SUBMITTED BY:

SUBMITTED TO:

GROUP – 2(RAWE 2013-14) Dr.P. M. MohapatraP.C.RAWE (2013-14)

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

BHAWANIPATNA

R A W E

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIT IS A PROUD PRIVILEGE TO EXPRESS OUR DEEPEST SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO DR. R. K. PATNAIK, ASSOCIATE DEAN,

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA VALUABLE GUIDANCE AND CONSTANT SUPERVISION, CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM AND ENCOURAGEMENT THROUGHOUT THE RAWE PROGRAMME.

WE DO EXPRESS OUR INDEBTEDNESS TO DR. P. M. MOHAPATRA, ASSOC. PROF.(PBG) & PROGRAMME CO-COORDINATOR, RAWE FOR PROVIDING GUIDANCE, UNFAILING INTEREST, PAINSTAKING AND INVALUABLE HELPS FOR COORDINATING THE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME & DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT. HIS INSPIRING ASSISTANCE ENABLED US TO COMPLETE RAWE PROGRAMME SUCCESSFULLY.

WE WOULD LIKE TO EXTEND OUR PROFOUND GRATEFULNESS TO MR. SUJIT MAJHI, ASST. PROF.(EXT. EDUCATION), DR. R. K. TARAI, PC, KVK & MISS MADHUMITA JENA, SMS(EXT.), KVK, KALAHANDI FOR HIS PAINSTAKING INTEREST AND PARTICIPATION DURING THE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME. WE ARE ALSO GRATEFUL TO DR. S. C. SWAIN, ASSOC. PROF.(HORT), DR. DIPIKA SAHOO, ASST. PROF.(HORT),MR. U. K. BEHERA, ASST. PROF.(ENTO.), MR. ARABINDA DHAL, ASST. PROF.(PL. PATHO.) FOR THEIR HELP AND CO-OPERATION DURING THE VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME AND OTHER ACTIVITIES OF RAWE.

WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO DR. P. MAHAPATRA, ASSOC. PROF.( SOIL SC.), MR. B. SINHA, ASST. PROF.(SOIL SC.), DR. S. K. NAYAK, ASSOC. PROF.(ENTO.), DR. L. K. DAS, ASSOC. PROF.(AGRO), MR. B. P. GANTAYAT, ASST. PROF(AGRO), DR. P. MANDAL, FARM SUPERINTENDENT, MRS. J. KAR, ASST. PROF(PBG), DR. D. KHULBE, ASSOC. PROF.( PL. PATHO.), DR. K. K. SARANGI, ASST PROF(AG. ECON.), MISS SMRITI HANSDA, ASST. PROF(SWCE), DR. LIPISMITA SAMAL, ASST PROF.(ANIMAL SC.), MR. R. K.. PANDA, ASST. PROF.(PL. PHYSIOLOGY) FOR THEIR HELP AND COOPERATION DURING RAWE PROGRAMME,

OUR SINCERE THANKS ARE DUE TO DR. L. N. MOHAPATRA, ADR, RRTTS, DR. G.C. MISHRA, SR. SCIENTIST(AGRO), MR. B. S. NAYAK, JR. SCIENTIST(AGRO), MR. NIRANJAN CHINARA, JR. SCIENTIST(PL. PATHO.), MR. ANSUMAN NAYAK, TECHNICAL OFFICER(AAS) AND MR. S. K. MOHANTY, JR. BREEDER(CASTOR) OF RRTTS, BHAWANIPATNA, MR. G.C. SAHOO, SMS(SOIL SC.), MR. G. R. SAHOO, SMS(FORESTRY) OF KVK, MR. A. MISHRA, DDA, KALAHANDI, MR. N. UPADHAYA, SMS(COTTON), MR B. MOHAPATRA, SPO FOR THEIR HELP DURING FIELD VISIT AND INVOLVEMENT IN RAWE PROGRAMME.

WE ARE ALSO THANKFUL TO DR. RAMANA, DIRECTOR AND DR. S. K. CHOUDHURY, SR. SCIENTIST, MSSRF, JEYPORE, DR. P. SIAL, SR. SCIENTIST (PBG), HARS, POTTANGI, DR. R. K. TRIPATHY, SR. SCIENTIST AND MR. B. B. DALEI, JR AGRONOMIST RRTTS, SEMILIGUDA, DR. SUBRATA BEHERA, P.C. & MRS. J. MAHARANA, SMS (HORT) OF KVK, SEMILIGUDA AND MR. P. DAS, SPORTS OFFICER, CA, BHAWANIPATNA FOR THEIR HELP DURING EXPOSURE VISIT. THANKS ARE ALSO DUE TO MR. B. MISHRA, SOIL CHEMIST, SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNA, MR. AJIT PATNAIK, PROGRESSIVE FARMER OF VILLAGE NUAGAON FOR THEIR HELP DURING EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME.

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO THE FARMERS OF JAMUNABAHAL AND GOUDTOLA VILLAGES, STAFFS AND STUDENTS OF OUR COLLEGE, KVK, RRTTS AND OTHERS WHO ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INVOLVED IN RAWE PROGRAMME.

STUDENTS UNDER RAWE PROGRAMME 2012-13

GROUP LIST

SL.NO NAME ADM.NO

SIGNATURE

1 Reetanjali Meher 26B/10

2 Prakash Dash 27B/10

3 Munmun Mohapatra 28B/10

4 Jagadish Jena 29B/10

5 Swati Swayamprava Pradhan 30B/10

6 Anuesha Dalbehera 31B/10

7 Subhasish Patra 32B/10

8 Kshirod Chandra Sahoo 33B/10

9 Pradyot Nalini 34B/10

10 Kalandi Parida 35B/10

11 Sambit Mohanty 36B/10

12 Twinkle Jena 37B/10

13 Dipti Sagarika Sahoo 38B/10

14 Mitali Madhusmita Biswal 39B/10

15 Asit Mishra 40B/10

16 Maithilish Prasad Nanda 41B/10

17 Jagamohan Debata 42B/10

18 Manoj Kumar Das 43B/10

19 Amiya Jena 44B/10

20 Minakshi Padhi 45B/10

21 Chinmayee Kumari Sahoo 46B/10

22 Ipsit Sampad Dash 47B/10

23 Laxmipriya Swain 48B/10

INDEX

1. Introduction to RAWE

2. College information

3. District information

4. KVK, Kalahandi

5. RRTTS, Kalahandi

6. PRA & PRA Tools

7. PRA Activities conducted in Different villages

o MANOHARPUR Action plan Training& Demonstration

o kANAKPUR Action plan Training& Demonstration

8. DDA, Kalahandi

9. OTELP, Kalahandi

10. Exposure visito SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNAo SEED PROCESSING UNIT, BHAWANIPATNAo GRAMVIKASH, THUAMUL RAMPUR

11. Experiential Learning Programme

Annexure

Interview schedule Village information

Experience gained during RAWE programme

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIANCEAgricultural Education is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability, environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security & equity. In India, Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE) programme for imparting quality, practical and production oriented education for agriculture degree programme. The World Bank (1975) stated that there was little emphasis on curricula on preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture or agribusiness outside govt. jobs. Therefore, the agenda for the 21st century in agricultural education should be drawn on the basis of the challenges it has to meet in the near future. RAWE programme provides significant hands on experience in acquiring knowledge and skill.

WHAT IS RAWE:-

RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a programme for imparting quality, practical and production oriented education for agriculture degree

IMPORTANCE OF RAWE:-

Preparing Agricultural Graduates for better career in agriculture/ agribusiness Preparing Agricultural Graduates to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge & skill through

hands on experience

OBJECTIVES: RAWE:-

• Understanding of rural life by students

• Familiarity with the socio-economic situation of village

• Opportunity for practical training

• Development of Communication skill in Transfer of Technology

• Understanding of technologies followed by farmers

• Preparation of production plan suitable for local situation

• Development of confidence and competency for facing problematic situation and finding solutions

SURVEY & FARM PLANNING:-

• Make PRA survey of the villages (both irrigated and non-irrigated), preparation of report and presentation

• Collection of data on socio-economic condition, population, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, resources available, labour, employment etc.

• Preparation of alternate farm plans including family system approach for the host farmer and village in consultation with both govt. & local Research/ Extension scientists of the University for reorganization of farm business for higher income and sustainable production

• Identify the constraints in marketing of Agril. Produce, institutional credit facilities, input supply agencies and co-op. enterprises

• Student shall record family budgets of host farmers and two other families’ one agril. Labourer & one rural artisan.

EXTENSION EDUCATION:-

• Identification of agricultural problems of village

• Conducting method demonstrations and result demonstration

• Field visit and group discussion with farmers on need based agricultural topics

• Organization of agricultural exhibitions for visual publicity of improved practices

• Study of on-going agricultural programmes in the village & their impact

• Organization of farmers training programme and participation in programmes conducted by govt. Agril. & allied depts.

• Visit to local institutions to study their role in development programmes and research work.

• Study the role of mass media in transfer of technology

• Participation in village social work - conduct survey on youth problems, initiation of youth clubs, working with youth & youth specific projects

• Submission of report on extension activities

RESEARCH STATION ACTIVITIES:-

• Visit to different research schemes and research stations under OUAT and ICAR.

• Acquaintance with various research activities of the concerned research scheme/ stations.

• Knowledge on the methodologies involved in conducting different types of experimental, trials, analysis of experimental data, maintenance of farm records and project files.

• Observe closely the different aspects of research programmes.

• Interaction with the research scientists of different disciplines on the ongoing experiments and trials.

• Note down weather data during their period of study at the Research Station.

• Awareness on various methodologies involved in conducting research trials.

• Observation of different aspects of research programmes.

• Recording the titles and technical programmes of research projects and research procedures shown to them.

IMPLICATION OF RAWE PROGRAMME:-

Sensitization towards field agriculture. Hands-on experience in village condition. Development of favourable & required skill & attitude among agricultural graduates.

Development of human resource in agriculture education.

Brief report of College of Agriculture,

(OUAT) Bhawanipatna 2012-13The College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is the 3rd Agriculture College established in the year 2009-10 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The college is situated atlatitude: - 19°55'6"N 83°9'33"E.The total student enrolment of the college per year is 50 including two in-service candidates. The students are selected on the basis of All Odisha entrance test conducted by OUAT, Bhubaneswar and All India entrance conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) New Delhi. At present there are 184students, the college is functioning in the Research Station Campus of OUAT, Bhawanipatna. Students are accommodated in two hostels namely Bhawanishankar for boys and Manikeswari for girls. The construction works of college building, guest house, dispensary and staff quarters are under progress.

The college has total sanctioned staff strength of 52. Out of which23 are teaching posts, 17 are filled up and 1 in the cadre of Associate Professor and 5 in the cadre of Asst. Professor are lying vacant one each in the discipline ofSoil Science, Nematology, Seed Sci. &Technology, Agril. Statistics&Biotechnology. Out of the 16 non-teaching positions, 8 are filled up and 8 are lying vacant. Our college is well equipped with all the modern equipments for undertaking UG practical classes. The second batch (2010-11) students of our college are now in 4th year and are being offered experiential learning and RAWE programme in this college. However our students are actively involved in conducting field experiments at Instructional farm of the college, identification of pests and diseases of well diversified crops in the adjoining areas of Bhawanipatna. Student exposure visits are organized by the college from time to time to enhance their practical knowledge and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises are being conducted by the students in different villages. In addition to the routine activities our students participated in sports and literary activity at University level and district level conducted by the Department of Environment and Forests, Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department of Tourism etc. First athletic meet, literary competition and annual function were held during the year under report.

