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Rating the Road for Vulnerable Users
February 17, 2011
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road crashes are one of the top three causes of death for
5 to 44 year olds.World Health Organisation
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road deaths per 100,000 m population, 2008
IRTAD, 2009* 2007 (p) provisional
A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
iRAP is a not-for-profit working in partnership with government and non-government organisations to:
– assess high-risk roads and create targeted safety plans
– provide training, technology and support
– track road safety performance
About iRAP
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Development of RAP
iRAP
• Vulnerable Road Users:– Peds– Bikes (increasingly, electric bikes)– Motorscooter/cycles
• Star Ratings concept
Road Inspection Data
Road Safety Investment Plan
Road Protection Scores Star Rating
Sources of data
• Examples:– Elvik, R. and Vaa, T. (2004) The handbook of
road safety measures– Ogden, K. (1996) Safer Roads: A Guide to
Road Safety Engineering.
A World Free of High-risk RoadsRoad inspections
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Along
Across
Pedestrians
SpeedSidewalk provision – left
Sidewalk provision – rightSide friction
SpeedNumber of lanes
Median typeCrossing facilities
Crossing facilities quality
Road users Crash types Road attributes
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road Protection Scores
Along
Across
Intersection
Bicyclists
SpeedRoadside severity – left
Roadside severity – rightLane width
Paved shoulderCurvature
Curve qualityDelineation
Road conditionFacilitates for bikes
Side friction
SpeedCrossing facilitiesNumber of lanes
Median typeCrossing facilities
Crossing facilities quality
SpeedIntersection type
Intersecting road volumeIntersection quality
Minor access density
Road users Crash types Road attributes
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Traffic
• Total traffic flow recorded in AADT– This should include all motorised vehicles– The numeric value will be entered for each 100m
section
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle flow
High
Medium
Low
None
- 6 + bicycles per 100m- 3 to 5 bicycles per 100m- 1 to 3 bicycles per 100m- No bicycles present
Notes:
Raters should assess the general proportions of bicyclist in the flow over an extended length – and apply that for all segments along that road until an obvious change in proportions is noted.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian flow – crossing road
High
Medium
Low
None
- 6 + crossing per 100m- 3 to 5 crossing per 100m- 1 to 3 crossing per 100m- No pedestrians crossing daily
Notes:It is acknowledged that this is a random sampling of pedestrian activity, it is not intended to reflect an exact pedestrian volume. This data should be used in association with land-use data and local knowledge to derive the pedestrian demand rating required by the iRAP model.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian flow – along road
High
Medium
Low
None
- 6 + along per 100m- 3 to 5 along per 100m- 1 to 3 along per 100m- No pedestrians along daily
Notes:It is acknowledged that this is a random sampling of pedestrian activity, it is not intended to reflect an exact pedestrian volume. This data should be used in association with land-use data and local knowledge to derive the pedestrian demand rating required by the iRAP model.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Area type
Urban
Semi-urban
Houses
Houses
Urban:• continuous development > 800m.
Semi Urban:• continuous development 200m to 800m• higher speed roads on the outskirts of towns• rural roads passing through lower density development or villages
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Area type
Rural
Rural:• All other areas
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Number of lanes
Two
Two lanes in direction of travel
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Speed limit
>120 km/h
110 km/h
100 km/h
90 km/h
80 km/h
70 km/h
60 km/h
50 km/h
<40 km/h
NotesThe actual posted numerical speed limit should be recordedIf no speed limit is signed, the default speed limit set by law for that type of road should be used.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Lane width
Medium
2.75 to 3.25m
Lane width is 2.75 to 3.25m
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Paved shoulder width
0 to 1m wide
0-1m 0-1m
Paved shoulder is 0 to 1m
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Unpaved shoulder width
1 to 2.4m wide
1-2.4m 1-2.4m
Unpaved shoulder is 1 to 2.4m
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Shoulder rumble strips
Yes - present
Only rumble strips that are approximately greater than 30cm in width and 5cm depth/height should be recorded.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Delineation
Adequate
Signs warning of severe hazards, and centre and edge markings are generally present and visible
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road Condition
Poor
Road has serious defects which are likely to result in frequent or unpredictable impact on vehicle control
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Sidewalk – Left
1 to 3m Non-physical separation from traffic
1-3m
Sidewalk separated from roadway by between 1m and 3m but no barrier provided
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Sidewalk – Left
Physical barrier
Sidewalk separated from road by a physical barrier at least 1m high
A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Side Friction
Medium
Activities or parking on one side of the road spill out onto the road
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities
Refuge only
No crossing is marked but a central refuge is provided for pedestrians
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities
Unsignalised marked crossing without refuge
The crossing is well marked but has no central refuge
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities
Unsignalised marked crossing with refuge
The crossing is well marked and split with a central refuge
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities
Signalised without refuge
Traffic signals control pedestrian and vehicle movements
