C. Dale, C.A. Haas, J.R. Herkert, F.L. Knopf, and P.D. Vickery.

2007. Conservation of Grassland Birds in North America: Understanding Ecological Processes in

Different Regions: "Report of the AOU Committee on Conservation". Ornithological

Monographs 64:iii-viii, 1-46.

Blann, K., and J. Wagner. 2014. Development of a Lake Classification and Conservation Portfolio to

Support Lake Conservation Planning in Wisconsin. Report produced for the Wisconsin Lakes

Partnership and Wisconsin DNR. The Nature Conservancy. Madison, WI.

Christel, N. 2008. National Audubon Property Management Plan Proposal. Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resources,. Spooner, WI.

Iverson, L.R., A.M. Prasad, S.N. Matthews, and M. Peters. 2008. Estimating potential habitat for 134

eastern U.S. tree species under six climate scenarios. Forest Ecology and Management 254

(3):390-406.

Kaplan, L.A., T.L. Bott, J.K. Jackson, J.D. Newbold, and B.W. Sweeney. 2008. Protecting headwaters:

The scientific basis for safeguarding stream and river ecosystems. Stroud Water Research Center.

Sample, D.W., and M.J. Mossman. 1997. Managing habitat for grassland birds: A guide for Wisconsin.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Council on Forestry. 2010. Best management practices for preventing the spread of invasive

species by outdoor recreation activities in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Council on Forestry,.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2006a. Wisconsin Land Legacy Report: an

inventory of places critical in meeting Wisconsin's future conservation and recreation needs.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Endangered Resources. Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2006b. Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Endangered Resources. Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2009. Wisconsin's Forestry Best Management

Practices for Invasive Species. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Division of

Forestry. Madison, WI. PUB-FR-444 2009.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2011. Rapid ecological assessment for the fishery

areas within the southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group. Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources. Madison, WI.

http://intranet.dnr.state.wi.us/int/land/nhc/reports/WashburnPolkBarronFishery_REA_int.pdf.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2015. 2015-2025 Wisconsin Wildlife Action

Plan. Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2016. Natural Heritage Inventory Working List.


http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/nhi/wlist.html.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. In preparation. Old-growth and Old Forests

Handbook. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Madison, WI.


http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/nhi/wlist.html


Species List The following species were mentioned in the main report text above.

Common Name Scientific Name

Animals

American Woodcock Scolopax minor

Beaver Castor canadensis

Black Bear Ursus americanus

Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii

Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus

Bobcat Lynx rufus

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis

Brown Trout Salmo trutta

Coyote Canis latrans

Easter Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna

Fisher Martes pennanti

Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera

Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus

Henslow’s Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii

Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides

Le Conte’s Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii

Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata

Mink Neovison vison

Mink Frog Lithobates septentrionalis

Muskrat Ondatra zibenthicus

Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus

Raccoon Procyon lotor

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes

River Otter Lontra canadensis

Ruffed Grouse Bonas umbellus

Short-tailed Weasel Mustela erminea

Turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta

White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

Plants

Adder’s-mouth Pogonia ophioglossoides

American Basswood Tilia americana

American Elm Ulmus americana

Arrowhead Sagittaria spp.

Black ash Fraxinus nigra

Black Spruce Picea mariana


Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides

Bluejoint grass Calamagrostis canadensis

Bog Rosemary Andromeda polifolia

Burr Oak Quercus macrocarpa

Bur-reed Sparganium spp.

Common Yellow Lake Sedge Carex utriculata

Cotton-grass Eriophorum spp

Eastern Leatherwood Dirca palustris

False Mayflower Maianthemum trifolium

Japanese Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica

Labrador Tea Rhododendron groenlandicum

Lake Sedge Carex lacustris

Leather-leaf Chamaedaphne calyculata

Marsh-marigold Caltha palustris

Orange Jewelweed Impatiens capensis

Pod Grass Scheuchzeria palustris

Poison Ivy Toxicodendron radicans

Purple pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea

Red Maple Acer rubrum

Red Oak Quercus rubra

Robbin's Spike-rush Eleocharis robbinsii

Round-leaved Sundew Drosera rotundifolia

Rusty Cotton-grass Eriophorum virginicum

Snail-seed Pondweed

Potamogeton bicupulatus

Soft-stem Bulrush Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

Speckled Alder Alnus incana

Sugar Maple Acer saccharum

Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Tamarack Larix laricina

Two-leaf Miterwort Mitella diphylla

Virginia Creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Water Smartweed Persicaria amphibia

White Oak Quercus alba

White Pine Pinus strobus

Wild Leek Allium tricoccum

Wood nettle Laportea canadensis

Woolly-fruit Sedge Carex lasiocarpa

Yellow Birch Betula alleghaniensis


Appendix Index NHI Rapid Ecological Assessments normally have a standardized set of Appendices as listed below. For

Appendix A, B, D, and F, see the 2011 REA (WDNR, 2011).

