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RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY CUTTACK BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PHYSICS SYLLABUS 2014-2017
RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY
CUTTACK
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
PHYSICS
SYLLABUS
2014-2017
SYLLABUS FOR B Sc Physics (HONS)
REVISED CURRICULUM – 2014
Semester I
Course
No.
COURSE No. of hours per
week
Durn. of Exam
in hours
Classes Per
Student
Credit
Point LECT LAB.
SH-1.1.1 Vector analysis,
coordinate systems,
mechanics and
properties of matter
3 - 2 3
08 SH-1.1.2 Electronic Devices 3 - 2 3
SH-1.1.3 Practical - 4 6 4
TOTAL 06 04 10
Semester II
Course
No.
COURSE No. of hours per
week
Durn. of Exam
in hours
Classes Per
Student
Credit
Point LECT LAB.
SH-1.2.4 Mathematical
Physics
3 - 2 3
08
SH-1.2.5 Kinetic Theory &
Thermodynamics
3 - 2 3
SH-1.2.6 Practical - 4 6 4
TOTAL 06 04 10
`
Semester III
Course
No.
COURSE No. of hours per
week
Durn. of Exam
in hours
Classes Per
Student
Credit
Point LECT LAB.
SH-2.3.7 Waves and Oscillations 3 - 2 3
08
SH-2.3.8 Computer
Programming in C
(Elective)
3 - 2 3
SH-2.3.9 Practical - 4 6 4
TOTAL 06 04 10
Semester IV
Course
No.
COURSE No. of hours per
week
Durn. of Exam
in hours
Classes Per
Student
Credit
Point LECT LAB.
SH-2.4.10 Electricity and
Magnetism
3 - 2 3
08
SH-2.4.11 Optics 3 - 2 3
SH-2.4.12 Practical - 4 6 4
TOTAL 06 04 10
Semester V
Course
No.
COURSE No. of hours per
week
Durn. of Exam
in hours
Classes Per
Student
Credit
Point LECT LAB.
SH-3.5.13 Quantum Mechanics
- 1
3 - 2 3
16
SH-3.5.14 Nuclear and Particle
Physics
3 - 2 3
SH-3.5.15
Digital Electronics
3 - 2 3
SH-3.5.16
Electromagnetic
Induction, AC And
Electro Magnetic
Waves
3 - 2 3
SH-3.5.17
Practical - 4 6 4
SH-3.5.18
Practical - 4 6 4
TOTAL 12 08 20
Semester VI
Course
No.
COURSE No. of hours per
week
Durn. of Exam
in hours
Classes Per
Student
Credit
Point LECT LAB.
SH-3.6.19 Quantum Mechanics
- II
3 - 2 3
16
SH-3.6.20 Statistical Physics
3 - 2 3
SH-3.6.21
Atomic Physics 3 - 2 3
SH-3.6.22
Solid state Physics 3 - 2 3
SH-3.6.23
Practical - 4 6 4
SH-3.6.24
Practical - 4 6 4
TOTAL 12 08 20
HONOURS
SEMESTER – 1
` PAPER – I (Theory) – (SH-1.1.1)
VECTOR ANALYSIS, COORDINATE SYSTEMS, MECHANICS AND
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
F.M. 50 CP-3 Time: 3Hrs
Unit- I:
Rotation of Co-ordinate system, rotation in two and three dimensions, rotation matrix,
orthogonal property, definition of scalars and vectors. Dot and cross products of two vectors,
Levi-Civita symbol and its relation with Kronecker delta (statement only). Scalar triple product
and vector triple product, Quadrupole product of vectors, polar and axial vectors.
Differentiation of vectors with respect to a scalar parameter, scalar and vector field.
Gradient of a scalar and its properties. Divergence of a vector and its properties. Curl of a vector
and its properties. Successive application of the gradient operator and the Laplacian operator.
Vector integration, line integral, surface integral and volume integral. Gauss divergence
theorem. Stoke’s theorem and Green’s theorem.
Co-ordinate systems: Cartesian, plane polar, cylindrical and spherical polar co-ordinate
systems. Relation between basic vectors. Expression for gradient, divergence and curl in these
co-ordinate systems. Expression for position vector, velocity and acceleration of a particle in
these co-ordinate systems.
Unit – II:
Mechanics of a system of particles : Center of Mass (CM), velocity, acceleration and
momentum of CM. Equation of motion of a system of particles, kinetic energy and angular
momentum, conservation theorems for momentum, mechanical energy and angular momentum.
Rigid body Motion: Kinematics of rotation, moment of inertia and radius of gyration. Parallel
axis theorem and Perpendicular axis theorem. Moment of inertia of hollow and solid cylinders
and spheres. Angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body about a fixed axis of
rotation; Rolling motion.
Constraints, degrees of freedom, generalized co-ordinates, velocities and momenta. D’
Alembert’s principle and principle of virtual work. Derivation of Lagrangian equations of
motion. Hamilton’s principle. Calculus of variation. Euler-Lagrange equation; Derivation of
Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle. Symmetry properties and conservation theorem.
Cyclic co-ordinates. Hamiltonian for a system.
Unit- III:
Gravitational field and Gravitational Potential. The gravitational potential and field at a
point due to (i) thin spherical shell (ii) solid sphere; ‘g’ by compound pendulum, bar pendulum;
‘g’ by Kater’s pendulum: correction due to finite amplitude only.
Central force reduction of two-body system. Reduction to equivalent one-body problem. General
characteristics of central force motion. Virial theorem. Derivation of Kepler’s laws of planetary
motion.