Our faculty members were involved in capacity building of farmers and extension functionaries in different training programmes mentioned below-

i. Water management in rainfed cropping systemsii. ISOPOM on oilseeds and pulses iii. Water management practices in Rice and Maize iv. Technology week programme of KVK v. Post harvest management and value addition in horticultural crops vi. Improved production technology for onion cultivation vii. Integrated cotton development programme (ICDP), Govt. of India viii. Regular Radio and Doordarshan Programmes ix. Regular Advisory services at college campus..

OTHER FACILITIESLIBRARY:-A total no of 2782 books have are available in the library.NURSERY:-Here seedlings of different crops are raised by the students in the nursery beds & other

ornamental crops are grown in pots also.

STUDENT PLOT:-student plot is situated behind the girl’s hostel where a number of field crops & horticultural crops are grown by the students which improves the field exposure knowledge.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna (2013-14)

OUAT has ranked 3rdwith respect to qualifying students in the ICAR's 18th All India Entrance Examination (AIEEA-PG-2013) and College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is emerged as best constituent colleges of OUAT. The students are pursuing Master degree programmes in agriculture in SAUs and ICAR institutes such as Karnal, Solan,faizabad, Hissar, Santiketan, Allahabad, Gujarat, Bhubaneswar .

Miss Aswathy Rani was placed as Girls’ University champion in the University Annual Meet-2012-13.

Pallavi Mishra was awarded with Chancellor’s and Vice Chancellor’schampion cup in the inter University Odia debate.

Pallavi Mishra and Lopamudra Singha were awarded cash prizes of Rs.30,000/- and Rs.20,000/- respectively as 1st and 2nd Prizes in the ONGC essay competition.

30 nos of students and 5 faculty members along with the Associate Dean, CA, Bhawanipatna donated blood in a blood donation camp organised by SAMBAD in coordination with Red Cross Society on 18th August 2011.

On 24th August 2011, on the eve of OUAT foundation day celebration “BANA MAHOTSHAV” was organised in the College premises and essay as well as Art competition were held among the students to mark the occasion.

The students participated in literary activities at district level conducted by the Department of Environment and Forests, Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department of Tourism etc during 2012-13.

90 % of students s are presently availing various scholarships such as O.U.A.T UG merit, O.U.A.T UG Free ship, LIC,Post Matric & merit scholarships for SC & ST (PRERANA), CAFAS, NTS and Medhabruti

All the students, teaching and non-teaching staff members of College of Agriculture actively participated in organizing Golden Jubilee Regional Kishan Mela & Plant/Animal Health Camp, Frontier Technologies for enhancing farm productivity in rainfed agro-ecosystems and farmer scientist interaction on 23rd April, 2012.

Student-Teacher Ratio: 8:1

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BHAWANIPATNA

WELCOME

TO

KALAHANDI

DISTRICT

Kalahandi district at a glance

Kalahandi (Oriya: କଳା�ହା�ଣ୍ଡି�), is a district of Orissa in India. It is believed that the lands of Kalahandi

district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Manik), Garnet (red stone), Beruz, Neelam (blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name. After Independence of the Country, merger of princely state took place on 1st January, 1948. The princely state of Kalahandi was merged in Orissa along with other princely states in the 1st November, 1949. Subsequently, in 1962, Kashipur Police Station was taken out from this District and merged with Koraput.

Geography: -Kalahandi district occupies the South-western portion of Orissa and is situated between 19 degree 3' N and 21 degree 5' N latitude and 82 degree 30 E and 83 Degree 74' E longitude. It is bounded in the North by the District of Bolangir and Nuapara, on the South by the District of Rayagada, on the West by the District of Nabarangpur and Raipur (Chhatisgarh) and on the East by the District of Rayagada and Boudh. The District Headquarters is at Bhawanipatna town which stands almost to the Eastern border. Kalahandi district has an area of 8,364.89 sq.km and ranks 7th among the 30 districts of Orissa. Forest occupies 4,964 of the total geographical area of the district, i.e. not cultivated area of the District in the year 1993 is 375752 ha. In the same year, 11,602 hectors were left as fallow lands or cultivable wasteland.Topography:-

The District has two distinct physiographic regions, the plain lands and the hilly tracts. The plan region runs Southward up to Bhawanipatna and then westward through Junagarh and Dharmgarh and then further up to the boundary of the District. The plains cover about 59 percent of the total area of the District. The Hilly tracts are mostly located in the South western part of Bhawanipatna Subdivision. Some of the hilly regions are covered with dense forest.

Physiography:-

The District has two sub-divisions, 12 Police Stations, 13 Tahasils, 13 Blocks, 1 Municipality, two N.A.Cs., 1 Treasury, 5 Sub-Treasuries and 195 Gram Panchayats of 2185 villages

BLOCKS TAHASILS SUB-DIVISIONS1. Bhawanipatna sadar2. T.Rampur3. Dharmagarh sadar 4. Jayapatana5. Kalampur 6. Kaksora 7. Junagarh8. Golmunda 9. Karlamunda 10. Madanpur-Rampur 11. Narla 12. Kesinga 13. Lanjigarh

1. Bhawanipatna sadar2. T.Rampur3. Dharmagarh sadar 4. Jayapatana5. Kalampur 6. Kaksora 7. Junagarh8. Golmunda 9. Karlamunda 10. Madanpur-Rampur 11. Narla 12. Kesinga 13. Lanjigarh

1. Bhawanipatna2. Dharmagarh

Rainfall and Climate:-The climate of the District is of extreme type. It is dry except during monsoon. There are large varieties of day and night temperature. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1378.20 mm. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. The monsoon starts late in June and generally lasts up to September. 90% of the rainfall received from June to September. August is the month with more number of rainy days. About 28% of rainfall is received during this month. Drought is normal feature of this district.Temperature and Humidity:-

There are large variations in the day and night temperature. The summer seasons starts from the beginning of March. May is the hottest month when the maximum temperature is about 45 C (82 degree F). The temperature drops down with the onset of monsoon towards the second week of June and throughout the monsoon the weather remains cool. December is the coldest month, as the mean daily minimum temperature is recorded at 11 degree C. Relative humidity is generally higher from June to December. It is lower (27%) in the non-monsoon months. During August, it is the highest i.e. 70% and March is the month lowest when it is lowest 27%. Northern plateau (at 2150 MSL) of Sunabeda in Komna Block of Nuapara district has a cooler climate so also the Rampur area (at 2700 Feet MSL).Soil of kalahandi:-The district has five types of soils broadly classified as under)Red soil. ii) Red & Yellow soil. iii) Mixed Red & Black soils. iv)Black soils and v) alluvial soil. Area covered is 38.5, 34.2, 11.1, 9.6 and 6.6 for red soils. Red & yellow soils, mixed red & black soils, black soils and alluvial soils, respectively.Rivers:-Tel, Indrāvati which from tributaries of large rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari may be mentioned amongst the principal rivers of Kalahandi. However, Tel is by far the longest and most important river of the District. The tributaries of river Tel and Moter, Hati, Sagada, Ret, Uttei, Raul, Sunday, Undanti lands are also the important other rivers. Most of the rivers are rained and go dry during summer. Indravati and Nagavali, two important rivers have their origin from Th-Rampur of this District. Forest:-Nearly half of the total Geographical area of Kalahandi District 4,962 Sq.Kms was covered with forest. In the recent times this has been a considerable shrinkage in forest areas due to denudation. Forest based products like Mahua, Kendu leaf, wood, timber and bamboos are also contribute local economy largely. Kalahandi supplied substantial raw materials to paper mills in neighboring Rayagada and Jeypore.Minerals:-Bauxite, Graphite, Manganese, Iron and Quartz are some of the minerals available in the district. Of these, only Bauxite and Graphite has been commercially exploited. Bauxite is found in Lanjigarh block at Niamgiri in large scale. Manganese deposits are found mostly in Khariar Plateau of Nuapara District and Iron ores in places adjoining Koraput district. But these ores are of poor grade and are not considered suitable for economy exploitation. According to the National Council of Applied Economic Research, the known deposits of minerals in the district cannot by themselves sustain heavy mineral based industry. Economy: - In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kalahandi one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). Agriculture:-Kalahandi is largely an agriculture based economy. During Bengal famine Kalahandi alone had sent 100,000 tons of rice. During 1930s princely state of Kalahandi had proposed to build upper Indravati project but subsequent merger of princely state with India delayed the project. It got approved in 1978 and yet to be fully completed. In the mean time drought occurred in 1960s and lately in 1980s. In 1980s Kalahandi become infamous for drought, child selling, malnutrition and starvation death and social worker

referred it as 'Kalahandi Syndrome. Though KBK project was announced in 1990s by central Government especially for undivided Kalahandi, Bolangir and Koraput districts primarily keeping poverty, backwardness and starvation death in mind, undivided Kalahandi district continued to remain politically ignored for various reasons.Kalahandi also is an example of disparity /contrasts that exist in many part of developing/underdeveloped world. On the one side, this district is famous for famine and starvation deaths: this is the same district that is rich with agriculture. Dharamgarh sub-division was historical known for rice production in Orissa. Since 2000s the Indravati Water Project, second biggest in the state has changed the landscape of southern Kalahandi, leading to two crops in a year. Because of this, blocks like Kalampur, Jaipatna, Dharamgarh, Jungarh, Bhawanipatna etc. are witnessing rapid agricultural growth. This has boasted the Highest Number of Rice Mills in Kalahandi among districts in Orissa. The number of rice mills in the district was around 150 in the year 2004-05. More than 70% have been built in the five years after commissioning of the Indravati project.Industry:-Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL), a subsidiary of Sterlite Industries, a major aluminium processor has made major investments by establishing an 1 MTPA Alumina Refinery and 75 MW Captive Power Plant at Lanjigarh. Though this project has received criticism from environmentalists, especially from outside groups; supporters of VAL claims it has brought significant changes in Socio-Economic scenario of Lanjigarh and Kalahandi. The Union Environment Ministry in August 2010, rejected earlier clearances granted to a joint venture led by the Vedanta Group company Sterlite Industries for mining bauxite from Niamgiri hills making the company to depend on bauxite from outside Orissa. The company's proposal for Expansion of the Refinery to 6 MTPA, which would have made it one of the largest refineries in the world, was halted by India's environment ministry.

Demographics:-According to the 2011 census Kalahandi district has a population of 1,573,054. This gives it a ranking of 317th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 199 inhabitants per square kilometre (520 /sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.79%. Kalahandi has a sex ratio of 1003 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 60.22%.

NOTABLE PERSONALITIES:-

Rindo Majhi: Rindo Majhi was a freedom fighter in Orissa, India who started Kondha revolution against British in 1853.

Pratap Keshari Deo: Pratab Keshari Deo was Maharaja of princely state Kalahandi and represented Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency from 1950 to 1979. He took initiative for Upper Indrāvati Irrigation Project in Kalahandi.

Professor Bhubaneswar Behera: A known engineer, academic, administrator and author from Kalahandi region.

Ram Chandra Patra, IAS (retd.): A known bureaucrat, social worker, and administrator from Kalahandi region who has been acknowledged for his simplicity.

Natyarashmi Prafulla Ratha: Prafulla Ratha has been bestowed with natyarashmi for his contribution to Oriya drama.

