Raw Materials and Feed Quality: Impact on Poultry Performance and
Health Status
Basilisa P. Reas, DVM MScBPR Nutrition Consultancy
Consultant to [email protected]
Content
• Introduction;•Early signals of feed contamination or poor quality feeds and feed ingredients.
•Nutrition and Disease interaction• Metabolic Diseases• Nutrient toxicity and deficiencies• Chemical toxicity and residues• Anti-Nutritional factors• Mycotoxicosis
•Recommendations BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY CONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA. EMAIL:
What to check in raw materials and feeds?
Physical:Damaged, contaminated or infected raw materials from
harvests; immature seeds, insect damaged, molds, fiber, etc.
Nutritional/Chemical:Lower (variable) nutrient content, anti nutritional factors,
chemical (pesticide) residues, mycotoxins
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• Carbohydrates (Energy)
• Protein (essential AA)
• Fats/lipids
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water
Nutrients required by poultry (30-40)
,.. But nutrient components of ingredients differ according to age of bird, feeding program & reproductive performance/stage of production..,
Some nutrient deficiencies will have immediate effects, some takes longer – but the total effects are costly…
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Nutrition & Disease InteractionFEEDS: as pre-disposing factor
Genetics Environment
Nutrition,Housing,Management
Performance
High Low
Disease symptoms
Infectious Non-infectious
Feed Quality
Nutrient Deficiency or Excesses
•Imbalance
Metabolic diseases(skeletal disorders, malabsorption syndrome, fatty liver dis, etc);
(viral/bacterial)
Mycotoxicosis
Performance
Immune depression
Disease situation increasing nutrientrequirement:
___________________________________
• Severe damage to the digestive tract impairment ofabsorption of a number of essential nutrients
diarrhea
• Electrolyte loss and dehydration extra nutrients andelectrolytes
•Destruction of body tissues, and other vital organs ofthe body low resistance against diseases
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Either deficiencies or excess/toxicity of nutrients can render birds more susceptible to infectious or non-infectious diseases.
Deficiency problems are often caused by low intake of protein, vitamins and minerals, while nutrient excesses /toxicity can be caused by high intake of energy, fats and some minerals.
More specific conditions - metabolic diseases that make the nutrient requirement of birds more difficult to gauge; bacterial or viral infections, parasitic infections, anorexia, diarrhea, liver dysfunction, mycotoxin infection, anti-nutritional factors and drug interaction.
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• Nutrient deficiency nor toxicity/excess
• Substance in the diet that interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients
• Infections that lower the absorption or utilization of essential nutrients
• Diseases that increase nutritional requirements
What are the sources of nutritional imbalance?
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Feed Quality as a factor
• Presence of anti-nutritional factors in ingredients• Deletion of micro-additives • Decreased biological potency of vitamins • Nutrient degradation due to oxidation • Antagonistic effects of some chemicals • of nutrients in feedstuffs and feed additives• Mycotoxin contamination
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All Soybean Meals
are NOT created
equally
General effects of nutrient deficiencies
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A. External signs
• reduction in growth rate
• retarded feather formation
• cutaneous lesions
• skeletal deformities and locomotor disturbances
B. Performance effects
• decreased egg production
• lowered fertility & hatchability
• decline in egg quality
• decreased response to infections
Low energy intake
Compensated by increased feed intake, the consequences;- extreme competition- weight lost, and poor growth rate- reduced egg production and egg size- increased disease susceptibility
Low protein intake (essential AA)- reduced growth rate, poor FCE, - lower immune response & reproductive efficiency
Energy & AA deff will exacerbate viral malabsorption syndrome & intestinal damage cause by coccidiosis or endoparasites
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Cereal grains - mycotoxin, fibers
Oilseeds - Protease inhibitor, allergens, phytin,oligosaccharides, lipoxygenase, lectins, saponin, tannins
Fish & animal products - biogenic amines; oxidized fats
Others Fibers, particle size of grains
Some contaminants and anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in feed ingredients
Resulting to:Protein - Low digestion, absorption & utilizationMineral – Low solubility, absorption & utilizationVitamin - Increased requirement
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Anti-nutritional factors in soybeans
Heat labile Heat stable
Protease inhibitors
Lectins
Goitrogens
Antivitamins
Saponins
Tannins
Estrogens
Oligosaccharides
Antigens
Phytate
Liener, 2000
Proper heating of soybeans deactivate most of these anti-nutritional factors
Protein
& A.A.
Diges-
tibility:
Effect of heat treatment on anti-nut. factors and protein or amino acid digestibility.