A. Natural Heritage Inventory Methods Overview (See 2011 REA)

B. Map of Conservation Opportunity Areas for the North Central Forest and Northeast Sands

Ecological Landscapes (See 2011 REA)

C. Documented rare species and high-quality natural communities for the Wildlife Areas within the

Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group listed by property

D. Descriptions for Rare Species and High Quality Natural Communities Documented on the

Wildlife Areas within the Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group (See

2011 REA)

E. Species of Greatest Conservation Need of the Wildlife Areas within the Southern Washburn,

Polk, and Barron County Planning Group

F. Wisconsin Natural Heritage Working List Explanation (See 2011 REA)

G. Primary Sites within the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron County Wildlife Areas Planning

Group







Appendix C

Documented rare species and high-quality natural communities for the Wildlife Areas

within the Southern Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group listed by

property Numerous rare species and high-quality examples of native communities have been documented within the Southern Washburn, Polk and Barron

County Wildlife Areas Planning Group (SWPB-WA). The table below shows the rare species and high-quality natural communities currently

known from the SWPB-WA and listed by property with the year last observed. Ranks and statuses based on Wisconsin Natural Heritage

Inventory (NHI) Working List published July 2016. *Species did not meet requirements for mapping in NHI database.

INFORMATION REMOVED DUE TO SENSITIVE LOCATIONAL INFORMATION RELATING TO RARE SPECIES


Appendix E

Species of Greatest Conservation Need and Rare

Plants of the Wildlife Areas within the Southern

Washburn, Polk, and Barron County Planning Group The following tables represent high priorities for conservation based on Wisconsin’s Wildlife Action

Plan (WDNR, 2015) in that they identify the intersection of Species of Greatest Conservation Need

(SGCN), Natural Communities, and Ecological Landscapes (EL; Figure 1). Tables are provided for the

Forest Transition EL, as the SWPB-WA lies within this

EL. Note that a natural community only appears in the

table below if it meets two criteria: 1) It is considered to

represent a major or significant conservation opportunity

in that ecological landscape; and 2) It occurs on the

property group. Also note that species that have been

documented on the SWPB-WA are highlighted in yellow.

The non-highlighted species could occur on the property

group given the presence of available habitat, but escaped

detection during surveys.

Sample interpretation – Northern Sedge Meadow:

Since Northern Sedge Meadow is included in Table E1

below, this indicates that the community type occurs on

the SWPB-WA, and is also considered a priority conservation target in the Forest Transition EL. In fact,

large tracts of Northern Sedge Meadow occur at several properties, including New Auburn WA and Rice

Beds Creek WA. If you scan down the column for Northern Sedge Meadow, you’ll note that 12 SGCN

and rare plants are highly or moderately associated with that community type in the Forest Transition EL.

Of these, American bittern, bobolink, Le Conte's sparrow, Blanding's turtle, four-toed salamander have

already been identified on the SWPB-WA (since they are highlighted yellow). Protecting Northern

Sedge Meadow thus represents a priority conservation action that will benefit at least 12 SGCN and rare

plants.

Figure 5. Identifying conservation priorities

in Wisconsin's Wildlife Action Plan


Table E9. Species of Greatest Conservation Need, Plants, and Natural Community Combinations that represent high priority conservation actions in

the Forest Transition Ecological Landscape. (H = Highly [significantly] associated, M = moderately associated.) Species highlighted in yellow have been

documented on SWPB-WA. Non-highlighted species could occur on the property group given the presence of available habitat.

UPLAND COMMUNITIES WETLAND COMMUNITIES AQUATIC COMMUNITIES

Northern Mesic

Forest

Northern Dry-mesic

Forest

Common Name Scientific Name Yo

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Birds

American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus M M H H M

American Woodcock Scolopax minor H M M H M H M H M

Black Tern Chlidonias niger H M H M M M M

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus H M H

Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus H

Dickcissel Spiza americana H

Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna H

Eastern whip-poor-will Antrostomus vociferus M M M

Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus M H H M H

Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera M M M H M M

Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum H

Greater Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus cupido H M



Northern Mesic

Forest

Northern Dry-mesic

Forest


un

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Earl

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Mid

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Late

Se

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Yo

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Mid

-Se

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Late

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Co

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Pla

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tio

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Asp

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Surr

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te G

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lan

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Flo

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Sub

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Mar

sh

Eme

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Mar

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Po

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Fen

No

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Se

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Me

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w

Ald

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Tam

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(p

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Bla

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p

No

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s

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s

Spri

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Ru

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(So

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Smal

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soft

, bo

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Eph

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Riv

eri

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Imp

ou

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me

nt

Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii H

Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii H H

Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus H H H M M M M

Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis M H H M M

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus M M M H

Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus M M M M

Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda H

Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta H

Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis H H

Fish

Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens H

Least Darter Etheostoma microperca M

Redfin Shiner Lythrurus umbratilis M

Reptiles

Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii M H H M M M M H H H H

Wood Turtle Glyptemys insculpta H H H H H H H H M M M H M M M H H M M



Northern Mesic

Forest

Northern Dry-mesic

Forest


un

g Se

ral

Earl

y Se

ral

Mid

-Se

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Late

Se

ral

Yo

un

g Se

ral

Mid

-Se

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Late

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Co

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Pla

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tio

n

Asp

en

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ch

Surr

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te G

rass

lan

ds

Flo

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g-le

ave

d M

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Sub

me

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nt

Mar

sh

Eme

rge

nt

Mar

sh

Po

or

Fen

No

rth

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Se

dge

Me

ado

w

Ald

er

Thic

ket

Tam

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(p

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Bla

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pru

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wam

p

No

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Har

dw

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p

Co

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s

Co

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ate

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s

Spri

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an

d S

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Ru

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(So

ft)