Dayanidhi Naik: Dayanidhi Naik was a dalit leader and former minister from Kalahandi who became popular for his honesty, public service and road infrastructure development in the region

Kishan Patnaik: One of the great socialist leaders of the nation was born in 1930 into a lower-middle-class family in Kalahandi. Mr Patnaik worked in the youth wing of Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha and soon rose to become its National President.

Jayanta Kumar Behera: Jayata Kumar Behera is a social activist and artist. He is a Ghumura folk dance Guru and has been working for popularizing Ghumura in the state, national and international level since decades. Recently he was bestowed with Sarala Sanman.

Basic Information about Kalahandi district

1. Agro climatic zone: Western Undulating

2. Geographical area: 8197 sq.km

3. Cultivated area: 3,72,000 ha

I. High land : 2,32,000 ha

II. Medium Land: 71.000ha

III. Low land: 68,000ha

4. Irrigated Area: Kharif: 27%, Rabi: 16%

5. Cropping intensity (%): 1516. Population (2001 census) (in ‘000): 1131

i. Male: 566; Female: 565

ii Rural : 1053; Urban: 78

7. Population density: 138/ sq.km

8. No. of farm families; 1,68,000

Sl.No Holding Area (ha)

Farmer category No. of farm families Area (ha)

i < 1.0 Marginal Farmer 72,612 39545

ii 1.0-2.0 Small Farmer 50,127 69,545

iii 2.0-4.0 Small Medium Farmer

31,832 87,330

iv 4.0-10.0 Medium Farmer 12,710 73.315

v > 10.0 Large Farmer 1519 24,063

9. Climate:

i. Maximum Temp.: 240 - 470 C; Minimum Temp.:40 – 28.50C

Ii Rainfall: Normal rainfall- 1378.2mm iii. No. of rainy days: 65.4

10. Soil type: Red soil, Black soil, Red & black soil

11. Farming situation: Rainfed Dry land farming

12. Inception of KVK: February, 1994

O.U.A.T Centre

Bhawanipatna

KVK, KALAHANDI

A brief introduction on KVK, Kalahandi

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned by the

Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,

Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II) dt. 27.08.1993. This

Kendra started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western Undulating Zone of Orissa with its headquarters

at Bhawanipatna, with a prime aim to enhance the agricultural production of Kalahandii district with help of

the mandatory activities like: On Farm Trials, Front Line Demonstrations, Vocational Trainings for farmers,

In-service Trainings, different Extension Activities, Seed & Seedling productions and making KVK

information hub.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned by the

Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,

Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II) dt. 27.08.1993. This

Kendra of OUAT started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western Undulating Zone of Orissa, with its

headquarters at Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi.

Staff Position (as on 30.07.2013)

Mandate of the KVK: Assessment, refinement and demonstration of the technology/products.

Objectives of the KVK:

On Farm Testing to identify the location specific technology in various farming system.

Front Line Demonstration to establish production potentials of the technologies on the farmer’s fields.

Training of farmers and farmwomen to update their knowledge and skills in modern agriculture

technologies and training extension personal to orient them in the frontier areas of technology

development.

Work as resource and knowledge centre of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of public,

private and voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district.

Create awareness about frontier technologies through large number of extension activities like farmers

Fair, Field Day, strategic campaign and ex-trainees Meet etc.

Production of quality seeds and planting materials to make it easily available to the farmers.

Problem identification: The KVK identify farmers’ problem through PRA (Participatory Rural appraisal)

method. In this method farmers and farm related problems are identified by the farmers. Scientists from KVK

act as facilitator for the programme. Problems identified by the farmer representatives are prioritised based on

the marks obtained and then ranked accordingly. Some of the common problems of the district identified by

the KVK are:

Low profit from cultivation of traditional old rice varieties susceptible to pest and diseases

Heavy weed infestation in cereals

High incidence of insect pest results in poor yield of different field crops

Low profit from imbalance fertilizer application without soil testing

Bacterial and fungal wilt in solanaceous vegetables

Low profit from traditional variety of vegetable cultivation

Wastage of paddy straw and cotton stubbles in the field

Decline of cattle population due to unavailability of fodder and low yield of milk from indigenous

milch cow

Broadcasting of sunflower in pulses with poor nutrient management leading to low yield

Poor egg laying capacity and high mortality of indigenous poultry bird

Inadequate pre and post stocking management practice in aquaculture

Thrust area identified: Major thrust area where KVK is working are

Crop substitution replacing mono cropping of paddy particularly in upland

IPM strategies for paddy, cotton and vegetables

Integrated crop management practices for vegetables

Weed management in crops

Varietal evaluation

Introduction of low cost improved agricultural implements for small and marginal farmers

Backyard poultry and duckery for income generation

Production management in aquaculture

Drudgery reduction for farmwomen

Value addition

Major areas of training

1. Integrated crop management

2. Integrated weed management

3. Integrated nutrient management

4. Mushroom production

5. Fish pond management

6. Value addition

7. Drudgery reduction

8. Crop diversification

9. Fish Nursery management

10. Agro-forestry management

Achievements of the KVK

1. Trainings

Sl.

No.

Year Farmers training Rural youth Extension

functionaries

No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiary

1 2008-09 53 1325 06 150 03 75

2 2009-10 53 1325 07 105 06 60

3 2010-11 63 1575 12 180 14 140

4 2011-12 60 1500 10 150 12 120

5 2012-13 53 1325 09 135 12 120

On Farm Testing and Front Line Demonstration

Sl.

No.

Year On Farm testing FLD(general) FLD (Oil seed &

pulses)

No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiar

y

1 2009-10 12 130 13 125 2 26

2 2010-11 16 120 20 90 2 24

3 2011-12 15 110 17 145 2 24

4 2012-13 15 110 17 152 3 30

ACHIEVEMENTS OF KVK, KALAHANDI DURING THE YEAR , 2012-13

ON FARM TESTING

Sl. No. Thematic area OFT Title No. of trials

1 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of Ranidhan in lowland 10

2 Weed management Assessment of Atrazine in sugarcane 05

3 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Toria var- Parbati in medium lowland

05

4 Varietal evaluation Assessment of castor var. Jwala (48-1) 05

5 Soil fertility management Assessment of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in Okra

10

6 Micronutrient management Assessment of Mo and Co in Green gram 10

7 Micronutrient management Assessment of boron and molybdenum in G.Nut 10

8 Soil fertility management Assessment of leaf colour chart based fertilizer application in rice

10

9 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of pumpkin var. Arkachandan 05

10 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of okra var. Arka Anamika 05

11 Varietal evaluation Assessment tomato var. Utkal raja 05

12 Varietal evaluation Assessment of onion var. Bhima shakti 05

13 Varietal evaluation Assessment of K-7 var. of Subabul 5

14 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Sesamum var-Uma in Teak plantation 5

15 Production technology Assessment of performance of Bambusa nutans in western undulating region

5

FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS

(April 2012 to March 2013)

Sl. No.

Thematic area FLD Title Area(ha)

1 Varietal substitution Cultivation of Swarna Sub-1 under flash flood situation

2.1

2 Varietal evaluation Performance of Ragi var- Bharavi 2.0

3 Integrated Nutrient Management Green manuring in cotton with sunhemp

4.0

4 Integrated Nutrient Management Application of Azospirilium in rice 4.0

5 Integrated Nutrient Management INM in black gram 4.0

6 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Brinjal var. Utkal Tarini

0.4

7 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Papaya var. FS-1

0.4

8 Production technology Performance of binodal culm cutting of bamboo

0.2

9 Integrated Farming System Bund plantation of (Acacia mangium)

0.2

10 Integrated Farming System Performance of sarpagandha under teak plantation

0.2

11 Varietal evaluation Performance of green gram var- Durga

1.0

12 Weed management Performance of pretilachlor in paddy 4.0

13 varietal evaluation Performance of chilly var-Utkal Rashmi

0.4

14 Integrated Nutrient Management Performance of combined application Mo and rhizobium in green gram

4.0

15 Production management INM in cauliflower 0.25

16 Small scale income generation Performance of Rangini lac in palas and ber trees

10 nos of trees

TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR THE YEAR 2013-2014

Discipline TrainingF/FW RY IS

T A T A T A Agronomy 1

606 0

201 02 --

Soil science 16

04 02

01 02 01

Horticulture 16

05 02

01 02 --

Forestry 16

05 02

02 02 01

Extension - - 04

01 07 03

TOTAL 64

20 12

06 15 05

All India Coordinated CottonImprovement Project

Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi, Odisha

(O.U.A.T.)

INTRODUCTION:

Cotton is grown as a non-traditional commercial crop in the western and southern parts of Odisha under upland rainfed conditions. The crop occupied 101.76 thousand ha during the year 2011-12 with a production of 130 thousand ton of seed cotton (231.65 thousand bales of 170 kg each) and productivity of 425 kg lint/ha. The area under cotton has gone up considerably from 9.79 thousand ha in the year 1950 to 63,294 thousand ha in the year 2001-02 but later declined to 29.49 thousand ha during 2002-03 and increased to 101.76 thousand ha in the year 2011-12. (Source: Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Odisha). The area under cotton during the year 2011-12 has increased by 60 % over the year 2001-02 when AICCIP centre, Bhawanipatna started under OUAT. The area under cotton in India is 121.91 lakh ha with productivity of 481 kg lint/ ha in the year 2011-12. The productivity of cotton in Odisha is far below the world average (754 kg lint/ha). (Source: AICCIP-Annual Report, 2011-12).

The major cotton growing districts of Odisha are Kalahandi, Bolangir and Rayagada, but it is also grown to a lesser extent in the districts of Nuapara, Ganjam, Sonepore, Gajapati, Boudh and Koraput. The Department of Agriculture is giving emphasis for the major districts with respect to procurement and marketing. The district wise area, production and productivity of cotton in Odisha.

CROP PEST AND DISEASE SCENARIO:

During the season sowing of cotton crop was done in the third week of June to first week of July. As regards to sucking pest population aphid was first observed during first week of August followed by jassids. The incidence of Spodoptera   litura was observed during the early vegetative stage. Other pests which attacked the cotton crop were thrips, white fly and leaf folders but their population was negligible. Among the major diseases that infected the cotton crop were Bacterial blight and Myrothecium leaf spot and Grey mildew.

PROFORMA FOR MONITORING OF AICCIP TRIALS

A. General Information

1. Name of the Participating Centre AICCIP, Bhawanipatna,

2. AddressOUAT Centre, RRTTS, Bhawanipatna

Dist: Kalahandi. Odisha, PIN-766001

3.Number and details of AICCIP Trials undertaken

i) Main centre

Breeding - 6

Agronomy - 5

Entomology - 5

Station trial- 3

Total - 19

4. Soil type Black cotton

5. Soil depth Shallow

6. Soil texture Clay loam

7. Soil pH 6.3-6.7

8. Soil fertility Low in N & P, Medium in K

9. Previous crop Fallow

10. Whether Irrigated/Rainfed Irrigated

11.Agro climatic region number

a) Rainfallb) No. of rainy days

Below normal

58 Rainy Days

Agronomic requirement of promising pre-released hirsutum genotype of cotton. Var: NH635, BS-30, PH-1060.

Weed management in cotton variety: bunny(NCH145)

Technology for organic cotton production. Var: SK-235

Company trial: effect of Ratchet on cotton ( bio yield enhancer) for 2nd year. Var: Bunny ( NCH-145)

Finalisation of optimum date of sowing for pre released cotton hybrids developed in AICCIP< Bhawanipatna(station trial) var: BHH-16, BHH-24, BHH-326

HDPS-1: standardisation of p[lant population / planting geometry for promising genotype under HDPS. Var: BS-279, BS-277,BS_144-1, suraj.