Elastic constants for an isotropic solid and their interrelation. Torsion of a cylinder,
bending of beams, bending moments, cantilever, beam supported at both the ends and loaded at
the middle.
Kinematics of moving fluids, equation of continuity, Euler’s equation for an ideal fluid,
conservation laws for fluid motion, Bernoulli’s theorem. Viscous fluids: Laminar flow through a
narrow tube and Poiseuille’s Law, Searl’s Viscometer. Surface tension and surface energy.
Pressure difference across a curved liquid surface. Gravity waves and ripples.
Reference Books:
1. Mathematical methods for Physicists : G.B. Arfken and H.J.weber (Elsevier)
2. Mathematical Physics and special relativity : M.Das, P.K. Jena, B.K.Dash (Sri Krishna
Prakashan)
3. Mechanics : H. Goldstein, Safko, Poole (Pearson)
4. Mechanics Berkley Series (Vol-I) : Kittle, Knight, Ruderman, Helmholz, Moyer (TMH)
5. Properties of Matter : D.S. Mathur (S.Chand)
6. Mathematical Physics : C. Harper (PHI)
7. Classical Dynamics of Particles and systems: Marion and Thorton (Cengage)
8. Classical Mechanics : M.Das, P.K.Jena, M.Bhuyan, R.N.Mishra (Shri Krishna
Prakashan)
PAPER – II (Theory) – (SH-1.1.2)
Electronic Devices
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit- I:
Half wave and full wave rectifier, centre tapped and bridge type (principle, circuit
operation and theory), Calculation of efficiency and ripple factor. Use of L, LC and π filter in
rectifiers, Zener diode as voltage regulator. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), npn and pnp
transistors, input and output characteristics of CB, CE and CC configurations, load line, biasing
methods.
Unit-II:
Two port analysis of transistor, h-parameters, equivalent circuit of BJT, Analysis of CE,
CB and CC amplifiers by h-parameter (input and output resistance, current, voltage and power
gain), RC coupled amplifier, Class B Push pull amplifier, distortion in amplifier (working and
theory)
Electronic instruments (description, function and application): (i)Multimeter, (ii) VTVM,
(iii) CRO (Block diagram of CRO, Electron gun, Deflection system and Time base. Deflection
Sensitivity, Study of waveform, Measurement of voltage, current, frequency and phase
difference).
Unit-III:
Feed back in oscillators, Criteria for sustained oscillation, Hartely oscillator, Colpitt’s
oscillator, Phase shift oscillator, Crystal oscillator, (Circuit analysis, working and expression for
frequency), Modulation (AM, FM): Mathematical analysis for modulated wave, Collector and
varactor modulator, Demodulation: Diode AM detector, Quadrature FM detector. Comparison of
AM & FM.
Reference Books :
1. Fundamentals of electronics : Rakshit & Chattopadhyaya. (New Age)
2. Electronic Principles: A.P. Malvino (TMH)
3. Principles of Electronics: V.K.Mehta, & Rohit Mehta (S.Chand)
PAPER – III (PRACTICAL) (SH-1.1.3)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Determination of ‘g’ by Bar Pendulum and study of the effect of amplitude on time
period, determination of the radius of gyration of the bar.
2. Determination of ‘g’ by Kater’s pendulum.
3. Determination of Young’s Modulus of a wire by Searle’s methods.
4. Determination of rigidity modulus of wire by static method.
5. Determination of rigidity modulus of wire by dynamic method.
6. Determination of surface tension of soap solution.
7. Coefficient of Viscosity of liquid using Stokes law
8. Temperature coefficient of viscosity.
HONOURS
SEMESTER – II
` PAPER – IV (Theory) – (SH-1.2.4)
Mathematical Physics
F.M. 50 CP-3 Time: 3Hrs
Unit-I:
Complex variables. Functions of Complex variables. Trigonometric and
hyperbolic functions. Analytic functions. Analytic functions Cauchy-Riemann conditions,
Harmonic functions, Line integrals, Cauchy’s integral theorem. Cauchy’s integral formula.
Taylor’s series and Laurent series expansion, singularities, simple poles, residues, Residue
theorem, Evaluation of contour integrals (integration around unit circle)
Laplace transform and properties. Laplace Transform of elementary functions and of
derivatives.
Fourier series, Fourier cosine and sine series. Fourier integral. Complex form of the Fourier
series. Fourier transform. Cosine and sine transform. Transform of the derivatives.
Gamma and Beta Functions and their properties.
Unit-II:
Definition of First, Second and Higher order differential equation with variable
co-efficients. Singularities and their classifications. Ordinary power series method and
Frobenius method of solving differential equations.
Solution of Hermite equation. Hermite polynomial. Recurrence relation,
Rodrigues formula. Othogonality relation.
Legendre differential equation and its solution. Legendre polynomials. Generating function
for Legendre polynomials. Recurrence relation. Rodrigue’s formula. Orthogonality relation.
Associated Legendre differential equation and its solution. Associated Legendre polynomial
and properties. Rodrigues formula, orthonomally relation. Spherical harmonics Ylm (θ, φ)
values of Ylm for l = 0, 1, 2
Unit III:
Galilean transformation. Newtonian relativity instances of their failure. Michelson
Morley experiment and its implications. Lorentz transformation, Length contraction.
Simultaneity. Synchronization and time dilation. Velocity addition rule. Droppler effect in
light, variation of mass with velocity.