Larg

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--sh

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, se

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Smal

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, bo

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Eph

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Riv

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Imp

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me

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Amphibians

Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum H H H H H H H M H M M M M M H

Mussels

Elktoe Alasmidonta marginata M

Ellipse Venustaconcha ellipsiformis M

Mammals

Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus M M M M M M H H H M H

Franklin's Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus (Poliocitellus) franklinii M

Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus M M M M M M M H H H M H H H H H H H

Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus M H H H H M

Northern Long-eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis M M M M M M M M M M H H M M M H

Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans M M M M M M M M M M M H H M M M H M

Water Shrew Sorex palustris M M M M M H H H H H M

Woodland Jumping Mouse Napaeozapus insignis M H H H M M M

Insects

A Crawling Water Beetle Haliplus apostolicus M

A Fingernet Caddisfly Wormaldia moesta M M



Northern Mesic

Forest

Northern Dry-mesic

Forest


un

g Se

ral

Earl

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ral

Mid

-Se

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Late

Se

ral

Yo

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Mid

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Late

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Co

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Pla

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ch

Surr

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te G

rass

lan

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Flo

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ave

d M

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Sub

me

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nt

Mar

sh

Eme

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nt

Mar

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or

Fen

No

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Se

dge

Me

ado

w

Ald

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Tam

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(p

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Bla

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pru

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wam

p

No

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Har

dw

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d S

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p

Co

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s

Co

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s

Spri

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an

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ng

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(So

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Larg

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, bo

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Eph

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Riv

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Imp

ou

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me

nt

A Flat-headed Mayfly Maccaffertium pulchellum M

A Giant Casemaker Caddisfly Banksiola dossuaria M

A Non-biting Midge Pseudodiamesa pertinax M

A Predaceous Diving Beetle Agabus discolor M H

A Predaceous Diving Beetle Hygrotus marklini M

A Predaceous Diving Beetle Ilybius angustior M

A Predaceous Diving Beetle Ilybius confusus M

A Predaceous Diving Beetle Lioporeus triangularis M

A Predaceous Diving Beetle Hygrotus compar M

A Small Minnow Mayfly Plauditus cestus M

A Water Scavenger Beetle Agabetes acuductus H

A Water Scavenger Beetle Helophorus latipenis M

American Sand Burrowing Mayfly Dolania americana M



Northern Mesic

Forest

Northern Dry-mesic

Forest


un

g Se

ral

Earl

y Se

ral

Mid

-Se

ral

Late

Se

ral

Yo

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ral

Mid

-Se

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Late

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Co

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Pla

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tio

n

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Surr

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te G

rass

lan

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d M

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Sub

me

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nt

Mar

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Eme

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Mar

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Se

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w

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(p

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Bla

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pru

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Har

dw

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s

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s

Spri

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(So

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Larg

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, se

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, bo

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l Po

nd

Riv

eri

ne

Imp

ou

nd

me

nt

Cantrall's Bog Beetle Liodessus cantralli M

Crackling Forest Grasshopper Trimerotropis verruculata M M

Robust Dubiraphian Riffle Beetle Dubiraphia robusta M

Sioux (Sand) Snaketail Ophiogomphus smithi H

Speckled Rangeland Grasshopper Arphia conspersa M M M

Sylvan Hygrotus Diving Beetle Hygrotus sylvanus M

Plants

Autumnal Water-starwort

Callitriche hermaphroditica H M M M

Butternut Juglans cinerea H H H H

Georgia Bulrush Scirpus georgianus M

Large-flowered Ground-cherry Leucophysalis grandflora M M M

Marsh Valerian Valeriana uliginosa H

Mingan’s Moonwort Botrychium minganense H H H

Northern Slender Pondweed

Stuckenia filiformis spp. Albina H

Oake’s Pondweed Potamogeton oakesianus H H H H



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Pale Bulrush Scirpus pallidus H M

Round-leaved Orchis Amerorchis rotundifolia M

Slender Bulrush Schoenoplectus heterochaetus H

Slender Pondweed Stuckenia filiformis ssp occidentalis H H

Small Forget-me-not Myosotis laxa M M

Snail-seed Pondweed Potamogeton bicupulatus H H H M

Spotted Pondweed Potamogeton bicupulatus H H H M

Square-stem Spike-rush Eleocharis quadrangulata H

Thread-like Naiad Najas gracillima H

Torrey’s Bulrush Schoenoplectus torreyi M M M M

Vasey’s Pondweed Potamogeton vaseyi H H M M

White Adder’s-mouth Malaxis monophyllos var brachypoda H


Appendix G

Primary Sites within the Southern Washburn, Polk and

Barron County Wildlife Areas Planning Group Four ecologically important sites were identified on the SWPB-WA (Figure 3). These “Primary Sites”

were delineated because they generally encompass the best examples of 1) rare and representative natural

communities, 2) documented occurrences of rare species populations, and/or 3) opportunities for

ecological restoration or connections. These sites warrant high protection and/or restoration

consideration during the development of the property master plan. This report is meant to be considered

along with other information when identifying opportunities for various management designations during

the master planning process.