HDPS-2: evaluation of soil moisture conservation measures and fertiliser requirements for HDPS.

Finalization of optimal date of sowing for pre released cotton cultivars developed in AICCIP, bhawanipatana(station trail)

Var: BS- 39,BS-30,BS-37

Ent-1: screening of breeding materials(Br 03a,Br04a,Br05a and Br06a) for resistance to insect pests( Zonal trail)

Ent-2: population dynamics to develop suitable forecasting model.

Var- DCH-32

Ent-3: revalidation of existing recommendation of insecticides against sucking pests in cotton ecosystem.

Var- BS-30

Ent-4: integrated cotton crop management with emphasis on biotic stress.

Var- BS-79

Maintenance of resistant variety. Br03a-preliminary varietal trail of Gossipium hirsutum(irrigated) Coordinated varietal trail of Gossipium hirsutum (irrigated) Br05a(national trail) preliminary Intra hirsutum hybrid trail(irrigated) Br05a(zonal trail ) coordinated hybrid trail Intra hirsutum (irrigated) Br06a(national trail) Initial evaluation trail of compact genotype under irrigated condition Br06a(zonal trail)Initial evaluation trail of compact genotype under irrigated condition. Maintenance of germplasam. Evaluation of single cross. Evaluation of backcross (4)

AICRP ON CASTOR, BHAWANIPATNAYear of Commencement of the Project: 1987 at Semiliguda

Shifted to Bhawanipatna from Kharif, 1994

Mandates:

• Evaluation of genetic resources

• To develop region-specific high yielding varieties/hybrids with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

• To develop economically viable production and protection technologies to augment the production.

• To evaluate the varieties/hybrids and the technologies of national and regional importance through multilocation testing.

• Transfer of technology

Objectives of the Project;

To identify / develop early maturing, high yielding drought tolerant varieties / hybrids with high oil content and resistance to biotic stress.

To develop improved package of practices for maximization of yield. To conduct co-ordinated trials for evaluation of different varieties/hybrids suitable for the zone. To popularize the high yielding variety/hybrids and production technology among the farmers by

conducting Frontline demonstrations.

Thrust areas identified during XI plan:

Development of varieties/hybrids with resistance to wilt, botrytis and capsule borer Development of early duration varieties/hybrids for rainfed and non-traditional areas

Major achievements

1. Among different high yielding varieties of castor tested over years the variety ‘48-1’ (Jwala), DCS-9 was found suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

2. Among different castor hybrids tested DCH-177 found suitable for cultivation in rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

3. Among pre-released varieties tested under coordinated trials the entries JI-353,JI-368, SKI-307, SKI-324,SKI-333, SKI-337, MCI-3, MCI-11, JC-22, JC-26 and JC-24 were found promising.

4. Among pre-released hybrids tested under coordinated trials the entries RHC-231, RHC-199, RHC-264, SHB-871, SHB-890 and SHB-875 were found promising.

5. Under breeding programme, seeds from F1 plants of 16 crosses were harvested through selfing for imposing selection in F2.

6. Twenty one RG lines and eighteen parental lines received from DOR, Hyderabad and seven local land races were maintained through selfing for their future use in breeding programmes.

Major crop production technology developed and recommended:

Studies on optimization of production under resource constraints revealed that non adoption of weeding and non adoption of fertilizer application are the most critical factors limiting higher productivity in castor.

Out of different sources of Sulphur, application of 20 kg S through SSP or Gypsum was found beneficial for higher production in castor. It could give 27 - 32% higher yield than no sulphur application.

A spacing of 90cm x 60cm was found optimum for higher production in castor under rainfed upland eco-system during kharif season.

Transferable Technologies Developed By AICRP on Castor, Bhawanipatna

Plant Breeding:

Among different high yielding varieties of castor ‘48-1’ (Jwala) and DCS-9 (Jyoti) were found suitable for

growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

Among different castor hybrids tested, DCH-177 and DCH-519 were found suitable for cultivation in rainfed

upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.

Agronomy:

Sowing of castor should be done after onset of monsoon. In areas where late kharif/pre- rabi sowing is

practiced, sowing should be done around 15th of August for getting higher yield.

Pre emergence application of Butachlor @ 1kg a.i. /ha is suitable in cotrolling weeds during initial growth

stage of castor.

Trials under AICRP CASTOR

Initial hybrid trial(IHT)- 13 hybrids

Initial varietal/hybrid trial(IVHT)- 15 entries

Advanced varietal/hybrid trial(AVHT)- 11 entries

Evaluation and identification of suitable hybrids/varieties of castor-15 entries

Evaluation of newly developed hybrids-26 hybrids

Maintenance of germplasm lines of castor- 60 nos

Development of suitable male combiners in castor( generation F1)- 21 crosses and 7 parents

Evaluation of paddy. Maize and onion varieties:

Integrated weed management in transplanted rice:

Early post emergence application of Ethoxy sulfuron ethyl @ 15g/ha at 12 days after planting with one hand weeding at 35 DAS enhances the mean yield (47.76q/ha) and net return (Rs31618.00/ha) with suppression of weed population and dry matter accumulation. During non availability of labour force for weeding operation, pre emergence application of Pretilachlor @ 0.5 kg /ha at 3 to 5 DAT + 2,4-D Na salt@ 0.5 kg / ha at 28 DAT will be the suitable option to raise the economics(Rs31004.00/ha).

2. Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under rice agro-ecosystem in western undulating zone:

Yellow stem borer, gallmidge, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper, brown plant hopper and white backed plant hopper were found to be major insect pests of rice. Peak activity of yellow stem borer and gall midge was recorded during 40th std. week (1-7 Oct.) where as peak activity of brown plant hopper was

observed during 41st std.week (8-14Oct.).Maximum temperature favoured the attack of gall midge where as minimum temperature favoured the attack of yellow stem borer.

3. Evaluation of location specific IPM module for sustainable rice production:

Combined results over two years revealed that the location specific IPM module comprising of various components viz., seed treatment with carbendazim @ 1. 5grams /kg of seed, application of phorate 500g /10 cent in the nursery bed before 5 days of uprooting of seedling, release of Trichogramma japonicum @1lakhs/ha at 30 DAT,.40DAT and 50DAT , setting up pheromone traps @ 5nos/ha for yellow stem borer , installation of bird perches @ 25nos/ha, foliar spraying of neemazol @1ml /lt at 60DAT and 70DAT and foliar spraying of Buprofezin @ 1.5ml/lt at 85DAT at ETL afforded excellent control of major insect pests of rice viz., yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper and brown plant hopper with higher grain yield of 31.86q/hq and monetary benefit of Rs11908/- per ha over the chemical control schedule(Non IPM). IPM plot also recorded significantly higher numbers of natural enemies in rice ecosystem.

Technical Trials:

agronomy trial:

Integrated nutrient management in aromatic paddy varieties and its residual effect on paira cropping. Var: nua acharamati, geetanjali? Ketakijuha

Integrated nutrient management in SRI rice. Var: ajaya

Horticulture:

Varietal evaluation of onion cultivars in weastern undulating zone, bhawanipatna, var: bhima super, bhima raj, agrifound light red, agrifound dark red, N53(yield check), arka kalian,arka niketan, arka pragati

Varietal evaluation of tomato cultivars in weastern undunating zone bhawanipatna. Var: utkal pallavi( bacterial wilt resistant check), utkal dipti, utkal kumara( yield check), utkal urvashi, utkal raja. Utkal pragya, BT-106, BT-317, swarna lalima

Entomology:

Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under rice agro-ecosystem in western undulating zone. Var: swarna

Management of insect pest of rice through ITKS. Var swarna.

Company trail:

MLT ON PADDY

Evaluation of 3 rice hybrids: BS-110G,BS-226,BS-6444G of Bayer bio science pvt. Ltd for western undulating zone.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: RH-664 plus,RH-1531,RH-10422,RH-10428 of Devgan seeds Crop tech. pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of rice hybrids:SAVA-127,SAVA-134 of Savana seeds pvt. Ltd.

Evaluation of rice hybrids: US-312and US-382 of seed work international pvt. Ltd. Evaluation of rice hybrids: NK- 5251 and NK-6302 of Syngenta india pvt. Ltd. Evaluation of rice hybrids : R-6301,R-6451,R-6606 of Zuari seeds pvt. Ltd.

MLT ON MAIZE

Evaluation on maize hybrids: MM-1107 and TMH-67705 of Dhanya seeds pvt. Ltd. Evaluation of maize hybrids: Cyrus –G, Cyrus, Megan-G and PMH-495 of Prabardhan seeds pvt. Ltd.

For western undulating zone of odisha. Evaluation for maize hybrids : KMH-3646, KMH-6681 and KMH-3110 of M/S kaveri seeds pvt. ltd. Evaluation of maize hybrids: 3033,3591 and pro-agro-4558 of Rashi seed pvt. Ltd.

Voluntary center on soybeanUnder rrtts, bhawanipatna

It is a voluntary cener on soybean under RRTTS,Bhawanipatna. Here trials are not compoulsory it may or may not. Only agronomic trial are carried ount not the breeding trial. There are 43 entries under initial varietal trail with one check variety, and 9 varieties under advanced varietal trial.

WELCOME

TO

TECHNOLOGY

MISSION

ON COTTON

TECHNOLOGY MISSION ON COTTON UNDER RKVY

During our R.A.W.E. programme we visited sinangbhatta village where Cotton & Arhar intercropping are grown under the guidance of SMS cotton. Followings are the guideline by which this scheme is going on.

Cotton ,though a non-traditional crop in the state of odisha has gained importance over the years due to its high net profit under drought prone rain fed up-land conditions prevailing in tribal dominated in land districts of Bolangir,Subarnapur,Kalahandi,Nuapada,Rayagarda,Koraput along with Ganjam ,Gajapati bargarh, phulbani and boudh .its comparable higher net profits over those of traditionally grown paddy and other crops under drought prone rainfed upland conditions,has attracted the poor tribal farmers on one hand and high quality of the produce varietal homogeneity and apparent organic nature of the crop has attracted a private traders / mill owners on the other, especially in present times.“Technology Mission on Cotton” will be operated in selected major cotton growing Districts of the state under RKVY 2012-2013 with the following objectives.

1. To enhance the area, production, productivity&fibre quality improvement.2. To overcome drought situation by intercropping of cotton with arhar3. To get more net profit, substituting less remunerative crops like Suan, Gulji,local paddy etc.4. To enable optimum use of family labour (as cotton is a labour consuming crop)5. To put into use the underutilized/fallow lands for cotton cultivation.6. To popularize the technology of IPM module-cum-Inter Cropping in cotton.7. To reduce the cost of cultivation and pesticide consumption.8. To enhance the net farm income of cotton growers.9. To build up the capacity of cotton growers for production of quality cotton.10. To meet the domestic and export demands of the country.

Ancillary projects to be implemented under “Technology Mission On Cotton”

1. IPM module-cum-intercropping in cotton crop.2. Front Line Demonstration on cotton Varieties.

IPM module-cum-intercropping in cotton crop

This technology is developed by All India coordinated Cotton Improvement Project (AICCIP), Bhawanipatna for sustainable yield by reducing the cost of cultivation & environmental pollution.