Position four vector, Velocity four vector. Force and momentum four vectors. Mass energy
equivalence
Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists : Arfken and Weber (Elsevier)
2. Mathematical Physics and special relativity : M.Das, P.K. Jena, B.K. Dash (Sri Krishna
Prakashan)
3. Mathematical Physics : C. Harper (PHI)
4. Mathematical Physics : Porter & Goldberg (PHI)
5. Introduction to theory of Relativity : Resnick (Wiley)
PAPER – V (THEORY) (SH-1.2.5)
Kinetic Theory & Thermodynamics
F.M. 50 CP-3 Time:3Hrs
Unit – I:
Ideal gas, Review of kinetic theory of gases, Interpretation of temperature,
Statement of Maxwell Boltzmann formula for molecular speeds and derivation of expression
for most probable speed, average speed and r.m.s. speed, Degree of freedom, Equipartition of
energy (statement only) Real gas, Vander Waal’s equation of state, critical constants.
Reduced equation of state.
Mean free path (Clausius formula). Transport of Momentum (viscosity), Energy (thermal
conduction) and matter (diffusion). Brownian motion-Einstein’s theory.
Thermal conduction and Thermal conductivity, Fourier equation for one dimensional heat
flow and solution. Cylindrical heat flow and spherical heat flow and expressions of K.
Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor, Relation between thermal conductivity and
electrical conductivity, Widemann-Franz’s law.
Unit-II:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics, thermodynamics processes, internal energy, the first law
of thermodynamics and its application to different processes, Difference between molar
specific heats of an ideal gas, equation of state for quasistatic adiabatic process, work done
during an adiabatic process, polytropic process, Carnot cycle and its efficiency. Carnot’s
theorem, the second law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic scale of temperature, identity
between the thermodynamic scale and the perfect gas scale.
Entropy as Thermodynamic variable, Entropy of an ideal gas, T.S. diagram, Entropy and
reversibility, Entropy and irreversibility. The Principle of increase of entropy, entropy and
unavailable energy, entropy and the second law, T.S. diagrams for different processes and
Carnot cycle entropy change of (i) ideal gas, and (ii) Vander Waal’s gas, Enthalpy,
Helmholtz and Gibbs functions, Maxwall’s relations, TdS equation, Internal energy
equations. Heat capacity equations, Joule Thomson expansion. First order phase transition,
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Cooling by Adiabatic demagnetization.
Unit-III:
Black body radiation, temperature radiation, Stefan- Boltzmann law, spectral
distribution, Wien’s displacement law. Rayleigh-Jeans law and the ultraviolet catastrophy,
Planck’s hypothesis, Mean energy of an oscillator and Planck’s law. Derivation of Stefen-
Boltzmann law, Rayleigh-Jeans law and Wien’s formula from Planck’s formula. Evaluation
of Wien’s constants. Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat of solids, Saha’s theory of
thermal ionization.
Reference Books:
1. Heat and Thermodynamics : M.W.Zeemansky & Dittmann (Mc Graw Hill)
2. A Treatise on heat : M.N. Saha and B.N. Srivastava (Asia Publishing House)
3. Thermal & Statistical Physics: M.Das, P.K.Jena, S.Mishra, R.N.Mishra.( Sri Krishna)
4. Molecular Physics : A.M. Matveev (Mir)
5. Advanced Text Book on Heat : P.K. Chakraborty (New Central)
6. Heat and Thermodynamics: A.B.Gupta, H.P.Roy (Books and Allied)
PAPER – VI (PRACTICAL) (SH-1.2.6)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Determination of Surface tension of liquid by Capillary rise method.
2. Coefficient of cubical expansion of water by sinker method.
3. Coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid by weight thermometer.
4. Specific heat of a liquid by the method of cooling
5. Specific heat of a solid by the method of mixtures applying radiation correction.
6. Verification of laws of transverse vibration of string by sonometer and to show the
variation of wavelength with tension.
7. Verification of laws of transverse vibration of a string by Melde’s experiment.
8. Determination of velocity of sound by resonance column method
HONOURS
SEMESTER – III
` PAPER – VII (THEORY)–(SH-2.3.7)
Waves and Oscillations
F.M. 50 CP-3 Time: 3Hrs
Unit I:
SHM: Simple Harmonic Oscillations, Differential equations of SHM and its solution
Amplitude, Frequency, Time Period, and Phase. Velocity and acceleration. Kinetic, Potential and
total energy and their time average values. Reference Circle. Rotating Vector. Representation of
SHM.
Free Oscillations of systems with one degree of freedom:- (1) Mass-Spring System, (2)
Simple Pendulum, (3) Torsional Pendulum, (4) Oscillations in a U-Tube, (5) Compound
Pendulum: Centers of Percussion and Oscillation, and (6) Bar Pendulum
Superposition of two collinear Harmonic Oscillators: - Linearity and Superposition
Principle. (1) Oscillations having equal Frequencies, and (2) Oscillations having Different
frequencies (Beats). Superposition of N collinear harmonic Oscillators with (1) Equal Phase
difference and (2) Equal Frequency Differences
Unit II:
Superposition of two mutually Perpendicular simple harmonic motions with frequency
ratios 1:1 and 1:2 using Graphical and Analytical methods. Lissajous Figures and their uses
System with two degrees of freedom: coupled oscillators, Normal co-ordinates and
Normal modes, Energy relation and energy transfer, normal modes of two coupled oscillators
Free oscillations, damped Oscillations: damping coefficient, log decrement, forced
oscillations: transient and steady states. Amplitude, Phase, Resonance, Sharpness of resonance,
Power dissipation, Quality factor;
Unit III:
Equation of travelling harmonic wave, wave speed on a stretched string. Energy in a
sinusoidal travelling wave, intensity of a wave. Reflection of waves. The principle of
superposition, interference of waves, stationery waves, normal modes of vibrations of a stretched
string, sound waves, propagation of sound waves through air medium, velocity of sound waves
through a gas.