SWPB-WA01 New Auburn Wetlands

SWPB-WA02 Tula Lake Upland Forest and Peatlands

SWPB-WA03 McKenzie Creek Headwaters

SWPB-WA04 Loon Lake Woods State Natural Area

SWPB-WA05 Rice Beds Creek Swamps and Meadows

SWPB-WA06 Beaver Brook


SWPB-WA01. NEW AUBURN WETLANDS

Property: New Auburn Wildlife Area

County: Barron

Land Type Associations: Chetek Plains (212Qb04);

Red Cedar/Chippewa Valley Trains (222La01)

Approximate Size (acres): 734

Description of Site This vast expanse (over 700 acres) of Northern Sedge Meadow is characterized by a mat of abundant

Sphagnum moss overtopped by gracefully arching narrow-leaved woolly-sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) and

blue-joint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis). In the eastern part of the site, the meadow is seemingly

endless, providing a setting that is irresistable to the Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), a raptor that

hunts low over large expanses of grasslands and wetlands. Past hydrological disturbance has created

conditions that promote abundant small trees and brush in other parts of the site, particularly in the

western half. Channelized Beaver Creek flows through the site, and several old ditches remain from

earlier times. Pockets of Emergent Marsh and open water are interspersed throughout the sedge meadow,

inviting waterfowl to nest, rest, and forage. A narrow band of Alder Thicket offers an additional habitat

niche along the southeast boundary, supporting at least 40 native ground layer species growing

underneath tall speckled alders (Alnus incana). In the spring, sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) are often

heard bugling from the interior of this wetland complex in concert with their other avian brethren such as

swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), Virginia rail (Rallus limicola), willow flycatcher (Empidonax

traillii), and both marsh and sedge wren (Cistothorus palustris and C. platensis).

Significance of Site Wetlands serve to slow the release of water during storms (thus minimizing flooding), filter nutrients and

pollutants that are carried in runoff, and provide moisture banks during low water periods or droughts.

This wetland site also provides important habitat for nesting and migratory marsh birds and waterfowl.

New Auburn Sedge Meadow SNA was designated in 2003, conferring an additional layer of protection

on 325 acres within this primary site – this includes the Alder Thicket and some sedge meadow in the

southeast part of the site.

Management Considerations Hydrologic alteration of these wetlands through ditching in the distant past resulted in a lowering of the

water table, facilitating tree and shrub invasion in portions of the site and loss of open wetland habitat.

Amy Staffen, WDNR


Extensive usage of groundwater resources for agriculture or industry on surrounding lands may further

exacerbate this impact. Identifying priority groundwater recharge areas that supply Beaver Creek and

this wetland complex may be an important component of an integrated approach to restoration and

management of the primary site.

Seeking measures to buffer fertilizer and erosion run-off from surrounding agricultural lands will help

stave wetland degradation. Property managers have already created excellent buffers in the form of

upland prairie plantings to the north and south, thus maintaining these will continue to be important.

New Auburn Wetland Primary Site is somewhat unique among Wisconsin wetlands in its relative lack of

non-native invasive species. Regular monitoring for new invaders and early control represents a high

priority action, especially at the most common points of entry (along roads, streams, dikes, and ditches).

Small amounts of reed canary grass occur at the perimeter of the property in several places and along the

central dike heading west from 29th Street. A more detailed assessment of the extent of the invasion is

recommended in order to facilitate tactical control efforts.


New Auburn Wetlands Primary Site (SWPB-WA01)


SWPB-WA02. TULA LAKE UPLAND FOREST & PEATLANDS

Property: McKenzie Creek Wildlife Area

County: Polk

Land Type Association: Polk Basalt Moraines (212Qa03)


Description of Site An uncommon complex of wild seepage lakes, open wetlands, Black Spruce Swamp and upland pine-oak

forest are all captured within this primary site. Tula and Marsh Lakes are small, shallow "bog lakes" that

support Poor Fen along their margins, with squishy floating Sphagnum mats, carnivorous plants such as

purple pitcher-plant (Sarracenia purpurea) and sundew (Drosera spp.), cranberries (Vaccinium spp.),

numerous sedges, rushes, and cotton grasses. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), ospreys (Pandion

haliaetus) and common loons (Gavia immer) have made their homes on these two bog lakes over the

years. Beyond the fen margins of Tula and Marsh Lakes lies a Black Spruce Swamp, where the deep