Principles / technology:

a) Deep summer ploughing for exposing the soil inhibiting stages of insect, pathogens and nematode population to sunlight at least for 2-3 weeks and followed by stubble burning.

b) Grazing by animals after last picking of cotton is recommended for checking the carry overpopulation of boll worm.

c) Sowing should be done timely within 10 to 15 days in a village or block in the season.d) Broadcasting of sunhemp @ 6 kg per ac in between cotton / arhar rows followed by its incorporation

at 21 to 30 days of germination to suppress weed growth and to made valuable organic matter.e) Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70WS @ 7 gm /kg of seeds.f) Use pheromone traps for monitoring of American boll worm, spotted boll worm, pink boll worm and

spodoptera. Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps per hect. For each ninse3ct pest. Use specific lures for each insect pest species and change it after every 15 to 20 days. Trapped

months should be removed daily. ETL for pink boll worm is 80 months per day per trap consecutively for three days. ETL for American boll worms is 4-5 months per day per trap.

g) Spraying of NSKE 5% at 45 and 100 days after germination.h) To release3 of Trichogramma chilonis @ 1.5 lakh pe4r hect. At 60 and 70 days after germination.i) Spraying of HaNPV @ 500 LE /ha during 70 days after germination.j) Need based spraying of Endosulfanb 30 EC@ 1 litre per hect. During 60 to 90 days after germination.k) Need based spraying of Prophenophus @ 1 lt. / hect. During 90-120 days after germination.l) Growing castor and marigold around the cotton + arhar field (border crops) as trap crops for

trapping Spodoptera ( leaf cutting caterpillar and Heliothis (American boll worm) leaf eating caterpillar lays a colony of eggs beneath the leaf surface and such leaves should be removed and destroyed regularly.

m) Growing o0f eco feast crops such as maize around the cotton + arhar field for harboring beneficial such as Crysoperla and lady bird beetle which feeds on aphids. Growing arhar as and intercrops as 8:2 row ratios are cotton: arhar.

n) Installation of birds perches @ 20 no.s per hect.o) Setup yellow pan / sticky traps for monitoring white fly @ 25 yellow pans /sticky tarps per hect.

Locally availably empty yellow palmoline tins coated with grease / Vaseline / castor oil on oute3r surface may also be used.

p) Hand collection and destruction of harmful larvae at weekly interval.

Objective:

With improvising the soil status not only the farmers are benefited from lesser fertilizer use but the weed control cost also overcome to minimize cost of cultivation to provide considerable profit per unit area.

The scientific approach followed continuously over the years will definitely educate the farmers to visualize beneficiary insects feeding on harmful insects invading boarder crops like castor and marigold will provide impetus to judge and limit the pesticide use their by reducing the cost of cultivation. The quality is also influenced to provide better price for the product.

The productivity is increased with user of chemical fertilizer if and only if the Bio-flora and fauna is Functional with the Presence of adequate organic matter and ecology, which is being taken care of.

Strategy:To popularize this technology among the cotton growers of the state, it is decided to take up training cum demonstration programme for 3750 ha. With an estimated cost of Rs. 262.92 Lakh.

For effective implementation of the programme cluster approach is to be taken up .The cluster size will be 30 ha. in continuous or continuous manner. So there will be 125 clusters covering 3750 ha.

For each cluster there will be a training programme in 5 phases on IPM and INM, 30 IPM kits will be provided to the participating farmers during the training period for identification of beneficial and harmful insect pests.

Frontline demonstration on cotton varieties:

The cotton in odisha is grown under rain fed condition in various soil types. the deep soil condition rich in organic content can hold moisture for longer period to facilitate optimal use of other inputs to harness a satisfactory yield from hybrids. The crop is grown in shallow red laterite soils exhibits symptoms of water stress due to poor water holding capacity of the soil. It is observed that rainfall is erratic for the last few years. Moisture stress at the critical stages like square and boll formation drastically reduces yield. Hybrids have shallow root system but varieties have deep root system. So suitable varieties may be introduced in the areas where the soil is shallow. Productivity and cost of cultivation of varieties is very low compared to hybrids but yield is assured from varieties despite the adverse conditions of dry spell. With the introduction of a new vision of intensification of plant population with use of organic additives also enrich soil for a sustainable yield in future .Quality will be better for the assured phytosanitary condition the product. The scope collection of open pollinated seeds in case of varieties is possible without much reduction in yield .Farmers are now able to face any input stress (e.g. non avability of suitable varieties from market) in future to stabilize yield with plant population intensification and to ensure quality growing in organic environment for assured marketing to maximize net profit per unit area.

Strategy

To popularize this technology among the cotton growers of the state , it is proposed to take up Frontline Demonstration Program of 40 Ac with estimated cost of Rs2.40Lakh @ Rs6000 per Ac.The program will be taken up in two clusters(20 Ac in each )one at Bhawanipatna and another at Bolangir district. Benefits to a beneficiary are limited to one ac. Demonsration.NGO is available in the locality, which is competent enough regarding this technology, the programme may be taken up through NGO.

ONGOING PROJECTS ON COTTON

Technology mission on cotton BAYLEAF COFFEE BLACK PEPPER

CINAMUM CARDAMUM ARECANUT

TURMERIC VANILLA ALL SPICES

Participatory Rural AppraisalComponents of PRA:

People Knowledge Participation Planning Action

It is a combination of different approaches to

Share Enhance Analyze Plan Act

For the betterment of the rural people with their participation

The secrets behind the success of PRA are

Decentralization Empowerment

OBJECTIVES OF PRA:-

PRA aims to empower local people by encouraging them to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor and evaluate.

WHAT IT IS?

Participatory research is not an alternative research method, but an approach that can be applied to any methodology – survey, experimental, qualitative (Lilja and Bellon 2008).

“PRA methods, as they are often called, are visual and tangible and usually performed by small groups of people”. (Chambers 2007)

PRA comprised of different research tools to facilitate local people in

Analyzing information Practicing critical self-awareness Taking responsibility Sharing their knowledge of life and conditions to plan and to act.

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION:-

FROM RRA TO PRA

From 1970 onwards Participatory tools- for promoting and participation of the poor & marginalized in improving their wellbeing.

These tools arose from two beliefs:

The knowledge & experience of poor and marginalized have value and not to be dismissed as irrelevant or wrong,

Poor and marginalized have the right to resources traditionally defined by them.

EVOLUTION OF PRA:-

Five streams which stand out as sources and parallels to PRA are, in alphabetical order:

Activist participatory research. Agro-ecosystem analysis. Applied anthropology. Field research on farming systems.

WHY PRA:-

In its earlier version of PRA it emerged as a response to two major concerns of rural social research not adequately satisfied by conventional methods.

To develop local perspective by becoming more responsive to local people and local situations

To evolve a methodology which could provide timely and cost effective information

BENEFITS OF PRA METHODS:-

Empowerment of the local people

Securing active involvement of the community and appreciation of local knowledge, encouraging/enabling the expression and utilization of local diversity while building on ITK.

Creating a culture of open learning with each other and with community members other.

Setting research priorities.

Setting participatory extension program.

Policy review

SCOPE OF PRA;-

PRA is used:

To ascertain needs.

To establish priorities for development activities.

Within the scope of feasibility studies.

During the implementation phase of projects.

Within the scope of monitoring and evaluation of projects.

For studies of specific topics.

For focusing formal surveys on essential aspects, and identifying conflicting group interests.

Areas of application:-

Natural resource management

Agriculture

Poverty alleviation/women in development programmes

Health and nutrition

Preliminary and primary education

Village and district-level planning

Institutional and policy analysis.

Key Principles:-

Participation – local people serve as partners in data collection and analysis Flexibility- not a standardized methodology Off-setting biases – anti poverty biases are consciously avoided, more listening less

lecturing Teamwork – everyone is involved Diversity – attempts made to identify and analyse contradictions and exceptions “Optimal Ignorance” – leave out unessential details Systematic – to get correct details and conclusions, it is best to cross check Local materials - dirt, stones, sticks (or paper), not computers/electronics devices

MANOHARPUR AT A GLANCE

Village Information:Name of village: ManoharpurGram Panchayat: MedinipurBlock: BhawanipatnaDistrict: Kalahandi

Land Use Pattern:Total Geographical Area: 240 acresLand Under Cultivation:200 acresPasture Land:4 acresArea under paddy : 200 acre (Kharif)Area under sugarcane : 20 acreArea under banana : 5 acre

Farmer’s Category: Land less:13Marginal Farmer(< 1ha): 12Small Farmer(1-2 ha): 20Medium Farmer(2-4 ha):05Larger Farmer(>4 ha):02

Literacy percentage (%):Total -60%Male -70%Female -50%

Crops Grown: Paddy, sugar cane, wheat, Seasonal vegetables Soil: Sandy loam, clay loam soil

Resources: Land, Trees, Pond, Tube well, Livestock, Poultry, dug well

Demographic features: a. 52 families, 30farm families and 22 non farm families.b. Total no of households:52, 50 kachha house and 2

pakka house. Enterprises: Farming, Dairy, Poultry, Goatery, Kitchen garden

TRANSECT WALKVILLAGE: MANOHARPUR

BLOCK: MEDINIPUR

INTRODUCTION :-

1. A transect walk is a useful method for knowing rural ecological conditions.2. A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path (transect) across the village area

which is undertaken by the team along with the local people to explore the agro-ecosystem of the village and by observing, asking, listening, looking and producing a transect diagram.

3. A Transect depicts a cross-sectional view of the different agro-ecological zones and provides a comparative assessment of the Zones on different parameters.

OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE:-

1. Appraisal of natural resources in terms of status, problems & potential.2. To get an idea about farming practices, cropping pattern, the physical layout (existing or

planned) ,irrigated facilities etc.3. To know the agro ecosystem of the village.4. To get the cross sectional view of the village.5. Type of issue that might be covered in transect:-

I. Food storageII. Community resource

III. Difference in households and their assetsIV. Credit sourcesV. Agriculture production and constraints

VI. Livestock managementVII. Health assets and hazards

VIII. Water resource and hazardsIX. Village infrastructureX. Land use pattern and seasonal variation

XI. Livelihood strategiesXII. Crops and other food production

XIII. Gathered foods and medicines

PROCEDURE:-

BEFORE

We have formed a group of 23 students including 7 no.s of willing villagers. The group includes 3 no.s of elderly and experienced villagers and the village youths.

Before commencement of the transect walk, we have explained briefly the purpose of the walk& selected the area under studyvillage resources likeirrigation sources, water catchment area, medicinal plants, land resources etc.

DURING:-

We have observed everything in detail and listened carefully. We have also asked & recorded everything what we saw and listened, sketched and drawn

the maps. We have walked up to the last boundary& covered all the relevant sides.

AFTER:-

Carefully documented all the information collected by all team members.We have Prepared final diagrams and sketch from the rough sketches.We have cross checked and compared

the information by meeting other villagers & Recorded how things differ from one situation to another.

CONCLUSION:Through transect walk, the productive resources identified are –paddy, sugarcane,banana,vegetables, water resources like tubewell, bore well, dug well, plant species like neem, mango, ber, livestock. The various unused resources are –fallow land at 2 places, a large pond & broken brick kiln.ACTION PLAN:

There is opportunity for bee keeping, mango plantation, sunflower& vegetable cultivation. Large pond can be utilized for improved pisciculture. Poultry& mushroom cultivation can be taken up by the farm woman in the back yard of

household. FACILITATORS: PARTICIPANTS:- Group-2(RAWE 2013-14) Keshab Chandra Sa

Abhiram Biswal, Subha Goud,

Bhaskar Goudtia

VILLAGE MAP OF manoharpurSOCIO RESOURCE MAPPING: -Development of a map of the village area to understand the village lay out showing main features like housing, temples, village watershed, forest, water bodies etc. This helps in studying social structure and availability of social facilities and also helps to establish the extent and location of these resources and to analyze and understand them better.