One dimensional wave equation & its solution. Theory of plucked, strucked and bowed
strings.
Production and properties of ultrasonic waves.
Reference Books:
1. The Physics of Waves and Oscillations: N.K.Bajaj. (TMH)
2. Classical Mechanics: M.Das, P.K.Jena, M.Bhuyan, R.N. Mishra. (Sri Krishna Prakashan)
3. Vibration & Waves: A.P.French.(Viva)
4. An introduction to mechanics : Daniel Kleppner, Robert j. Kolenkow (TMH)
5. Waves: BERKELY PHYSICS COURSE (SIE) : Franks Crawford (TMH)
`
PAPER – VIII (Theory)–(SH-2.3.8) Computer Programming in “C”
(Elective)
F.M. 50 CP-3 Time: 3Hrs
Unit-I:
Algorithms. Characteristics of Computers. An Illustrative Computer Algorithm. Flow
Chart (Examples).
An Overview of C Language, Structure of a C program. Fundamentals: The C Character
Set. Keywords. Constants (Rules for Constructing Numeric and Character Constants) .Variables,
Data Types, Escape Sequence, Designing and Developing Programs in C, Directives, Comments,
Header Files. Some C programs Examples.
Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Assignment Operators,
Increment and Decrement Operators, Conditional Operators, , Bitwise operator the Comma
Operator. Arithmetic Expressions. Evaluation of Expression. Type Conversions in Expressions
Formatted console I/O (prints, scanf), unformatted console I/O (getchar, putchar, gets,
puts)
Selection statements (if, if-else, if-else-if, nested if, switch), Iteration structure
(for, while, do-while, break, continue, goto)
Unit –II:
Single dimensional arrays, multidimensional arrays, initializing array using static
declaration, Searching and sorting of Arrays, Array of Characters, Character arrays and strings,
String handling Functions.
User Defined Functions: Function declaration, definition & scope, recursion, Arrays and
functions, call by value, call by reference, Storage Classes: automatic, external (global), static &
registers.
Unit- III:
Pointers: An introduction to Pointer, The & and * operators, pointer Assignments,
pointer arithmetic, Pointer versus Arrays, Array of pointers, Limitations of Array of pointers to
String, Pointer to pointer, Pointer to Functions. Dynamic Memory allocation.
Structures General form, Declaration, Accessing Structure Elements, Array of Structure, and
Passing structure Elements to Functions, Uses of Structures, Unions: Declaration, Union of
structures, Uses of Unions.
Preprocessor commands, file handling: Opening a file, Reading from a file, closing the
file.
Reference Books:
1. Programming in ansi C-E.Balaguruswamy.
2. Working with c- V. Rajaraman
3. Let us C (10th edition) - Yashavant Kanetkar
PAPER – IX (PRACTICAL) (SH-2.3.9)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT, and XOR gates using NAND gates
2. To design a combinatorial logic system for a specified Truth table
3. Half Adder, Full Adder, and 4-bit Binary adder
4. Half-Subtractor, Full Subtractor, Adder-Subtractor using Full Adder IC
5. C Programming
a. Take two marks of a student. If total marks are > 60% display “FIRST DIVISION”
and < 60% display “PASS”.Wap by using conditional operator
b. Wap to take three subjects of a student and display Average Mark. Using If else
statement display the GRADE in the following way.
Average Marks GRADE
80 to 100 HONS
60 to 70 First
40 to 59 Second
50 to 49 Third
0 to 39 Fail
c. By using Switch Statements do the following program
i. Wap to display nos which are divisible by 3, 5, 7 between 1 to 1000
ii. Display the Prime no between 1 to 100
iii. Wap to display the Fibonacci Series between 1 to 1000.
iv. Display a factorial value of a number.
d. Write a program to Multiplication of 2-D Array.
e. Wap to convert character in the following format.
A B C…………………..Z
Z Y X…………………A
f. By using function do the following series.
Sum=1-32+5
2-7
2+------+n
2 .
g. Wap to concatenated two string using function & pointer without using library
function.
h. Sorting the string by using pointer and function.
i. Wap to display 1 to 100 with addition 0f 100 using static variable, by using user
defined function.
j. A file name TEXT1.TXT contains a series of integer no. Code a program to read this
nos and then write all ODD Nos. to a file called ODD file and all the EVEN Nos. to a
file called EVEN file.
HONOURS
SEMESTER – IV
` PAPER – X (Theory) – (SH-2.4.10)
Electricity and Magnetism
F.M. 50 CP-3 Time: 3Hrs
Unit-I:
Gauss law, Applications of Gauss law (field due to linear, spherical and plane charge
distribution). The curl of E.
Electrostatics potential. Relation between field and potential. The potential of a localized
charge distribution, Electric field due to a dipole. Electrostatic boundary conditions. The work
done in moving a charge. The energy of (i) a discrete charge distribution (ii) Continuous charge
distribution. Induced charge. The surface charge on a conductor. Potential energy of a dipole in
an external electric field. Differential form of Gauss law. Poisson’s equation, Laplace’s equation.
Boundary conditions and uniqueness theorems. Solutions to Laplace’s equation in Spherical
polar co-ordinates. Conducting sphere in a uniform electric field.