Sphagnum mat continues, but tamarack (Larix laricina) and black spruce (Picea mariana) occupy the

canopy and the ground layer is replaced with scattered bog shrubs such as Laborador tea (Rhododendron

groenlandicum), leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) and bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), along

with occasional tufts of rusty cotton-grass (Eriophorum virginicum). The reedy song of the hermit thrush

(Catharus guttatus) can be heard amond the spruces in spring. Extensive areas of Alder Thicket and

sedge meadow can also be found in the western part of this primary site. To the east lies Margaret Lake,

which is larger and deeper than the other two lakes, and has only a narrow fringe of sedge meadow that

quickly transitions to upland forest. This Northern Dry-mesic Forest occupies gently rolling terrain in

the core of the primary site, and continues beyond it to the south and east. The trees create three distinct

layers here, from massive towering white pines (Pinus strobus) in the supercanopy to large red and white

oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. alba) in the canopy, to sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American hornbeam

(Carpinus caroliniana), red oak and white birch (Betula papyrifera) in the subcanopy. Diversity of tree

species, sizes and age classes in all strata are indicators of late-seral forest of high ecological integrity

that can support numerous native plant species (including those that are conservative) and abundant

wildlife, and can resist or rebound from natural disturbances. Diverse herbs grace the forest floor,

including spring ephemerals such as large-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), and less commonly

seen plants such as blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) and miterwort (Mitella diphylla).

Ephemeral ponds are scattered throughout the forest, and provide important habitat for reproducing frogs

and salamanders. An especially high number of mammals are known to use this area, including white-

tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), black bear (Ursus americanus), otter (Lontra canadensis), mink

(Neovison vison), muskrat (Ondatra zibenthicus), coyote (Canis latrans), red fox (Vulpes vulpes),

snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and fisher (Martes pennanti).

Amy Staffen, WDNR


Significance of Site The mature Northern Dry-mesic Forest provides important breeding and stopover habitat for diverse bird

species. Contiguity with a larger block of intact forest beyond the bounds of the primary site makes this

particularly suitable for forest-interior bird species. This site’s ephemeral ponds, upland hardwood

forest, and mossy wetlands provide suitable habitat for numerous herptiles, including some that are rare.

A large population of two exceptionally rare fly species were discovered at this site in 2016. These

observations, along with two other records, are the only published records of this family of flies from the

Midwest.

The 160-acre Tula Lake State Natural Area lies within this primary site, and was designated in 1982.

Management Considerations During the master planning process, consideration of expanding the boundaries of the State Natural Area

to match those of the primary site is recommended, as the larger site has characteristics of an ecological

reference area, and supports a number of rare and declining species.

No non-native invasive plants are known to occur at this site. It would be considered a high priority

action, therefore, to institute a regular Early Detection-Rapid Response program for invasive species to

maintain the site’s high integrity.

Opportunities to manage older (late seral) forest at a landscape level are high at this site because of the

large size of the Northern Dry-mesic Forest (over 200 acres) and its connection to other large blocks of

forest. Management should seek to maintain older forest in a large-sized block at this site and promote

additional older forest on nearby lands. When managing land surrounding older forest, manage in a way

that does not isolate the site and that minimizes the negative effects of fragmentation.

Amphibian and aquatic invertebrate species that use Ephemeral Ponds during at least part of their life

cycle benefit from moist, shaded conditions, coarse woody debris adjacent to the pond, and absence of

soil compaction in the surrounding uplands. Aquatic invertebrates that live in and around the lakes on

this site are also sensitive to

inputs that diminish water

quality. Recreational

development and natural

resource management activities

could include considerations

for management of ephemeral

ponds and streams, such as by

following forestry Best

Management Practices for

Water Quality (WDNR, 2010a).


Tula Lake Upland Forest and Peatlands Primary Site (SWPB-WA02) and McKenzie Creek Headwaters

Primary Site (SWPB-WA03)


SWPB-WA03. MCKENZIE CREEK HEADWATERS

Property: McKenzie Creek Wildlife Area

County: Polk

Land Type Association: Late St. Croix Moraines (212Qa01)


Description of Site

This primary site features a wild lake, creek, forested and open wetlands, springs, spring seeps, forested

seeps, and upland forest. As the site’s centerpiece, McKenzie Lake is a 52-acre drainage lake where

common loons may be heard calling in spring. Apart from a vehicle-accessible boat landing and parking

area on the north shore, this lake is undeveloped, and only non-motorized boats are allowed here.

McKenzie Creek, a cool (warm-transition) headwater stream, flows through the lake from southwest to

north, and its headwaters are situated in the southwest part of the primary site. An 80-acre wetland

complex spans the creek from the creek headwaters to the shouth shore of McKenzie Lake. Here,

numerous springs and spring seeps bubble out of the ground among tracts of Hardwood Swamp, Alder

Thicket, and sedge meadow. The gently rolling morainal topography surrounding this wetland complex

and the lake supports mid-seral Northern Dry-mesic Forest that is developing late seral characteristics,

where large red oak, American basswood (Tilia americana) and sugar maple dominate a moderate to

dense canopy; some red oaks achieve 26 inches in diameter. Huge 24- to 36-inch white pines tower

above the hardwoods. American hazelnut (Corylus americana), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum

acerifolium) and common blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) create a moderate shrub layer, while a

diverse ground layer of more than 50 species includes grasses, sedges, forbs, and ferns. A great variety

of birds call this forest home, including pileated

woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), wood thrush

(Hylocichla mustelina), veery (Catharus

fuscescens), and ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla).