Concentration
anti-nutritional
factors
T.I.: 25 - - - 20 --------------- 5 2 -------- 1
U.I.: .3 .02 - - - - - 0
0.2 % KOH: 90 - - 85 70
PDI: - - 40 - 30 15
Temp.
Under-processing Over-processing
The role of soybean meal trypsin inhibitors in field outbreaks of feed passage in broilers;
S O U R C E : N . R U I Z , U S S E C F T N W 2 0 1 5 .
AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A FEED PASSAGE OUTBREAK:
- FEED CONVERSION IS NEGATIVELY AFFECTED
- BODY WEIGHTS ARE LOWER THAN THE STANDARD
- ECONOMIC LOSSES CAN BE HUGE
Negative effects of ANFs in poultry
Abnormal passage rate of ingesta
Increased microbial activity in the small intestine --resulting to diarrhea
Reduced digestion and/or absorption of nutrient
Inconsistent faecal flow (higher water content, sticky)
Growth depression
Poorer feed utilization
Leg problems in poultry
Increased mortality and morbidity
Dirty plumage/eggs
Poor litter condition/hock lesions
Diarrhea & dehydration
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Nutrient deficiencies causing skeletal deformities
Mineral deficiency;- Ca or Ph def or imbalance- Manganese or zinc def- Sodium or chloride
Vitamin deficiency;
- Fat soluble; Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K
- Water soluble; Vit B1 (Thiamine) ,Vit B2 (Rivoflavin)
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine), Choline, Biotin
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Typical on-the-farm Soybean Storage in the U.S.
Typical on-the-farm Soybean Storage in S.A.
Vitamin & Mineral deficiency.
Increased requirement of certain minerals, vitamins, and amino acids during disease situation
• Vitamins - complex deficiencies and/or excesses
- Vit A, D & E
- Zn, vitamin B6, and tryptophan interrelationships
• Mineral
- abnormal levels &/or ratios of calcium & phosphorus
- manganese deficiency; iron
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Vitamin A deficiency –“Ataxia & Xeropthalmia”
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Characteristics:
Poor growth & feathering in chicks Inability to stand & chronic purulent conjunctivitis
In layers, poor inside egg quality, with blood spots Low fertility and hatchability Increase incidence of E coli & endoparasites (affecting integrity if respiratory tract and intestinal mucosa)
Upon necropsy kidney degeneration & accumulation of urate in the ureters
“Star-gazing”
Characteristics:
Incoordination & abnormal retraction of the head 10-20 day old
Common causes:
Thiamine deff in premix Excessive addition of anticoccidial, amprolium to diets
Vit B1(Thiamin) deficiency
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Systemic & Metabolic abnormalities that result to nutrient imbalance
• Anemia and suppression of bone marrow function
• Infections developed due to low immune response
– Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome
– Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
– Sudden Death Syndrome
– Malabsorption Syndrome
– Skeletal Disorders
– Gizzard Erosion
– Ascites
–MycotoxicosisBPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY
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Vit B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency “curled toe paralysis /club foot”
Characteristics:
Rotation of legs at aged 10-30 days old Slow growth & poor feathering Low egg production & hatchability in breeding flocks Histopathology shows myelin degeneration
of peripheral nerve
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Biotin – foot pad dermatitis
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• Dermatitis of the feet and adjacent • skin & angle of the beak
• Poor growth & feathering• Elevated mortality
• In breeders, lower hatchability &• embryonic malformations of the feet.
Main functions of Vit E; - required in complex biochemical functions;
Biological antioxidant, promotes intracellular respirations and cellular stability, fertility, promote immune response, detoxification and promotes other biochemical reactions.
Vitamin E deficiency
Encephalomalacia – results when Vit E in diet undergone oxidative
rancidity – due to free radicals
Transudative diathesis – degeneration of the endothelium (blood
vessel lining) –> leakage of plasma into surrounding tissues.
Muscular Dystrophy – occurs in skeletal muscles, ventriculus &
gizzard, and mycordium
Avitaminosis E can be worsen by concurrent SAA and Se deff.