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities
Signalised with refuge
Traffic signals control pedestrian and vehicle movements; the crossing is split with a central refuge
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities
Grade separated facility
The crossing is physically separated and does not bring pedestrians into conflict with traffic
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Quality of crossing
Poor
Rapid or unexpected speed adjustments might be needed to avoid risk to pedestrians
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles
None
No specific provisions for bicycles
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles
Dedicated bicycle lane on roadway
Dedicated bicycle lane separated from traffic only by lane marking on roadway or by <1m of raised or paved surface
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles
Segregated Bicycle path
Bicycle path separated from traffic by at least 1m raised or paved surface
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles
Segregated Bicycle path with barrier
Segregated bicycle path separated by a physical barrier or located at least 10m from the roadThe physical barrier must be sufficient to restrain a vehicle from entering the bicycle facility at the posted speed limit.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity – Bike path
• Cliff• Distance to object 0 to 5m• Steep embankment slope• Deep drainage ditch• Distance to object 5 to 10m• Cut• Safety barrier• Motorcycle friendly barrier• Distance to object > 10m
Notes:
Roadside severity – Segregated Bicyclist Path records the roadside when there are segregated bicycle facilities
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Cliff
Cliff or equivalent hazard that will result in certain fatality regardless of speed
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Distance to object 0 to 5m
0-5m
Roadside severity - Right
Aggressive objects within effective distance of 5mRoadside gradient should be taken into account
Examples of hazardous objects are:• Lighting columns• Trees greater than 10cm diameter• Posts greater than 10cm diameter• Structures that cause a rapid deceleration when hit• Ramped ends of safety barriers
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Steep embankment slope
Embankments with :• >1:3 slope & drop >5m• >1:2 slope & drop >1.5m
Rule of thumbA slope should be recorded if a vehicle is likely to roll on it
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Deep drainage ditch
Ditch of material, depth, or severity of angled face likely to result in severe injury to vehicle occupants.If the ditch does not if this criteria it should be recorded
Rule of thumbOnly record a ditch if most of the vehicle would drop into the ditch.
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Distance to object 5 to 10m
5-10m
Aggressive objects within effective distance of 5 to 10mRoadside gradient should be taken into account
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Cut
Non-aggressive cut face of at least 2m heightExamples of cut are:• Earth bound banks• Grass banks
Rock faces should not be recorded as cut
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Safety barrier
Barrier sufficient to restrain most cars and small vehicles
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right
Motorcycle friendly barrier
Barrier designed specifically to restrain motorcycles without injury to the rider
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection
3 leg signalised turn lane
3-leg intersection or T-junction with a turn lane (crossing opposing traffic) and signals
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection
Roundabout
All roundabouts
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection
Railway crossing – Active
An at-grade railway crossing with a physical device to warn of an approaching train (flashing lights and/or boom gates)
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection
Merge lane
Side-traffic joins the road being assessed via a merge lane. This is typically the case at grade separated intersections.
If the merge lane is longer than 100m it should only be recorded once
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection
Median crossing – Informal
Divided roads only - A high demand U-turn location (formal or informal) that has no acceleration or deceleration lanes and/or the pavement surface is in poor condition
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection
Median crossing – Formal
Divided roads only - A high demand U-turn location (formal) that has appropriate acceleration and deceleration lanes and the pavement surface is in good condition
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Centre line only
Single or double central line
If the road is undivided and has no markings it should be recorded as:
Median type = centre line onlyDelineation = poor
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Central hatching
Marked central strip at least 1m wide Examples of marking are:• Stripes• Coloured paving
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Rumble strip / flexi posts
Central rumble strip or flexible post, but no continuous physical divider.Examples are:• Raised markings• Grooved roadway • Small physical obstacles
Textured paint is not considered rumble strip
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Continuous central turning lane
Continuous central lane designated as a turning lane
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Physical median width 1 to 5m
Divided road with defined median of different material of width 1 to 5m
1-5m
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Safety barrier
Divided road with safety barrier to international standards
If barrier is obviously defective, rate as though there is no barrier present
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type
Safety barrier
Divided road with safety barrier to international standards
If barrier is obviously defective, rate as though there is no barrier present
A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Safer Roads Investment Plan
RPS x traffic volume x calibration factor
Deaths and serious injuries (before)
Apply countermeasures new RPS
Deaths and serious injuries (after)
Reduction in deaths and serious injuries and economic benefit