A popular stretch of the Ice Age Trail runs

through this primary site.

Significance of Site McKenzie Creek headwaters, springs, spring

seeps, and forested seeps are essential to the

health of the Clam River Watershed and

associated riparian ecosystems: They keep

sediment and other pollutants out of the stream's

lower reaches, they provide vital organic and

inorganic elements that support ecosystems

Amy Staffen, WDNR

Active spring seeps bubble from the ground at

McKenzie Creek Headwaters. Photo by Rich Staffen.


downstream, and they support diverse and unique plants and animals that are specially adapted to the

physical and chemical conditions associated with this habitat complex (Kaplan et al. 2008).

This large block of forest provides breeding and stopover habitat for numerous species of birds, and

contributes to the functional block size of the high-quality forest interior bird habitat featured in the Tula

Lake Upland Forest and Peatlands Primary Site.

Management Considerations In order to protect McKenzie Creek and its headwaters and, by extension, the Clam River Watershed,

consider maintaining a forested Riparian Management Zone (RMZ) beyond 100 feet, the standard

described in the WDNR BMP guide (WDNR 2010a). An expanded RMZ will offer extra protection to

these unique and sensitive features, and will help mitigate threats from both point-source and non-point-

source runoff. This is particularly important in light of climate change projections for more frequent and

intense spring and summer storms along with winter rains on frozen ground.

Two non-native invasive plants are known to occur at this site: Japanese hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica)

and common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). A site-wide inspection for these and other species is

recommended, along with mapping of invasives locations to help set management priorities for different

areas. In the very least, regular inspections of transport corridors such as trails, field roads and logging

roads would serve as a high priority action to limit spread. There may be opportunities to enlist the help

of local Ice Age Trail volunteers in invasives monitoring, mapping and control. The non-native Chinese

mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) has been identified in McKenzie Lake; long-term impacts of this

relatively new invasive remain under investigation.

Opportunities to manage dry-mesic forest at a landscape level are high at this site because of its

contiguity with other large blocks of forest, particularly to the north. Managers have succeeded in recent

decades in maintaining a mosaic of diverse tree ages and size classes and moderate to dense canopy

cover. The limited amount of oak regeneration, however, foreshadows a change in future canopy

composition: White oak and red oak seedlings are rare to uncommon, saplings are nonexistent, and the

subcanopy is dominated by sugar maple, suggesting a conversion to maple forest in the future. While

considerations regarding maintaining the current composition versus facilitating conversion are numerous

and complex, an important goal for this particular primary site ultimately will be to maintain continuous

forest canopy to protect the headwaters, stream, and watershed of McKenzie Creek, regardless of canopy

composition.

Richard Staffen, WDNR

Richard Staffen, WDNR


SWPB-WA04. LOON LAKE WOODS STATE NATURAL AREA

Property: Loon Lake Wildlife Area

County: Barron



Description of Site The gently rolling terrain of Loon Lake Woods supports a shady forest of sugar maple and basswood,

with large red, white and burr oaks (Quercus macrocarpa) also contributing to this forest's dense canopy.

Scattered, very old stumps offer evidence of logging in the distant past, but this forest shows

characteristics of older (late seral) forest, including some trees as large as 20 inches in diameter, a mix of

tree sizes and age classes, abundant coarse woody debris, and “pit-and-mound” microtopography which

occurs when large trees topple over due to old age. A rich ground flora includes ephemerals such as

large-flowered trillium and wild leek (Allium tricoccum), numerous fern species, and various forest

wildflowers, grasses and sedges. Several ephemeral ponds occur in shallow depressions, and support

wetland trees and plants such as black ash (Fraxinus nigra), lake sedge (Carex lacustris), and marsh

marigold (Caltha palustris) along with several frog species. Occasional glacial erratics (large boulders)

may also be encountered in the forest. A diverse assortment of migratory and resident birds make use of

this forest, including broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypteris), least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus),

yellow-throated vireo (Vireo flavifrons), veery, scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), and many warbler

species.

Significance of Site Older successional stages of Southern Mesic Forest are poorly represented in this region, highlighting the

significance of this site. Loon Lake Woods was designated a State Natural Area in 2003.

Management Considerations This site should be managed as a Northern Mesic Forest reserve and an ecological reference area.

No non-native invasive plants are known to occur at this site. It would be considered a high priority



Amphibian and aquatic invertebrate species that use Ephemeral Ponds during at least part of their life

cycle benefit from shaded conditions, coarse woody debris adjacent to the pond, and absence of soil

compaction in the surrounding uplands.