Unit- II :
Electric fields in matter : Dielectrics, Polarization, the field of a polarized object. The
field inside a dielectric. Gauss law in the presence of dielectrics. Linear dielectrics.
Susceptibility. Permitivity and dielectric constant. Point charge in a dielectric fluid. Boundary
conditions on field vector D. Dielectric sphere in a uniform electric field. Force on a point charge
embedded in a dielectric. Molecular field in a dielectric and Clausius-Mossotti equation. Energy
in dielectric systems. Electric current. Current density, Equation of continuity, Ohm’s law.
Electromotive force, steady currents in media without sources of emf.
Unit-III :
Magnetic induction B, forces on current carrying conductors. The law of Biot and
Savart. Calculation of magnetic inductions for infinite straight, circular and solenoidal currents.
Ampere’s Circuital law and its applications. The magnetic vector potential. The magnetic field of
a distant circuit. Vector potential of an infinite solenoid. The magnetic scalar potential. Torque
on a current loop placed in a magnetic field. Moving coil galvanometer and Ballistic
galvanometer. Magnetic properties of matter. Magnetization. The field of magnetized object.
Ampere’s law in magnetized materials, magnetic intensity H, magnetic susceptibility and
permeability. Hysteresis. Boundary conditions on B and H. Langevin theory of diamagnetism
and paramagnetism.
Reference Books :
1. Introduction to electrodynamics : Griffith (Pearson)
2. Foundation of electromagnetic theory : Ritz and Milford (Pearson)
3. Electricity and Magnetism : Chattopadhyaya, Rakshit (New Central Book Agency)
PAPER – XI(Theory) – (SH- 2.4.11)
Optics
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit- 1:
Fermat’s principle. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction at plane interface.
Cardinal points of an optical system. Cardinal points of combination of thin lenses.
Monochromatic aberrations. Spherical aberration and remedy. Elementary idea about coma,
astigmatism, distortion, curvature and their remedies. Dispersion and Dispersive power of a
lens, Chromatic aberration. The achromatic double. Removal of chromatic aberration of
separated doublet.
Co-ordinates of a point in array, ray translational matrix, the refraction, the
system matrix, the conjugate matrix, some object image relations, spherical refracting
surface, thin lens in air, cardinal points of an ideal optical system, spherical refracting
surface, thick lens in air, two thin lens system, Ramsden & Huygen’s eyepiece.
Unit- II :
Conditions for sustained interference. Interference by division of wave front.
Biprism. Interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source. Interference by a
film with non-parallel reflecting surfaces. Colour of a thin film. Newton’s ring and
determination of λ of monochromatic light.
Michelson interferomere and determination ∆ λ in Na-light Fabry perot interferometer and its
resolving power. Determination of λ of monochromatic light using it.
Fresnel diffraction. Fressnel half period zones. Zone plate as a convex lens. Fraunhoffer
diffraction. Diffraction at a single slit, double slit. Plane diffraction grating, limit of
resolution, Resolving power of grating.
Unit III :
Elementary idea about polarized and unpolarized light . Polarization by reflection, double
refraction and scattering, Malus’s law, Brewster’s law, Circularly and elliptically polarized
light by a quarter wave plate, half wave plate, Babinet compensator and analysis of linearly
polarized light. Analysis of circularly and elliptically polarized light using λ/4 plate. Optical
rotation and Fresnel’s explanation. Laurent polarimeter.
Purity of a spectral line, coherence length and coherence time, spatial coherence of a
source, Einstein’s A and B coefficients, spontaneous and induced emission, conditions for
laser action, population inversion. Properties of a laser beam, ruby laser, He-Ne laser
Reference Books :
1. Principles of Optics : Zenkines and White (Mc Graw Hill)
2. Geometrical And Physicsl Optics : R.S.Lunghrust (Longman)
3. Physics for degree students – Vol III : M. Das, P.K. Jena, B.K. Dash, D.C. Patra
(Srikrishna Prakashan)
4. Optics: Eugene Hecht (Pearson)
5. Optics : A Ghatak (TMH)
6. Geometrical and Physical Optics : P.K.Chakraborty. (New Central)
PAPER – XII (Practical) (SH-2.4.12)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Young’s modulus of rubber.
2. Young’s modulus by bending of beam.
3. Young’s modulous of a beam by cantilever method.
4. Variation of magnetic field along the axis of circular coil carrying current.
5. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and magnetic moment of a magnet.
6. Moment of inertia of fly wheel.
7. Measurement of High resistance.
8. Determination of magnifying power of microscope.
HONOURS
SEMESTER – V
PAPER – XIII(Theory) – (SH- 3.5.13)
Quantum Mechanics - 1
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit-I
Basic premises of classical physics and its inadequacy in microscopic realm:-
Black-body radiation and Planck’s hypothesis. Photoelectric effect and Einstein’s
explanation, Compton effect and its explanation. de Broglie’s matter-wave hypothesis and
Davission-Germer experiment.Wave particle duality of matter and radiation.
Plane wave representation of a free-particle motion in one dimension and Schrodinger’s
velocity paradox. Necessity of a wave-packet representation, phase velocity,.Group velocity
and their relations.
Generalised wave-packet and Schrodinger’s wave equation for a free particle in one-
dimension. Implications of Schrodinger’s wave equation and the wave function.
Analysis of double-slit experiments under various conditions with single photon and single
electron and the necessity of introducing probality concept at amplitude level. Interpretation
of wavefunction in Schrodinger’s equation as complex probality amplitude.Wavefunction in
coordinate and momentum representation and their physical interpretation.