OBJECTIVE: -Socio-resource maps have been used for depicting of various aspects related to

Topography, terrain and slopes Forest, vegetation and tree species Soil-type, fertility, erosion Various facets of social reality, viz., social stratification, demographics,

settlement patterns, social infrastructure, etc. and depth. PROCEDURE:-

We have selected a proper place for preparing a social map and explained the purpose of the exercise.

We guided them to use locally available material in a creative way and to make the map as representative as possible.

We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village& a map of the village showing all households.

The farmers were asked to locate institutions, buildings and places that offer some kind of social service or popular spots to meet and discuss. Example: schools, temples, youth club, gram Panchayats, community leaders, local shop, health service,etc.

At the end, We have asked them whether anybody would like to make any modifications or additions.

We have Copied the map onto a large sheet of paper with all details including legends.

CONCLUSION:

From the “VILLAGE MAP”, we have identified household of fifty two families. There are two templesat one place, of lord jagannath & lord shiva, and one mausi maa temple, three wells, four tubewells, one Panchayat pond, one anganawadi kendra, and a primary school in the village.The PMGSY has made roads inside the village leading a proper communication. There is also a transformer, old broken brick kiln, & a unused gobar gas plant. There is a threshing floor & a small shop in the village. The

villagers fulfill their irrigation needs from the canal which flows along the north side of the village from the Bhatangpadar dam.

The most important resources are the irrigated lands where paddy and sugarcane are being cultivated. The villagers mostly depends on the forest resources to fulfill their fuel needs .

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE 2013-14) Sudarsana Sa, Bhawani Shankar Sa,

Anta Majhi, Laxman

Gaud,Keshab Chandra Sa

CROP MAPCrop map indicates the cropping area, cropping pattern of the village.

Purpose:

By this map, we can be able to get the knowledge about the main crops, cropping systems, cropping pattern and cropping areas of the village.

We can also know the cultivated varieties of the different crops. We can prepare an alternate action plan of the village.

Conclusion:-

From the above crop map we concluded that the majority of the cultivated area is under paddy cultivation. Sugarcane & banana is also grown in considerable area. Wheat & jute is grown in a small area. Some seasonal vegetables & fruit crops like mango & papaya are grown in backyard of their house.

Action plan:-

Farmers should be encouraged to grow oilseed crops like sunflower, mustard & increase area under vegetable cultivation.

They should grow off season crops as that would be more profitable for them.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE 2013-14) Dayanidhi Biswal, Kandarpa Bagh,

Ramachandra Gaud, Prahalad Bagh,

Dutia Gaud

HYDROLOGICAL MAP

Hydrological map indicates water resources, area under irrigation, irrigation facility and give idea about water harvesting structure of village.

OBJECTIVE

1. To know about the various water resources present in the village.2. To know about the permanent water harvesting structure of the village.3. To know about the perennial water resources of the village.4. To know about the availability of water in different parts of the year.5. Further it influences the cropping pattern and crop selection and water use pattern of the villagers.

PROCEDURE:-

A proper place for preparing a hydrology map was selected and the purpose of the exercise was explained.

They wereencouraged to use locally available material in a creative way and to make the map as representative as possible.

The participants were asked to draw the various water resources on the map. The group was asked to show wells, tube wells and cannels, hand pump, shallow wells that

offer some kind of irrigation and day to day water use pattern by the villagers. At the end, they were asked whether anybody would like to make any modifications or

additions. The map was copied onto a large sheet of paper with all details including legends.

Conclusion:

From the hydrological map we came to know that tube wells & wells caters the domestic needs of people of the village where as Musanal canal is the major source of irrigation. The Panchayat pond with area 1.5acre can be utilised for pisciculture.

Total irrigated area- 180acre Total non irrigated area-20acre

Facilitators: Participants:

Group-2(RAWE-2013-14) Chintamani Gaud,

Pana Majhi,

Bagru Biswal,

Byasa Biswal

ENTERPRISE MAP

VILLAGE-MANOHARPUREnterprise map is spatial analysis of various productive and unproductive enterprises by the participant villagers.

To know the information on various enterprise and their relative

positions within the village entity.

To identify existing and promising indigenous micro-enterprises with in

the village.

To show the evolution of each major enterprise.

Served as the basis for identifying changes in the production systems.

CONCLUSION:

From the enterprise map, we found that the major productive enterprise of the village is jaggery production. Besides this other enterprises are poultry, goatery & banana plantation. There are also unproductive enterprises like brick kiln & biogas plant.

ACTION PLAN:

The enterprises like mushroom cultivation, fish cultivation, development of broiler unit can be taken up by the villagers from which they can generate income .

FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:

Group-2(RAWE-2013-14) Shyama Bagh

Nilambar Goud

Ramesh Biswal

Arjun Biswal

TIME LINE OF VILLAGE MANOHARPUR

DEFINITION:-

A timeline is a list of key events, changes and landmarks in the past, presented in a chronological order.

OBJECTIVES:-

To learn from the community what they consider being important past events. To understand from the community the historical perspective on current issues. To generate discussions on changes with respect to issues you are interested in

e.g. education, health, food security, gender relations, economic conditions, etc., To develop a rapport with the villagers, since a discussion about the past of the

village can be a good non-threatening and enjoyable starting point.

PROCESS

BEFORE:-

Set the climate for a participatory discussion.

Encourage elderly people knowledgeable villagers to join the discussion as far as possible.

Carry sheets of paper and sketch pen.

DURING : -

Initiate discussion and ask questions to the older informants at first. Ask them to recapitulate the major events and changes that took place over the years. Ask some of them to write down in chronological order. Do not insist too much on specific year or date.

Record the information.

AFTER:-

Compare the changes Identify the trends.

1845- Village establishment

1850- Construction of Jaggannath Temple

1887-Digging of pond

1912-1st lift irrigation point

1940-Use of clock

1947-First dug well

1955-Use of bicycle

1958-Use of sugarcane crusher

1960-Establishment of primary school, use of conventional plough

1965-Use of pen, Establishment of Bhatangpadar dam, Incidence of flood, First pakka house

1970-Use of radio

1978-Drought incidence, Sheep rearing stopped

1980-1st tube well, Pisciculture started, Swarna variety cultivation, use of fertilizer

1985-Use of kerosene pump, Synthetic dress,1st shop, broiler cultivation, motorcycle, landline, tv

1990-Biogas unit, Banana plantation, Use of pesticide, Hand sprayer, Pakka road to Bhawanipatna

1995- Wheat cultivation, Indra awas yojana, Anganawadi establishment, Jersey cow rearing

2005- Rearing banaraj poultry bird, Mushroom cultivation, Vermicompost unit, MGNREGA, Shiva temple establishment, Use of thresher, Paddy harvester, Groundnut decorticater, Hybrid paddy cultivation

2008- SRI Method paddy cultivation, Paddy line sowing, First carpenter, First lady job holder

2010- Use of sprayer, Weeder, Refrigeretor, Cooler, Mobile, TATA sky

2011- Establishment of Transformer

Facilitator- Participants- GROUP-II(RAWE-2013-14) Krushna Chandra Biswal

Digambar BaghBudu MajhiTrilochana Majhi Biswambhar Biswal

VENN DIAGRAM OF manoharpurDefinition: - The diagram which shows the relationship of various institutions, organizations, programs or individuals with each other & with the village as perceived by the villagers is called as Venn diagram.

Purpose:-

To identify groups, institutes operating in the community & show their interactions. To discover the importance on decision making in community. To show the accessibility of the institutes. The exercise is carried out by the help of villagers with use of different sizes of circle of paper which indicates the relative importance or accessibility of a particular institution or individual to that particular village.

According to the opinion of villagers, various institutions those mostly influence them and their activity are –

a) Primary schoolb) Primary Health Centrec) Kissan mandid) Block officee) Gram panchayat f) Police stationg) Bankh) Templei) Post office j) Local marketk) K.V.K.

l) Veterinary officem) Anganwadin) R.I. Officeo) Youth clubp) Co-operative storeq) Colleger) District Health Centre

VENN DIAGRAMVillage – ManoharpurG.P. – MedinipurBlock– BhawanipatnaDistrict - Kalahandi

VillageManoharpur

College

Panchayat

office

R.I. officeTahsil office

KVK

Block

office

Kissan

Mandi

Market

Post

office

Hospital

PrimarySchool

Police station

Temple

Anganwadi

CONCLUSION:

From the above diagram, we conclude the following.

More important and more accessible institutions: - Primary school, Kissan mandi, Anganwadi, Panchayat office.

More important and less accessible: - KVK, Block office, Market

Moderate important and moderate accessible: -Tahsil office, Hospital, R.I. Office

Moderate important and more accessibility: -Temsple

Less important and less accessibility to Post office, College, Block office, Police station

Facilitators:

Group-II (RAWE 2013-14)

Participants:

Keshab ch. Sa, Byasadev Biswal,

Nilamber Goud, Arta Majhi,

Bagru Biswal

MOBILITY MAP OF VILLAGEmanoharpur

Mobility map is a PRA method used to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group, or the community.

The focus is on where people go and for what. Other aspects, like the frequency of visits, distance, and the importance of the place visited,

may also be studied and depicted. It reflects the people’s perception of movement patterns and the reasons there of.

OBJECTIVES:- Understanding the mobility pattern of local people where they go and for what? Increasing

gender sensitivity and awareness by using them for highlighting the difference between the mobility patterns of men and women.

Evaluation of the impact of certain interventions in terms of their effects on mobility patterns. Planning for intervention and projects.

INFORMATION ELICITED FROM THE MOBILITY MAP:-A. PlacesB. PurposeC. DirectionD. DistanceE. e. ModeF. f. frequencyG. g. cost of transport to and from a village

PROCESS:- We have selected the person, group or community whose mobility pattern we are interested

in understanding. We have explained the purpose of the exercise and initiated a discussion on the places they

visit & the places are listed down. As they close the list, we have asked them whether they would like to add some more or delete any of the places in the list.

We have asked them to write the name of the places on small pieces of paper in bold letters& encouraged them to depict the places using symbols or visuals, particularly if the participants are non literate.

We have drawn a circle in the middle of a paper or ground, representing the village/locality and asked them to locate the pieces of paper with the names of the places they visit around the circle in such a way that they are properly represented.

We have asked them to link the cards representing the places visited with the circle depicting their locality by lines & the thickness of the lines could represent a particular feature, such as, the frequency of the visits.

By following a similar process, for all other places that they visit done one by one. Also encouraged them to represent other aspects in the form of visuals, symbols or in writing. Brainstorm and arrive at the aspects which could be represented including.

- Purpose of visiting the places- Importance of the places visited- Distance of the places- Mode of transport- Frequency of visits- Whether alone or with someone

We have asked them whether they would like to make any alterations once the diagram is ready&requested them to explain the map and their learning from it in detail.

We have clarified your doubts by asking probing questions. We have listened carefully to their discussion and any necessary notes were taken. The diagram was copied in detail & triangulated the diagram and other details generated

during discussions with others in the locality.