Andy Clark, WDNR


Loon Lake Woods Primary Site (SWPB-WA04)


SWPB-WA05. RICE BEDS CREEK SWAMPS AND MEADOWS

Property: Rice Beds Creek Wildlife Area

County: Polk



Description of Site This primary site was designated to highlight a large wetland complex that lies at the convergence of the

Apple River and Rice Beds Creek. Where Rice Beds Creek passes through this primary site, it is

classified as a cool-cold headwater stream and is considered a warm water forage fishery, while the

Apple River is a warm mainstem stream. Over 200 acres of Hardwood Swamp with high ecological

integrity runs from the confluence of the two rivers to the south and west along the Apple River. An

additional 160+ acres of Hardwood Swamp lies along the northeast boundary of the primary site. Black

ash is the dominant canopy tree here, along with lesser amounts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis)

and red maple (Acer rubrum). Over 130 plant species grace the mucky forest floor, including six fern

species, 14 members of the lily family (e.g., the elegant Michigan lily [Lilium michaganense]), and 13

sedge species (including conservatives such as Carex leptalea and C. disperma). Standing pools of

water, streamlets, and scattered terraces provide microhabitats with the forest matrix that boost the site’s

floral diversity and offer additional habitat niches for wildlife. Five woodpecker species including the

pileated find ample habitat in the forest, along with the resplendent scarlet tanager and various types of

warblers, flycatchers, and thrushes. A vast swathe of sedge meadow and Alder Thicket straddle Rice

Beds Creek in the northern half of the primary site, providing important habitat for nesting marsh birds

such as sedge wren, sora (Porzana carolina), sandhill crane, and common yellowthroat (Geothlypis

trichas). A sizeable wild rice (Zizania palustris) bed has long been valued here within this wetland

complex, giving the stream its name.

Significance of Site Wetlands serve to slow the release of water during storms (thus minimizing flooding), filter nutrients and

pollutants that are carried in runoff, and provide moisture banks during low water periods or droughts.

Riparian wetlands also provide vital habitat to many animals, as well as natural corridors for foraging and

migration. While not detected during targeted surveys in 2016, this site supports suitable habitat for rare

or uncommon herptiles: the four-toed salamander, Blanding’s (Emydoidea blandingii) and wood turtle

(Glyptemys insculpta). The site’s lowland forest is extensive enough to support forest-interior birds, with

recent surveys turning up scarlet tanager, eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), veery, and northern

waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis).

Andy Clark, WDNR


Management Considerations The Hardwood Swamps of this primary site are vulnerable to the effects of emerald ash borer (Agrilus

planipennis) (EAB), as black ash is a dominant species. Large-scale loss of ash could cause a cascade of

negative impacts, including diminishment of important habitat for rare plants and animals, elevated water

tables, and invasion of shrubs or non-native invasives such as reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

(WDNR 2010b); reed canary grass is already known to occur along the Apple River at the margin of the

primary site. It is important to note that removal of all ash as a stopgap measure against EAB is not

recommended (WDNR 2010c). Managers and planners may wish to consider underplanting trees that are

adapted to the hydrology of the site as well as to future climate projections (Iverson et al. 2008).

Retaining some ash snags after the trees have died may be beneficial by providing modest shading as

well as securing soils, not to mention wildlife habitat.

Drew Feldkirchner, WDNR Richard Staffen, WDNR


Rice Beds Creek Swamps and Meadows Primary Site (SWPB-WA05)


SWPB-WA06. BEAVER BROOK

Property: Beaver Brook Wildlife Area

County: Washburn



Description of Site This primary site captures approximately 2.8 miles of the narrow Beaver Brook corridor where species

typical of both northern and southern Wisconsin mingle in a tightly interwoven assortment of wetland

and upland communities, yielding an exceptionally high number of diverse plant species. These natural

communities include tracts of both upland and lowland forest, extensive areas of Alder Thicket, pockets

of Emergent Marsh, scattered spring ponds, and abundant groundwater upwellings in the form of springs,

spring runs and forested seeps.

Two small stands of mature natural origin white pine lie along Beaver Brook at the south end of the

primary site. Rich forest herbs grace the forest floor below a deeply shaded canopy. These stands tie into

a larger matrix of Northern Dry-mesic Forest at varying stages of maturity, with red oak, American

basswood and aspens (Populus spp.) dominating the canopy within and beyond the bounds of the primary

site. As one moves north along the meandering stream corridor, burr oak (a species more typical of

southern Wisconsin), along with other lowland forest trees such as black ash, create moderate shade over

bubbling seeps and a lush groundlayer of ferns, horsetails and sedges. Abundant speckled alder occupies

a one-mile swathe along the stream in the core of the primary site; this brushy wetland is punctuated by

scattered spring ponds. At the northeast corner of Beaver Brook primary site lies a forested block with

lowland hardwoods along the stream and Northern Dry-mesic Forest in the uplands, including a 40-acre

area with large (20- to 30-inch diameter), natural-origin red and white pines.

Significance of Site This site contains one of the most botanically diverse sites in the Northwest Sands Ecological Landscape.