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Vitamin E deficiency
Encephalomalacia – most common effects of Avitaminosis E
Characteristics:
- Onset is 10- 20 days old- 10% mortality- ataxia, terminal recumbency with
cycling motion
Punctate hemorrhages in the cerebellum, & softening in the brain
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Manganese deficiency –“Perosis or Slipped tendon”
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Characteristics:
Deformation of distal tibiotarsus & Proximal tarsometatarsus leading to chondrodystrophy;
Displacement of gastrocnemius
SKELETAL DISORDERS
Predisposing Factors:
• Diet protein and amino acids
• Feed ingredients-soy, rye, sorghum, rapeseed meal
• Chloride and calcium levels
• Tannins
• Mycotoxins – fusarium, aflatoxins, ochratoxins
• Electrolyte Balance - acid-base balance
• Vitamin D3 metabolism
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• reduction in growth rate &/or body wt
• beading of rib heads
• enlargement of the parathyroid glands
Common causes:
• vitamin D3 deficiency; calcium or
phosphorus imbalance
• mycotoxins
RICKETS – young birds OSTEOMALACIA- older birds
Characteristics
Prevention:
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TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA -common in heavy broilers on a high plane of nutrition
• Characteristics:
- abnormal cartilage formation in large bones ;
twisted legs, rotated tibia, crooked toes
•Common causes:
- electrolyte imbalance
- diet low in calcium,high phosphorus & chloride
- excess nitrogen
- Fusarium contaminations in feed
Prevention:
• Balanced phosphorous & calciumBPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY
CONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA. EMAIL: [email protected]
Sudden Death Syndrome, “Flip-over” or Acute Heart Failure
Characteristics
•More common in broiler males due to rapid growth – 1-3 wks, found dead lying on their back – immediately following convulsions
• Genetic & metabolic origin, due tofast growth & high energy diet
- Imbalance of electrolytes (acid-base balance) resulting in ventricular fibrillation
• mortality rates (2-4%) due to heart failure
•Prevention:
• Lower density diets to reduce growth rate
• Shorter lighting period after 7 days old
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Malabsorption Syndrome (“Helicopter” Disease)
• Stunting syndrome
• Reovirus infection & fusarium in feed
• Diarrhea and presence of undigested feed in excreta
Prevention & Control• Increasing levels of methionine & lysine, vits A E, &
selenium in the diet
• Use blended animal and vegetable fats that have a natural content of FFA
• Use mold inhibitor & antioxidants
• Microbial and anticoccidial control
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Fatty Liver & Hemorrhagic Syndrome
; Occurs in obese layers at peak egg production
Characteristics
• excessive liver fat infiltration with rupture & massive hemorrhage in body cavity
Common causes
• metabolic and environmental associations
• sulfur containing amino acids, choline and mineral, energy deficiencies
Prevention & Control:
• Modify energy level
• Appropriate levels of sulphur aa & choline
• remove cause of heat stress
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Fatty Liver & Kidney Syndrome
- Common in high performing layers
Characteristics:
death due to hemorrhages in liver due to oxidative rancidity; pale kidneys
Common causes
• energy -protein imbalance or AA def
• def on lipotropic agents, choline, vitamin B12, methionine
• mycotoxin
Prevention & Control:Add 1-2% protein, use fats to augmentenergy, vit E & antioxidant in feeds
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GIZZARD EROSION
Characteristics• blackish diarrhea
• slow growth
Common causes:• poorly processed fish meal - gizerosine
(histidine and lysine)
Prevention & Control:• Use only high quality fish meal, or
• Limit usage of fish meal and other animal by-products to less than 10%of the diet
• Avoid usage of high levels of copper sulfate for growth promotion
• Use antioxidants when fish meal is included
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Ascites & Heart Failure
Characteristics• “water belly” appearance• Bluish appearance of combs & feet• Laboured and gaspy breathing• Crouching & ruffled feathers
Common causes:- high altitude & cold temp- rapid growth rate, high energy ration- respiratory diseases- high sodium, low phosphorus- mycotoxin contamination- vitamin E/selenium def, excess salt
- stress- partly genetic
Prevention & Control:- slowing early growth
- enough brooding temp- check water quality- prevent dust & ammonia
build upBPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY
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Mycotoxicoses in poultry
T2, AFB, Don, DAS
• Dermal and oral lesions
• Inflammation of mucous
• Impaired feathering
T2, DON, AFB1, OTA, FUM
• Intestinal hemorrhages
• Damage of the kidneys
• Pale and fatty liver
• Increased water consumption
ZEA, T2, DON
• Decreased egg prod &
hatchability
• Delayed sexual maturation
• Vent enlargement
AFB1, T2, OTA,
• Diarrhea
• Blood in faeces and urine
• Inflammation of bladder
kidneys
•Blood & meat spots
• Egg residue & creamy yolk
T2, DON, AFB1, OTA Fum
• Decreased performance
• Immunosupression• Pancreatic necroses
T2, DON
• Decreased feed intake
• Dermal and oral lesions
• Feed refusal
•Vomiting
•Gizzard lesions
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BIOMIN Global Mycotoxin Survey, 2015
Covers 8,271 agricultural commodity samples from 75
countries worldwide.