CONCLUSION:-

The mobility map indicates that the villagers of Manoharpur mainly go to Bhawanipatna, Medinipur, Sujanpur, Laxmipur & Kanakpur for their requirements like marketing, communication, entertainment, medical facilities, study, banking etc. But Bhawanipatna seems to be the most frequent place of visit for their requirement.

Facilitator: - Participants:- GROUP-2(RAWE2013-14) khage Goud Rita Biswal

Arta Majhi Byasa Biswal Shyama Bagh

SEASONALITY ANALYSISVILLAGE: MANOHARPUR

BLOCK: MEDINIPUR

Seasonality is an important and useful exercise to determine seasonal patterns in rural areas as related to rainfall, farming practices, employment etc. In seasonality an attempt is made to determine the seasonal calendar as understood and practiced by the villagers.

PURPOSE:

To get an insight into the seasonal variations in a number of parameters relevant in farmer’s lives e.g. work, employment, income, and availability of food, fuel, fodders, health, migration and transport facilities.

SEASONAL DIAGRAM OF MANOHARPUR VILLAGE

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE2013-14) Nilambar Biswal, Kirtan Biswal,

Chintamani Goud, Rajeswar Bagh,

SEASONAL DIAGRAM

CONCLUSION

The seasonal diagram reveals that they are doing cultivation round the year but kharif season is the busiest time in the life of farmers .Their major crops are paddy & sugarcane.

Action plan: They can go for sunflower cultivation.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE2013-14) Nilambar Biswal, Kirtan Biswal,

Chintamani Goud, Rajeswar Bagh,

SEASONAL DIAGRAM OF MANOHARPUR VILLAGE

SL. NO

PARAMETERS JAN FEB

MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

1 Rainfall 2 _ 1 _ 9 10 10 9 8 6 6 4

2 Rice cultivation 5 1 2 3 1 10 10 9 8 7 8 7

3 Fodder availability 9 8 3 2 1 2 4 4 6 9 10 10

4 vegetable availability 10 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 7 9 8 10

5 Fruit availability 5 3 8 10 10 9 8 5 2 3 1 4

6 Pest and Disease of rice

8 4 5 1 1 9 10 10 9 6 5 7

7 Pest and Disease of vegetable

8 6 5 1 1 9 10 10 7 8 8 8

8 Cattle disease 3 1 2 1 1 7 10 10 9 8 5 4

9 Poultry disease 5 4 3 7 7 6 8 9 10 10 7 6

10 Goat disease 8 7 _ 1 _ 8 9 10 9 7 7 9

11 Human disease 4 2 3 1 2 10 10 10 8 7 7 5

12 Male engagement 8 7 6 5 4 10 10 9 8 9 10 10

13 Female engagement 8 7 6 3 2 10 10 9 8 7 9 10

14 Migration 8 5 3 _ _ _ _ 1 2 3 2 1

15 Monthly income 10 8 7 3 8 8 7 9 8 7 10 10

RATING:

Highest score=10

Lowest score=1

SEASONALITY MAP OF CROPS :-

SEASONALITY MAP OF VEGETABLES :-

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

VEGETABLE AVAILABILITYFRUIT AVAILABILITYFODDER AVAILABILITY

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC0

2

4

6

8

10

12

RICEBANANASUGARCANE

SEASONALITY OF MALE & FEMALE ENGAGEMENT:-

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC0

2

4

6

8

10

12

MALE ENGAGEMENTFEMALE ENGAGEMENT

MATRIX RANKING:VILLAGE: MANOHARPUR BLOCK: BHAWANIPATANA

Helps in understanding people’s choices and priorities in a particular situation and their reasons for it

Helps in determining the compatibility of certain items in a given environment of overall perspective

PROCEDURE:- We identified the topic then a discussion was initiated with the individuals or group and

clearly explained them the purpose of the exercise. In next step we generated criteria for assessment and discussed them with the participants

and decided upon a few important ones. Then we sketched a matrix with the items/options top to bottom and criteria left to right. The

comparisons are made criterion-wise and not item-wise. Then, we ranked and scored against all the items according to the criterion had been chosen. Then it was repeated until all of the criteria have been ranked and scored in this way. Then these are recorded properly.

MATRIX RANKING FOR RICE VARIETY

PARAMETERS PRATIKHYA KONARK POOJA LALAT SWARNA KHANDAGIRI

YIELD @@@@@@@ @@@@ @@@ @@@@@@@

@@@@@@@@@@

@@@@@@

INSECT PEST TOLERANCE

## ###### ##### ### # #####

MARKETABILITY $$$$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$$$$

$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$

COOKING QUALITY

********* ****** ********

****** ********** ********

DISEASE RESISTANCE

©©©©© ©©©©©©

©©©© ©©©©©©

© ©©©©©©©

PARBOILED RICE ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

◊◊◊◊

PROCESSED PRODUCT

҉҉dd ҉҉ddddd

҉҉ddd ҉҉ddddddddd

҉҉dddddd

҉҉ddddd

STORAGE ƱƱƱƱƱƱ ƱƱ ƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱƱƱƱƱ

ƱƱƱƱƱ

TOTAL 36 34 32 44 45 39RANKING 4th 5th 6th 2nd 1st 3rd

CONCLUSION:- Matrix ranking of paddy variety shows that SWARNA variety is the most popular paddy variety due

to its yield, cooking quality and market demand in spite of more disease pest attack. Use of chemical pesticide with bio-pesticide to check disease & pest. A new high yielding variety Ranidhan may be suggested to the farmers.

MATRIX RANKING OF VEGETABLES

Vegetables/parameters

Tomato Okra Ridgegourd Bean Cowpea Chilli Cucumber

Profit €€€€€€€€ €€€€€€ €€€ €€€€€€ €€€ €€€€ €€€€€Market demand

###### #### #### ##### ### #### #####

Domestic demand

£££££ £££££ ££££ ££ ££ ££££ ££££

Total 19 15 11 13 8 12 14Rank 1st 2nd 6th 4th 7th 5th 3rd

CONCLUSION:- Matrix ranking of vegetables shows that tomato followed by okra is preferred by the farmers,

but they grow it only in back-yard not in a large scale. Demonstration must be carried on for large scale cultivation of popular varieties of tomato &

other marketable vegetables.

Facilitator-Participants- GROUP-II(RAWE-2013-14) Krushna Chandra Biswal

Digambar BaghBudu MajhiTrilochana MajhiBiswambhar Biswal

FARMING SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF MANOHARPURFARMING SYSTEM:

It represent an appropriate combination of farm enterprises viz. cropping system, livestock, poultry, fisheries, forestry & the means available to the farmer to raise them for increasing profitability.

Farming Component No. of Families Agriculture 25Agriculture + Animal husbandry 11Agriculture + Labour 9Agriculture. + Animalhusbandry + Horticulture

7

Total = 52

Agriculture []

Agriculture.+Animal husbandry..

[]

Agricult.+Labour[]

Agriculture.+Animal hasbandry.

+Horticulture []

PIE CHART OF FARMING SYSTEM

COMPONENT:-

Agriculture: Paddy (Kharif & Summer)

Wheat, Jute, Sugarcane, Pulses (Rabi)

Horticulture:Vegetable (Okra, tomato, ridge gourd, brinjal)

Fruits (mango, banana, guava)

Animal husbandry:-Dairy (Improved cross breeds & desi)

Goatery (Desi)

Poultry (Desi)

CONCLUSION:-

In the village Manoharpur there is existence of three type of farming system. Out of total farm families 48% are solely depending upon agriculture as source of income. This is followed by 21% families depends both on Agriculture and wage earning. Only 7 farm families adopt Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry components for their income.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP-III CHINTA MAJHI

(26B/10-48B/10) RAMESH CH. BISWAL

BHASKAR GADTIYA

FARMING COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF MANOHARPUR VILLAGE

INTRODUCTION:

The analysis based on individual farm component which is involved in the farming system is known as farming component analysis .With the help of this tool we can know what are the crops grown in that village, what are the varieties of respective crops, breeds of animals and the economics of their production.

FARMING COMPONENT

VARIETY/ BREED AREA (ACRE)

EXPENDITURE (Rs/acre or unit)

INCOME (Rs/acre or unit)

PROFIT (Rs/acre or unit)

B:C RATIO

RICE SWARNA, POOJA, LALAT, KONARK, RAMBHA, BASMATI

200 9,730 31,250 21,520 3.21 : 1

SUGARCANE CO 6200 20 20,000 1,00,000 80,000 5.0 : 1WHEAT SAGARIKA,

SONALIKA10 4,500 11,800 7,300 2.62 : 1

OKRA ARKA ANAMIKA & DESI

3 3,500 8,000 4,500 2.28 : 1

BANANA GRAND NAINE 5 35,000 1,50,000 1,15,000 4.28 : 1DAIRY JERSEY 4 No. 18,000 72,000 54,000 4.0 : 1

DESI 50 No. 10,000 36,000 26,000 3.6 : 1POULTRY DESI 200-

250 No. __ 80 80 __

GOATERY DESI 50-60 No.

500 3,000 2,500 6.0 : 1

CONCLUSION:

From the above analysis we have concluded that the area under cultivation of paddy is highest in that village among other crop components. The major varieties of Rice grown are SWARNA, LALAT, POOJA, KONARK, RAMBHA, BASMATI. The Benefit and Cost ratio is highest in Goatery followed by Sugarcane & Banana. Higher income & profit is generated through Banana cultivation. Lowest income is generated in Okra cultivation due to frequent

disease pest attack. Farmers are mainly rearing Desi breeds of cow, goat and poultry birds which gives them low profit.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

GROUP-II Kandarp Gaur

(26B/10-48B/10) Nilambar Biswal

Dutiya Gaur

Trilochan Majhi

Trend analysis of VILLAGE manoharpurTrend analysis is a popular PRA method used to explore temporal dimensions with a focus on change. It captures and trends related to certain variables over different spans of time.

It can provide a good idea of the quantitative changes over time in different aspects of village life, such as yields, population, livestock population, the number of trees, area under cultivation, rainfall, etc.

Procedure:

We have explained to the villagers about the purpose of the exercise& discussed on the present situation and set the climate for trend analysis.

We have encouraged the local people to depict interested aspects for trend analysis& facilitated the discussion further to arrive at the aspects of trend analysis.

Also facilitated the selection of time landmarks across which the trends could be studied. Encouraged the participants to depict the selected landmark years on cards preferably by symbols of visuals and so on.

We have asked participants to make the matrix on the ground, using chalk &to represent from left to right the landmark years and from top to bottom various aspects like density of trees, grass, wild animals, etc.,

We have allowed the participants to use different symbols in the relevant cell like visuals, seeds, sticks, sand, etc., according to their choice.

Objectives:- Learn from the community as to how they perceive change over time in various areas/aspects

of their live. Integrate significant changes in the village profile. Discuss village problems and any increase or decrease in the severity of the problems over the

years rather that asking direct questions.

Trend analysis of manoharpur

CONCLUSION:-We concluded that villagers have started taking enterprises like poultry, & vegetable along with paddy cultivation, which improves socio-economic status of the Villagers. No of school going children have also increased which shows that they have started giving importance to education. The trend shows that there is constant increase in fertilizer consumption which contributed increase in yield. There is continuous increase in labour migration may be due to high wage rate outside the village. The cultivated land area is seen to decrease due to increase in population and increase in household area.

Facilitator: - Participants:-GROUP-2 (RAWE 2013-14) Gagan Biswal Janahavi Biswal Sarat Biswal

DAILY WORK PROFILEVILLAGE: MANOHARPUR

BLOCK: MEDINIPUR

Daily routine depicts how villagers (men and women) spend a day of 24 hours along with the kind of activities and time allotted for the activities .Daily routine can be taken for men and women and both the categories of farmers and farm labourers.