Unit-II
Expectation values of position co-ordinate and momentum in either representation.
Measurable quantities represented by operators. Position, momentum and energy operators
in co-ordinate and momentum representations. Hamiltonian operator, Angular momentum
operator for rotational motion on a plane.
Schrodinger’s equation for free particle motion in one dimension as an operator equation.
Generalization to motion in force fields in one, two and three dimensions.
Equation of continuity, Probality density and probability-current density. Nature of the wave
function and its space derivatives-probability conservation, Normalisation of the
wavefunction.
Reality conditions on expectation values and Hermiticity property of operators representing
observables. Hermitian operators, Hermitian conjugate or Adjoint operators, generalised
hermiticity condition, Linear operators, Unitary operators, Commutator Algebra of operators,
Canonical commutation relation between co-ordinate and momentum operator.
Time dependence of expectation values of an operator representing an observable,
Ehrenfest’s theorem and classical correspondence of Schrodinger’s equation with classical
Newton’s equation under appropriate conditions.
Unit-III
Deviation operator and statistical definition of uncertainty as the standard deviation in a
measurement. Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations. Uncertainty principle. Gaussian wave-
packet as the minimum uncertainty wave packet, Time energy uncertainty relation as a
special case and its proper interpretation
Time evolution of a Gaussian wave packet spreading of a wave packet in general.
Applications of Uncertainty principle. Estimation of ground state energy of a linear harmonic
oscillator and H- atom. Non –existence of electron inside nucleus concept of force due to
exchange of a mediatory particle and the relation between mass of such a particle and the
range of the force. Example: Yukawa’s concept of Nuclear force and electromagnetic force.
Reference Books :
1. Quantum Physics : S. Gasiorowicz (John Willey)
2. Quantum Mechanics : Powell & Crasemann (Addison Wesley)
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics : M.Das and P.K. Jena (Srikrishna Prakashan)
PAPER – XIV(Theory) – (SH- 3.5.14)
Nuclear and Particle Physics
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit- I :
Structure of Nucleus, Basic properties of nucleus (charge, mass, size, spin, magnetic
moment, quadruple moment, Parity), Nuclear forces, Binding energy, stability of nucleus, liquid
Drop Model, Radioactivity, Law of Radioactive decay, activity, half life, activity law mean life,
radioactive series, displacement law theory of successive disintegration. Radioactive equilibrium
– Geiger – Nuttal law and determination of λ, Radiometric dating.
Unit- II :
Detectors for charged particles : Ion chamber, Geiger Counter, Cloud chamber, Particle
acceleration: linear (Resonance) accelerators, cyclotron, Nuclear reaction, Conservation laws. Q-
values nuclear cross section, nuclear transmutation, Deuteron induced, α-induced, Proton
induced and neutron induced transmutation, Radio isotopes, elementary idea about fission and
fusion.
Unit-III:
Cosmic rays : Discovery of cosmic rays, Composition of primary cosmic ray, origin of
cosmic rays, Discovery of position, Secondary cosmic rays, Cosmic ray shower, Soft and hard
components, Discovery of muon and pion.
Elementary particles; Leptons, baryons and mesons. Lepton number, Baryon number,
Isopin, Strangeness and hypercharge, charge parity, elementary idea about quarks.
Reference Books :
1. Nuclear Physics : Kaplan (Addison Wisley)
2. Atomic and Nuclear Physics : A.B. Gupta ( New Central)
PAPER – XV(Theory) – (SH- 3.5.15)
Digital Electronics
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit- I:
Integrated Circuits (Qualitative Treatment only):-Active and Passive Components.
Discrete Circuit Component. Wafer. Chip. Advantages and Drawbacks of ICs. Scale of
integration: SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI (Basic idea and Definitions only). Classification of
ICs.Fabrication of Components on Monolithic ICs. Examples of Linear and Digital ICs.
Operational Amplifiers (use Black Box Approach):- Basic Characteristics of Op-
Amps.Characterstics of an ideal OP-Amp. Feedback in amplifiers. Open-loop and closed-Loop
Gain. Frequency Response. CMRR. Virtual ground. Application of Op-Amps: Inverting and
Non-inverting Amplifiers, Adder, Subtractor, Unity follower, Differentiator, Integrator, Zero
Crossing detector.
Unit- II:
Difference Between Analog and Digital Circuits. Binary Numbers, Decimal to Binary
and Binary to Decimal Conversion. AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates,
DTL & TTL circuit.
Boolean algebra:- De Morgan’s Theorems. Boolean Laws. Simplification of Logic
Circuit using Boolean algebra. Fundamental products. Minterms and Maxterms. Conversion of a
Truth table into an Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) SOP (Sum of Products) Method and (2)
Karnaugh Map.
Data Processing Circuits:-Basic idea of Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Decoders,
Encoders, Parity Checkers.
Memories:-Read-only memories (ROM), PROM, EPROM.
Unit- III:
Arithmetic Circuits:- Binary addition. Binary Subtraction using 2’s Complement Method)
Half Adders and Full Adders and Subtractors(only up to Eight Bits).
Sequential Circuits: RS, D, and JK Flip-Flops. Level Clocked and Edge Triggered Flip-
Flops. Preset and Clear operations. Race-around Conditions in JK-Flops. Master-Slave JK-Flop
(As Building Block of Sequential Circuits).
