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Chapter2 Rappaport

RKtiwary

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Assume that wireless communicationstandards can be classifed as belonging

to one o the ollowing our groups High power, wide area systems(Cellular) ow !ower, ocal area systems(Cordlesstelephone and !C") ow data rate, #ide areasystems(mobile data)

 High data Rate, ocal Areasystem(#ireless A$)Classiy each o the wireless standards

described in these catagories

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote

'arage dooropener

!aging

systemCordlessphone

Cellularphone

A!""*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

!aging

systemCordlessphone

Cellularphone

A!""*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

systemCordlessphone

Cellularphone

A!""*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

Cellularphone

A!""*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

A!""*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

yes yes

A!""*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

yes yes

A!" yes yes"*+

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

yes yes

A!" yes yes"*+ yes yes

'"

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

yes yes

A!" yes yes"*+ yes yes

'" yes yes yes

%*2---

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

yes yes

A!" yes yes"*+ yes yes

'" yes yes yes

%*2--- yes yes yes

!AC"

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Wirelesscommunicationsystems

Highpower,wide areasystems

Low Power,Local areasystem

Low datarate, Wideareasystem

High dataRate, LocalAreasystem

 %& Remote .es

'arage dooropener

yes

!aging

system

yes yes

Cordlessphone

yes

Cellularphone

yes yes

A!" yes yes"*+ yes yes

'" yes yes yes

%*2--- yes yes yes

!AC" yes

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Explore:

#hy do paging systems need topro/ide low data rates0 How doesa low data rate lead to better

co/erage0

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%e1t 345 % " Rappaport, #ireless Communications *!rinciples and !ractice, 26e !rentice*Hall, 2--2 

"econd 'eneration (2') Cellular $etwor8s

%hird 'eneration (9') #ireless $etwor8s

#ireless ocal oop (#) and :"

#ireless ocal Area $etwor8s (#A$s) 214 ;ltra*#ideband (;# and Associated standards

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"ince the mid 4++-s, the cellularcommunications industry has witnessede1plosi/e growth

 %he widespread success o cellular has led tothe de/elopment o newer wireless systems

and standards or many other types otelecommunication tra?c besides mobile/oice telephone calls

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$ew standards and technologies are beingimplemented to allow wireless networ8s to

replace fber optic or copper lines betweenf1ed points se/eral 8ilometers apart(fxed wireless access)

"imilarly, wireless networ8s ha/e beenincreasingly used as a replacement orwires within homes, buildings, and o?ces

settings through the deployment owireless local area networks (#A$s)

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Wireless personal area network s (#!A$s)with distance o a ew to tens o meters becamepossible with technologies such as r!A,"luetooth, #W", and $ig"ee

%he "luetooth can replace appliance

communication cords with indi/isible wirelessconnections within a person@s personalwor8space

%he $ig%ee is simpler and cheaper than

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'econd (eneration )*(+ ellular -etworks 

;nli8e 4st generation cellular systems thatrelied e1clusi/ely on B:A6B::(Breuency

:i/ision :uple1) and analog B, 2

nd

 generationcellular (2') standards use digital modulationand %:A6B:: and C:A6B:: multiple accesstechniues

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Breuency di/ision multiple1ing.re/uency di0ision multiplexing ).!1+

descri%es schemes to su%di0ide thereuency dimension into se/eral non*o/erlappingreuency bands as shown in Bigure

ach channel 8i is now allotted its own reuencyband as indicated "enders using a certainreuency band can use this band continuouslyAgain, guard spaces are needed to a0oid2re/uency %and o0erlapping )also calledad3acent channel inter2erence+4

%his scheme is used or radio stations within thesame re ion where each radio station has its own

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%ime di/ision multiple1ing

A more De1ible multiple1ing scheme or typical

mobile communications is time di0isionmultiplexing )5!1+4 Here a channel ki isgi0en the whole %andwidth or a certainamount o time, ie, all senders use the samereuency but at diEerent points in time (seeBigure )

Again, guard spaces, which now representtime gaps, ha/e to separate the diEerentperiods when the senders use the medium

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Combination o both B: F %: or '"

Breuency and time di/ision multiple1ing

combined

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Code di/ision multiple1ing"eparationis now achie/ed by

assigning eachchannel its ownGcode@, guardspaces arereali6edby using codeswith the necessary

Gdistance@ in codespace, eg,orthogonal

codes4

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%he most popular 2' standards include three%:A standards and one C:A standard

(lo%al 'ystem 1o%ile (('1), which supportseight time slotted users or each 2-- 8HI radiochannel and has been deployed widely in thecellular and !C" bands by ser/ice pro/iders inurope, Asia, Australia, "outh America, and someparts o the ;" (in the !C" spectrum band only)J

nterim 'tandard 789 ('&789), also 8nown as$orth American :igital Cellular ($A:C) or ;":igital Cellular (;":C), which supports three timeslotted users or each 9- 8HI radio channel and is

a popular choice or carriers in $orth America,

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)c + Pacifc !igital ellular (P!), aapanese %:A standard that is similar to

"*49>J and 

(d) the popular 2' C:A standardnterim 'tandard ; ode !i0ision1ultiple Access ('&;), also 8nown ascdmaL usersthat are orthogonally coded and

simultaneously transmitted on each 42HI channel

C:A is widely deployed by carriers in

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E0olution to *4;( 1o%ile Radio-etworks• 2' networ8s only support single user data rate

on the order o 4- 8bps• %oo slow or rapid email and nternet browsingapplications•  'hort messaging ser0ice ('1') is a

popular eature o '"• #ith increased throughout data rates that arereuired to support modern nternetapplications, new data*centric standards ha/ebeen de/eloped that can be o/erlaid upone1isting 2' technologies• %hese new standards represent 2'

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2' standards ha/e been de/eloped toallow each o the maNor 2' technologies

('", C:A, and "*49>) to be upgradedincrementally or aster nternet datarates

Bigure shows the /arious 2' and 9'upgrade paths or the maNor 2'technologies

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=arious upgrade paths 2or *(technologies

H"C":High"peed Circuit"witched :ata:' nhanced:ata Rates or'" /olution