Beaver Brook is a high-quality Class I trout stream where it runs through the primary site, in large part

due to the abundant springs, spring ponds, and seeps, along with the continuous shading and protection

from various brushy and forested natural communities along its corridor. Patches of older and old-

growth Northern Dry-mesic Forest, including natural origin white and red pine (Pinus resinosa), occur on

the site. These provide important habitat values such as abundant downed woody debris, snags, loose

tree bark, large tree crowns, and a dense canopy that host a myriad of plant, lichen, bird, mammal and

invertebrate species. Older age class natural origin white and red pine stands are unusual, and are no

longer well-represented within the Forest Transition Ecological Landscape. Further exemplifying the

uniqueness of the site, species found more commonly in the Boreal Forest region to the north like

Amy Staffen, WDNR


Canada, blackburnian, and black-throated green warblers were found at the site during the nesting

season.

Management Considerations No non-native invasive plants are known to occur at this site. It would be considered a high priority



Managers and planners may consider following WDNR old-growth silvicultural guidelines (WDNR, In

preparation) in upland forest stands, particularly where natural origin pines occur to the north and the

south. Similar guidelines are already being applied to a 41.5-acre area in the northern part of the site that

was purchased from the National Audubon Society in 2009 (Christel 2008). An important consideration

will stem from whether or not human intervention will be allowed to promote a desired set of

characteristics, particularly to promote regeneration of pines by mimicking natural disturbances. Clear

and detailed management goals and objectives are critical for the implementation of sustainable, science-

based management of old-growth and old forests designated as managed and extended rotation (WDNR,

In preparation).

Amy Staffen, WDNR


Beaver Brook Pines Primary Site (SWPB-WA06)


References for Appendix G

Christel, N. 2008. National Audubon Property Management Plan Proposal. Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resources,. Spooner, WI.

Iverson, L.R., A.M. Prasad, S.N. Matthews, and M. Peters. 2008. Estimating potential habitat for 134

eastern U.S. tree species under six climate scenarios. Forest Ecology and Management 254 (3):390-

406.

Kaplan, L.A., T.L. Bott, J.K. Jackson, J.D. Newbold, and B.W. Sweeney. 2008. Protecting headwaters:

The scientific basis for safeguarding stream and river ecosystems. Stroud Water Research Center.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2010a. Wisconsin's forestry best management

practices for water quality. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry.

Madison, WI. PUB FR-093 2010.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2010b. Wisconsin's Statewide Forest Assessment.


Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. 2010c. Emerald Ash Borer and Forest

Management. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR]. In preparation. Old-growth and Old Forests

Handbook. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Madison, WI.

Species List The following species were mentioned in Appendix G above.

Common Name Scientific Name

Animals

American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus

Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Black Bear Ursus americanus

Blanding’s Turtle Emydoidea blandingii

Bobcat Lynx rufus

Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus

Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypteris

Cerulean Warbler Setophaga cerulea

Chinese Mystery Snail Bellamya chinensis

Common Loon Gavia immer

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Coyote Canis latrans

Eastern Wood-pewee Contopus virens

Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis

Fisher Martes pennanti

Fly spp. Corethella spp.

Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum

Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera

Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus

Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus

Louisiana Waterthrush Parkesia motacilla

Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris

Mink Neovison vison


Muskrat Ondatra zibenthicus

Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus

Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla

Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes

Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus

River Otter Lontra canadensis

Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis

Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea

Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis

Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus

Sora Porzana carolina

Swamp Darner Epiaeschna heros

Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana

Veery Catharus fuscescens

Virginia Rail Rallus limicola

White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii

Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina

Wood Turtle Glyptemys insculpta

Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons

Plants

Amererican Hazelnut Corylus americana

American Basswood Tilia americana

American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana

Aspen Populus spp.

Black Ash Fraxinus nigra

Black Spruce Picea mariana

Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides

Blue-joint grass Calamagrostis candensis

Bog Rosemary Andromeda polifolia

Bristle-stalked Sedge Carex leptalea

Burr Oak Quercus macrocarpa

Common Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Common Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica

Cranberry Vaccinium spp.

Japanese Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica

Labrador Tea Rhododendron groenlandicum

Lake Sedge Carex lacustris

Large-flowered trillium Trillium grandiflorum


Leather-leaf Chamaedaphne calyculata

Maple-leaved Viburnum Viburnum acerifolium

Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris

Michigan Lily Lilium michiganense

Narrow-leaved Woolly sedge Carex lasiocarpa

Pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea

Red Maple Acer rubrum

Red Oak Quercus rubra

Red Pine Pinus resinosa

Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea

Rusty Cotton-grass Eriophorum virginicum

Soft-leaf Sedge Carex disperma

Speckled Alder Alnus incana

Sugar Maple Acer saccharum

Sundew Drosera spp.

Tamarack Larix laricina

Two-leaf Miterwort Mitella diphylla

White Birch Betula papyrifera

White Oak Quercus alba

White Pine Pinus strobus

Wild Leek Allium tricoccum

Wild Rice Zizania palustris

Yellow Birch Betula alleghaniensis

Date post:	28-Jun-2020
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Rapid Ecological Assessment for the Wildlife Areas within...

Documents