Shift registers:- Serial-in-Serial-out, Serial-in-Parallel-out, Parrallel-in-Serial-out, and
Parallel-in-Parallel-out Shift Registers (only upto 4bits).
D/A and A/D conversion:-D/A converter.
Reference Books:
1. Digital principles and applications: Donald P.Leach & Albert Paul Malvino,
(Glencoe,1995).
2. Digital Fundamentals, 3rd Edition: Thomas L.Floyd (Universal Book Stall,India1998).
3. Digital Electronics: R.P. Jain (TMH)
4. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits,4th
Edition: Robert F Coughlin and
Frederick Driscoll (P.H.I.1992).
5. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits: R.A.Gayakwad (Pearson Education Asia,2000)
PAPER – XVI(Theory) – (SH- 3.5.16)
Electromagentic Induction, AC And Electro Magnetic Waves
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit-I:
Motional emf and flux rule. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s law in integral and differential forms. Calculation of induced electric field due to
an infinite long wire carrying a slowly varying current. Self inductance and mutual
inductance. Self inductance of solenoid and of a straight conductor, energy stored in an
inductor in the electromagnetic field. Transient currents. Growth and Decay of current in
Series R-L, RC and RLC circuits.
Unit – II:
Alternating currents Power in AC circuits. Wattless current. Series and Parallel
resonant circuits. Sharpness of resonance. Q-Factor.
Maxwell’s equations. Displacement current and their physical significance. Maxwell’s
equations inside matter. Boundary conditions. Scalar and vector potentials. Gauge
Transformation. Coulomb gauge and Lorentz gauge. Lorentz force law in a potential form,
Electromagnetic waves. Poynting’s theorem.
Unit-III:
Electromagnetic waves in nonconducting media. The wave equation.
Monochromatic plane waves in vacuum. Energy and momentum of electromagnetic waves.
Propagation through linear media. Reflection and transmission at normal incidence and at
oblique incidence. Plane electromagnetic waves in conductors. The modified wave equation.
Monochromatic plane waves in conducting media. Reflection & transmission at a conducting
surface (normal incidence)
Reference books:
1. Introduction to electrodynamics : Griffith (Pearson)
2. Foundation of electromagnetic theory : Ritz and Milford (Pearson)
3. Electricity and Magnetism : Chattopadhyaya, Rakhit (New Central)
4. Elements of Electromagnetics: Sadiku (Oxford)
5. Electricity and Magnetism: D.C.Tayal (Himalaya)
PAPER – XVII (Practical) (SH-3.5.17)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Static characteristic of a diode/P-N junction
2. Co-efficient of viscosity using Searle’s viscometer.
3. Mechanical equivalent of heat (J) using Joule’s Calorimeter.
4. Angle of Prism and angle of minimum deviation using a spectrometer.
5. Angle of minimum deviation (I-D curve method) using spectrometer.
6. Determination of λ (lambda) of light using Newton’s ring method.
7. λ (lambda) of monochromatic light using plane diffraction grating.
8. Static characteristic of a triode/transistor
PAPER – XVIII (Practical) (SH-3.5.18)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Refractive index of a prism by plotting I-D curve. (Using spectrometer).
2. Wavelength of an unknown line by drawing the calibration curve using spectrometer.
3. Determination of Cauchy’s constants.
4. Calibration of a spectrometer using plane diffraction grating and determination of
unknown wavelength.
5. Figure of merit of galvanometer.
6. Comparison of emf’s using stretched wire potentiometer
7. Refractive index of glass using travelling microscope.
8. Refractive index of water using traveling microscope.
HONOURS
SEMESTER – VI
PAPER – XIX(Theory) – (SH- 3.6.19)
Quantum Mechanics - II
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit- I:
Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of operators. Eigenvalue Spectrum, degeneracy,
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of Hermitian operators. Orthonormality of eigenfunctions,
linear dependence. The Schmidt method of orthogonalization of degenerate eigenfunctions.
Eigenfunction expansion completeness and closure relations. Properties of eigenfunctions
of operators with continuous spectrum. Compatibility.
Proof of uncertainty relation ∆x, ∆px ≥ ħ/2 and the minimum uncertainty wave packet.
The time energy uncertainty relation.
Unit- II:
The time independent Schrodinger equation in three dimension and stationary states,
constants of motions in quantum mechanics, Ehrenfest’s theorems using quantum equations of
motion.
Time independent Schrodinger equation in one dimension. Boundary and continuity
conditions, Non-degenerate energy levels for one dimensional problems. Symmetry and anti-
symmetry of Ψ and the parity operator. Properties of parity operator, Projection operator.
Unit- III :
General feature of solutions of one dimensional problems, particle in a one dimensional
box, the free particles. The potential step and the rectangular potential barrier (evaluation of
transmission and reflection co-efficients). The finite square well (bound states) linear harmonic
oscillator.
Reference Books:
1. Quantum Physics : S. Gasiorowicz (John Willey)
2. Quantum Mechanics : Powell & Crasemann (Addison Wesley)
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics : M.Das & P.K. Jena (Srikrishna Prakashan)
PAPER – XX(Theory) – (SH- 3.6.20)
Statistical Physics
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit I:
Specification of states of a system, microscopic and macroscopic states,
Distinguishability of identical particles, statistical ensemble, postulates of classical statistical
mechanics, entropy and disorder, Boltzmann theorem of entropy and probability, thermodynamic
probability and mathematical probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution formula, expression for some thermodynamical quantities in terms of partition
function.