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Safer Roads Investment Plans
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Country Roads Assessed (km)
KSI's Saved (20 year) KSI Reduction BCR $ / KSI Saved
Malaysia 3,650 32,000 -32% 15 $5,700
Chile 2,400 19,000 -44% 31 $3,800
Serbia 3,000 5,600 -21% 7 $11,100
Average (10 projects) 23,000 140,000 -25% 14 $4,700
* 20 year benefits and costs in USD ** KSI = Killed and Seriously Injured
Selected recommendations$US, 20 years
Counter-measure
Country Length / sites
Deaths and serious injuries prevented
BCRNumber $ per
Safety barriers Kenya 200 km 13,300 $900 21
Footpaths Chile 530 km 6,100 $4,500 28
Ped crossings Costa Rica 310 3,100 $4,000 19
Shoulders Serbia 290 km 1,200 $8,600 10
M/cycle lanes Malaysia 270 km 900 $6,000 15
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Latin America and the CaribbeanRegional Director: Julio Urzua
Meso American HighwayiRAP planning to assess 3000km through 7 countries
ChileUS$32m plan to prevent 19,000 KSI
PeruiRAP recommendations in US$540 project
ParaguayCapacity-building project supported by IDB in 2010/11
Argentina3,100km assessment across national and Cordoba State highways
Costa RicaiRAP results part of major review of speed limitsMexico
MOU discussions with the Departments of Health and Transport
KSI = killed and seriously injured
A World Free of High-risk Roads
3,500,000 kmLength of road assessed
1,000,000Deaths and serious injuries that could be prevented
$US 70,000,000,000Annual economic benefit
iRAP and a Decade of Action
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian Safety Features
• barrier between sidewalk and edge of traveled way• sidewalk or side path• Separation distance between sidewalk or side path and
edge of traveled way• Mean speed of traffic under free-flow conditions• Posted speed limit (or legal limit if not posted)• Number of lanes for use by through traffic
• Urban area boundaries• bus or taxi stops• parking on the side of the roadway within 2 m outside of
the edge of the traveled way
Encroachment
Traffic
Interaction
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian Safety Features (cont.)
• grade separated pedestrian crossing facility• pedestrian signal for crosswalk• marked crosswalk at pedestrian crossing
– Retroreflectivity of crosswalk markings
• advanced signing for pedestrian crossing• Sight distance to pedestrian crossing
• traffic barrier in median• unpaved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier• paved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier• paved median with no curbs and no traffic barrier• Width of median• Centerline rumble strips• roadway centerline marking
Crossing
Median refuge
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features
• side path (separated from traveled way)• barrier between traveled way and side path• bicycle markings on pavement of side path• bicycle signing for side path• distance from side path to traveled way• marked bicycle lane adjacent to travel lanes• paved shoulder• width of paved shoulder• parking within 2 m outside of the edge of the traveled way • percentage of the road surface disturbed by potholes or
other surface disturbances
Traffic Interaction
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features
• Posted speed limit or Legal speed limit (if not posted)
• Mean speed of traffic under free-flow conditions (from actual traffic data)
• Number of lanes for use by through traffic • Total width of lanes serving through traffic • potholes or other road surface disturbances that
can potentially affect vehicle operations• bus or taxi stops• Urban area boundaries
Traffic
Interaction
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont.)
• traffic barrier in median• unpaved median with raised curbs and no traffic
barrier • paved median with raised curbs and no traffic
barrier • paved median with no curbs and no traffic
barrier • Width of median• median opening• Condition of median opening
Median refuge
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont.)
• drainage ditch with depth of at least 1 m within 5 m of the traveled way
• fill slope (earth embankment sloping away from the traveled way) with slope of 1:2 or steeper with a height of at least 1.5 m
• fill slope (earth embankment sloping away from the traveled way) with slope of 1:3 to 1:2 with a height of at least 5 m
• cliff with open drop within 10 m of traveled way• cut slope (earth embankment sloping down toward traveled
way) of at least 2 m in height• roadside object greater than 100 mm in diameter on the side
of the roadway• Distance from roadside object greater than 100 mm in
diameter to traveled wayRoadside hazards
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont.)
• steel guardrail on the side of the roadway • concrete barrier on the side of the roadway • cable barrier on the side of the roadway • roadside delineators, esp. on curve• edge line markings, esp. on curve
– Retroreflectivity of edge line markings, esp. on curves
• shoulder rumble strip• lane line markings, esp. on curve
– Retroreflectivity of lane line markings, esp. on curves
• centerline marking, esp. on curve – Retroreflectivity of centerline marking, esp. on curves
• centerline rumble strip
Barriers and marking
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont.)
• advance signing on approach to curve • Radius of curvature for curve• Sight distance to beginning of horizontal curve• chevron markers on curve
• Sight distance to intersection • advance signing on intersection approach • traffic signal control at intersection (stop-and-go signals, not a flasher) • roundabout• left-turn lane at intersection (far side of intersection) • left-turn lane at intersection (near side of intersection) • intersection leg on side of roadway • driveway• entrance ramp merging into roadway
Curves
Intersections
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont.)
• Sight distance to pedestrian crossing • grade separated pedestrian crossing facility• marked crosswalk at pedestrian crossing • pedestrian signal for crosswalk • advanced signing for pedestrian crossing• Retroreflectivity of crosswalk markings, esp. on
curves
• railroad grade crossing • flashing signals at railroad grade crossing • gates at railroad grade crossing
Pedestrian Crossings
Railroads