Over 31,492 analyses
Results provide an insight on the incidence of aflatoxins
(Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2
toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA)
Raw materials tested:
Maize (corn), wheat, barley, soybean meal, dried distillers
grains (DDGS) and silage, among others.
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• 84% of all samples contained at least one mycotoxin and over 50% had more than one
• As in previous years, DON and FUM are the main mycotoxins present in over half of the
samples tested.
• DON poses the most frequent threat to livestock with a prevalence of 73% and average
contamination level of 1,090 ppb.
• 56% of all samples exceed the risk thresholds for livestock.
• Levels of FUM (found in 61% of samples, 1,089 ppb on average) and ZEN (56% of samples,
253 ppb on average).
• 21% of samples tested contained FUM that exceed risk threshold levels.
• 31% of samples tested contained ZEN in concentrations that exceed risk threshold levels.
• Afla was present in 18% of samples at 40 ppb on ave, 11% of exceeded the risk thresholds.
• T-2 was found in 23% of samples at an average of 26 ppb. Positive occurrence was 18%
• OTA at an average of 7 ppb with more than 10% of these exceeding risk threshold levels.
Mycotoxin Survey results, 2015
Biomin: Mycotoxin Survey report, 2015.
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World-wide prevalence of Mycotoxin, 2015
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Mycotoxin Contamination, by region. 2015
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The negative impacts of mycotoxin contamination on
livestock
- depends on the species, level and type of mycotoxin
contamination, general health status of the animal and
environmental conditions.
- All levels of mycotoxins should be considered unsafe
- increased levels carry increased risks to animal health.
- mycotoxins tend to occur in groups, resulting to compounded
negative (synergistic) effects.
- low levels of mycotoxin ingestion can have a detrimental effect on
the immune system and are a hindrance to optimal performance.
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The global mycotoxin trends rely upon single mycotoxin
occurrence;
The risk indications may actually understate the threat posed by
mycotoxins to animals given their known synergistic effects and
subclinical effects
Type of Mycotxin Max threshold, ppb
Aflatoxin 2
Ochratoxin 10
Zearalenone 50
T2 Toxin 150
Deoxynevalenol 150
Fumonisins 500
Maximum risk threshold levels of different mycotoxin for livestock & poultry
Risks associated with mycotoxin exposure
Mycotoxin gives both
acute and chronic effects depending on;
The types of toxin,
Level of contamination,
Duration of ingestion.
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MYCOTOXICOSIS caused by
Aflatoxin, Vomitoxin (T2-Toxin),Ochratoxins, Fumonisins
Characteristics:
• Sub optimal performance; growth depression, poor FCE
• Reproductive failure
• Vaccination & treatment failure
• Increased mortality
Common causes/Predisposing factors:
Imuno-suppression Disease susceptibility
Poor storage facilities, high MC, poor sanitation, failure of toxin binder
Prevention & Control:Use toxin binder/mold inhibitor Proper QC measures
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Main effects of Mycotoxin contamination
1. Reduction in nutrient content; amino acids, energy, vitamins;
2. Losses in product quality
3. Immune suppressions; poor health, increased production costs, poor performance
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…; In the farm;Nutritional factors affecting animal performance
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failure of the diet to meet nutrient specifications
inconsistent quality of raw materials
abrupt changes in ingredients
inappropriate particle size
inadequate/inconsistent feed mixing
deterioration of ingredients and feeds in storage
;.. Feed production errors affecting animal performance
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Failure of process to achieve target weights
FIFO management of ingredients & complete feed
Uncontrolled hand add ingredients
Cross contamination & Mill Hygiene
Physical quality – pelleting, grist, moisture
Medication selection
Summary & Conclusionso Feed Quality is the first line of defense when it comes to animal performance
o Controlling feed quality should start from the point of raw material entry, storage, formulation, processing and finally to the farm;
o “Cheap”/low quality feed will become more expensive and causing more problems during production;
o Mycotoxin cost a lot in the operation; it is a GLOBAL problem
o Anti-nutritional factors in major raw materials are hidden set-back in feed quality
o Consider feed quality and its impact in managing poultry health when making disease diagnosis
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Forms, Particle size, homogeneity
Ingredient Purchase/receiving
Feed Formulation
First line of defense: Sampling & quick testing; MC, etc.
Ingredient profile VS. Feed nutrient standards;
Recommendations; set up feed quality parameters..; & follow it through[pp
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Processing/Manufacturing
Storage
Delivery/Storage
Inventory and usage volume: Warehouse mgt., Pest control
Transport facilities; Bulks or bags, Labels; product recalls.
Farm/End users
Target performance