Unit II:
Thermal equilibrium, partition function of an ideal monoatomic gas, Gibbs paradox, the
classical principle of equipartition of energy, Maxwells formula for distribution of molecular
speeds, statistical interpretation of work and heat, relations among ds, dQ, and T for a reversible
process.
UnitIII:
Bose-Einstein distribution law, radiation as a photon gas, Bose derivation of Plancks law,
Thermodynamic functions of a completely degenerate gas.
Fermi-Dirac distribution law, thermodynamic functions of an ideal completely degenerate
Fermi gas, Fermi energy, electron gas in a metal.
Reference Books:
1. Heat and Thermodynamics: Zeemansky and R.H.Dittmann (Mc. Graw Hill)
2. Thermal and statistical Physics: M.Das, P.K.Jena, S.Mishra, R.N.Mishra (Sri Krishna
Prakashan)
3. Thermal Physics: Roy Gupta (New Central)
4. Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics: Salinger(Narosa)
PAPER – XXI(Theory) – (SH- 3.6.21)
Atomic Physics
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit- I:
Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford scattering formula, Rutherford model of atom,
Atomic spectra, Series spectra of H-atom, Ritz-Rydberg combination principle, Bohr theory
of H-atom, Ritz-Rydberg combination principle, Bohr theory of H-atom, and explanation of
series spectra. Correction of finite mass of the nucleus. Bohr’s correspondence principle,
Sommerfeld’s modification of Bohr theory, fine structure of H line. General characteristics of
Sommerfeld’s orbits, discrete energy exchange by atoms and Frank – Hertz Expt. Continuous
X-ray spectrum, characteristics of emission and absorption spectra, comparison of optical
and x-ray spectra, Moseley’s law.
Unit-II:
Qualitative idea about wave mechanical solution of H-atom and discussion on Quantum
Numbers Space, Quantization, Larmor’s theorem, magnetic moment and the Bohr magneton,
series spectra of alkali metals and elementary idea regarding doublet fine structure, the
spinning electron and the vector atom model, Electron spin orbit interaction energy and fine
structure separations (P,D,F, levels) due to spin-orbit interaction, Normal Zeeman effect,
Anomalous Zeeman effect & Paschen- Back effect in one electron system.
Unit-III:
The atom model for two valence electrons. l-l coupling and s-s coupling, L-S coupling, J-
J coupling and terms arising from the interaction of two electrons in these coupling schemes.
Pauli exclusion principle and quantization of vibrational and rational energy in molecules.
Pure rotational and rotation – vibration spectra. Raman Effect, stokes and anti-stokes lines.
Character of Raman spectra. Experimental arrangement of Raman spectroscopy.
Reference Books :
1. Introduction to Atomic spectra : Harvey Elliott White (Mc Graw Hill)
2. Concepts of Modern Physics : Arthur Beiser (Mc. Graw Hill)
3. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy – Raj Kumar (Kedar Nath Ram Nath)
PAPER – XXII(Theory) – (SH- 3.6.22)
Solid state Physics
F.M. – 50 CP- 3 Time – 3 Hrs
Unit – I:
Crystal Structure : Types of Lattices, unit cell, Wigner Seitz cell, simple cubic (SC),
Body centered cubic (BCC), Face centered cubic (FCC), Hexagonal closed packed (HCP) and
Miller indices, elementary idea about symmetry elements.
Crystal Diffraction : Crystal structure, determination by diffraction of X-Rays, electrons
and neutrons, Bragg’s law, Reciprocal lattice, Brilluoin zones, Laue’s derivation, atomic form
factor and geometrical structure factor.
Unit- II:
Crystal Binding : Inert gas crystals, Vander Waals London interaction, Repulsive
interaction, Cohesive energy, Ionic crystals, electrostatic energy, Evaluation of Madelung
Constant, Covalent Binding, metallic binding, Hydrogen bonded crystals.
Conduction in Metals : Drude’s theory of electrical conduction, thermal conductivity of
metals, density of states and Fermi-Dirac distribution of electron gas, heat capacity of electron
gas.
Unit – III:
Lattice Vibration : Elastic and Atomic force constants. Dynamics of chains of atoms,
monoatomic and diatomic chains, optical and acoustic modes, interaction of light with ionic
crystals.
Superconductivity : Experimental Survey, Zero resistivity, Meissner effect, Type-I and
Type II super conductors, specific heat and thermal conductivity.
Reference Books :
1. Introduction to Solid state Physics : Kittel(Wiley)
2. Solid state Physics : Omar (Pearson)
3. Solid State Physics : Srivastava (Mc Millan)
PAPER – XXIII (Practical) (SH-3.6.23)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Determination of diameter of narrow wire using optical bench.
2. Refractive index of liquid using Newton’s ring apparatus.
3. Determination of wavelength of light using biprism and optical bench.
4. Comparison of two nearly equal resistance using Carry Forster bridge.
5. Comparison of capacitances using desauty’s bridge.
6. Reduction factor of tangent galvanometer.
7. Resolving power of telescope.
8. Charging and discharging of RC circuit.
PAPER – XXIV (Practical) (SH-3.6.24)
F.M. 50 CP-2 Time: 6Hrs
1. Temperature coefficient of surface tension by Jaegar’s method.
2. Coefficient of viscosity by oscillating disc method.
3. Coefficient of viscosity by Rankine’s method.
4. Latent heat of condensation of steam.
5. Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee’s method.
6. Vapour density of a volatile liquid by Victor-Mayer’s method. 7. Optical rotation of sugar solution by polarimeter. 8. Study of the current regulation and ripple factor of full-wave and half-wave rectifier.