PURPOSE:

To get an account of time spent by farmers and labourers, men and women for various activities in day of 24 hours.

Data on wage earning, rest and recreation hours. Data on leisure time which can be utilized by development workers.

DAILY WORK PROFILE OF WOMEN

REST &LEISURE, 33.3%

FARMING ACTIVITY, 22.91%

HOUSEHOLD WORK, 20.83%

PERSONAL CARE, 16.67%

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY, 6.25%

REST AND LEISURE:(8 Hours)1PM-2.30PM =REST10PM-4AM=SLEEPING5.30PM-6PM=SOCIAL GATHERING

FARMING ACTIVITY: (5.30 Hours)8.30AM-12PM=CROP CULTIVATION2.30PM-4PM=FIELD ACTIVITY

HOUSEHOLD WORK: (5 Hours)6AM-7.30AM=PREPARATION OF BREAKFAST & OFFERING PRAYER7.30AM-9.30AM=COOKING(LUNCH)6PM-7.30PM=COOKING(DINNER)

PERSONAL CARE: (4 Hours)5AM-6AM = MORNING ACTIVITY7AM-7.30AM=BREAKFAST12PM-12.30PM=LUNCH5PM-5.30PM=EVENING TEA & SNACKS8PM-8.30PM=DINNER9PM-10PM =WATCHING TV

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES : (1.30 Hours)4AM-5AM=TAKING CARE OF LIVESTOCK4.30PM-5PM=TAKING CARE OF LIVESTOCK

CONCLUSION:The daily work profile of farm women shows that they contribute most of their time for caring their family members & farm activities. So they are facing a lot of drudgery during their day to day activities. Their contribution towards income is very negligible.ACTION PLAN: The farm women can be trained properly to take up enterprises like mushroom cultivation, making of papad, pickles,etc by forming SHG groups & also take up backyard poultry by rearing Banaraja for additional income. FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE2013-14) Kuntala Biswal Rita Biswal

Janani Biswal Janhavi Biswal

Rajani Goud

DAILY WORK PROFILE OF MEN

Rest & Leisure, 43.75%

Farming Activity, 29.16%

Personal Care, 14.5%

Household Activity, 8.33%

livestock Activity, 4.16%

REST &LEISURE: (10.30 Hours)

1PM-2PM =TAKING REST

8PM- 8.30 PM= SOCIAL GATHERING

8.30PM- 9.30 PM= TV, FAMILY INTERACTION 10.00PM - 6.00PM =SLEEPING

FARMING ACTIVITY:(7 Hours)

8AM-12PM= CROP PRODUCTION

2PM-5PM= FIELD ACTIVITY

PERSONAL CARE: (3.30 Hours)

6AM-7AM= MORNING ACTIVITY

7.30AM-8AM= BREAKFAST

12PM-1PM= LUNCH

6PM-6.30PM=EVENING TEA &SNACKS

9.30PM-10PM=DINNER

HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITY: (2 Hours)

6.30PM-7.30PM=MARKETING

5PM-6PM=COLLECTION OF FOREST MATERIAL

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY: (1 Hour)

7AM-7.30AM=CARE OF LIVESTOCK

7.30PM-8PM=TAKING MILK TO OMFED

CONCLUSION:

The daily work profile of male shows that the men spend most of their time in rest and leisure followed by farming activities.

ACTION PLAN:

The farmers in particular the rural youths can be encouraged to take up enterprises like poultry farming, pisciculture, goatery, vermicomposting, bee keeping, and mushroomcultivation by reducing their leisure time

FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE2013-14) Dayanidhi BiswalKandarp Bag

Ramachandra Goud Dutia Gour

Wealth Ranking

It is a technique to find out how people from the village itself would rank the different families as rich, poor & very poor. Wealth ranking refers to placing people on the different steps of the social ladder according to their own criteria.

The purpose here is to find out the people of the village who belong to richest, middle income and poorest categories as perceived by the villagers themselves. Agricultural development must take in to account differences in wealth among farmers in order to determine priorities for research and to develop interventions and technical packages that are relevant to and adoptable by majority of the farmers.

By using wealth ranking revealed that more focus needs to be given for enhancing productivity of farms of the poor and very poor through more profitable and effective technologies.

PROCESS :

Step 1: we have collected the list of all households from the village panchayat office. Then we have cross checked by having a transact walk along with key informants of the village to ensure that all households were given numbers in same form or other. The name of the head of each household to be written against each house number.

Step 2: after collection of name of the head of each household were written in each piece paper separately.

Step 3: Then we asked the key informant to sort out the various piece of into different wealth categories as they think were present in the village .

Step 4:Then we prepared a table on paper & recorded the response of the key informants.

Step 5: after sorting by the key informants than we asked them to list out the wealth criteria for each wealth category like land holding, income, house type, transport etc and the difference between the categories.

Criteria for Wealth rankingCategory No. of families

Very rich:Land: More than 10 acres.Income: More than Rs.20,000 per monthHouse: Pucca houseLivestock: 6Income and yield : Surplus in bothImplements: power tiller, thresher,sprayerMaterial possession: TV, refrigerator, mobileSource of Income: Farming, buissness, serviceLanding ability: More

2

Rich:Land: 8-10 acres.Income: Between Rs.15,000 –Rs.20000 per monthHouse:Pucca& tile houseLivestock: 8Income and yield : Less than very richImplements: Power tiller, thresher Material possession: TV, mobileSource of income: Farming, businessLanding ability: less

5

Medium :Land: 5-8 acresIncome: About 8,000 per monthHouse: Tile &khappar houseLivestock: 4-5 Income and yield : SufficientImplements: sprayerMaterial possession: mobileSource of income: FarmingLanding ability: Sufficient

17

Poor : Land: Less than 5 acre.Income: Around 5,000 per monthHouse: Kaccha houseLivestock: 8 – 9(Goats)Income and yield : Not sufficientImplements: NoMaterial possession: MobileSource of Income: farming , wage earningLanding ability: No

15

Very poor :Land: Landless, tenant farmer & wage earnerIncome: Less than Rs.3000 per monthHouse:Kaccha houseLivestock: 3 – 4 (Goats)Income and yield : Lending from othersImplements: NoMaterial possession: NoSource of income : wage earningLanding ability : no

13

VILLAGE- MANOHARPURGRAM PANCHAYAT – MEDINIPUR

BLOCK- BHAWANIPATNA

3.85

9.6

32.728.85

23.52

% family

Very richRichMediumpoorVery poor

CONCLUSION :

Majority of the families belong to the medium (32.7%) followed by poor category(26.47%). . Accordingly anti-Poverty Programme should be implemented in the village, to improve the qualitative life of the people.

RESOURCE INFLOW & OUTFLOW OF manoharpur VILLAGE

The resource flow diagram is a schematic drawing of the resource inflow into the village and resource out flow from the village. The diagram shows the flow of resources from the original source to the final output and visualizes the use and control of the resources.

INFLOWOUTFLOW

M

A

N

CONCLUSION:-

Resource inflow & outflow of Manoharpur village indicates that the seeds mainly vegetables, paddy; pesticide, implement, tissue culture banana , etc. are procured from outside of the village. For Medicine & grocery they have to depend on Bhawanipatna market.

The villagers get their income by selling their produce like cotton, paddy, vegetable,banana, milk, jaggery,etc. to the consumers/ traders in the nearby market. Most of the wage labourers migrated to nearby villages & town to get their income.

FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-

Group-2(RAWE2013-14) Abhiram Biswal,

Subha Goud,

Bhaskar Goudtia,

M

A

N

1. Seeds

11.Electricit

12.Fish, Goat

10.Tissue Culture(Banana)

9.Power

8.Fertilise

7.Tractor

6.Medicine

5.Implements

4.Capital(loan

3.Labour

2.Pesticide

13.Clothes

14.Grocery10.Wheat

9.Papaya

8.Banana

7.Milk(cow)

6.Vegetable

5.Cotton

4.Jaggery

3.Labour

2.Sugarcan

1.Rice

15.FYM

INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGEVILLAGE-MANOHARPUR

GRAMPANCHAYAT-MEDINIPUR

BLOCK-BHAWANIPATNA

FOR CROP:-

1.Gundhibug(Leptocorsia  acuta) in rice can be controlled by mixing cow urine with kerosene and husk and then sprayed in field.

2. Jota is used for crushing the blackgram and greengram.

3.Kurlu(made up of wooden piece and stick)is used for heaping rice grains.

4.Thupi and Bisar are used in fishing.

5.Tenda is used for lifting the water and irrigating the field.

6.Danga (wooden tray)is used for cooling the freshly cooked jaggery(gur).

7.For protecting the sunflower crop from parrots ,tin drums are used.

8.Pualdanti(made up of wood)is used for removing the clods and leveling the field.

9. Dry Neem and Karang leaves are used for safe storage of rice.

10.Bullock cart is used for transporting and bringing the harvested crop.

11.For storing Rice,structure like Puduga is used.

FOR ANIMAL:-

1.For curing the livestock wound Custard apple leaf paste is used.

2. Kerosene is used for preventing ticks in cattle.

3.For controlling Fatua disease in cattle Mehendi leaves are used.

FOR HUMAN:-

1.Gangasiuli(Nyctanthes arbortis) leaves are used for curing fever and cold.

2.Lajakuli(Mimosa pudica)roots are used for curing fever.

3.For wound treatment Apamaranga(Acyranthes aspera) paste is used.

4. For snake bite curing Badichang seeds are used.

5.For curing scorpion bite Chakunda leaves paste is used.

6.For curing body pain Mustard oil and Sesamum oil are used.

7.For controlling chickenpox,Jhuna,Neem leaves and Haldi are used.

FACILITATORSPARTICIPANTS

Group-II Nirmal Gadtiya

(Adm.no.26B/10-48B/10) Didtiya Goud

Mahendra Majhi

Mantu Sa

Problem Prioritization

It is a chart showing different problems affecting a village which have been prioritized on the basis of ranks that each of them obtain after taking into account parameters like problems, importance of enterprise, frequency of problem, seriousness of each of the problems.

PROCESS:-

The main problems were prioritized by discussing with the villagers. The problems are listed the importance of enterprise, seriousness of problem were given score according to the villagers information. Then the score given to each parameter were added and the total score was calculated. According to the total score the problems were prioritized & ranked.

SL. NO

PROBLEM IMPORTANCE OF ENTERPRISE

FREQUENCY OF PROBLEM

SERIOUSNESS OF PROBLEM

TOTAL SCORE

RANK

1 Sheath blight attack in Rice 8 9 9 26 I

2 Gundhi bug attack in Rice 8 8 9 25 II

3 Non availability of quality planting material in Sugarcane

7 9 7 23 IV

4 Non availability of quality planting material in Banana

7 8 6 21 VI

5 Sigatoka & panama wilt in Banana

7 8 8 23 IV

6 YMV in Okra 6 7 7 20 VII

7 Leaf curl in Tomato 7 8 7 22 V

8 Deterioation of soil fertility 8 8 8 24 III

9 High labour cost 8 6 5 19 VIII

10 Less marketing of Vegetables 8 6 5 19 VIII

11 Lack of storage facilitry 6 5 4 15 X

12 Inadequate nutrient management

6 4 5 15 X

13 Lack of knowledge about HYV wheat cultivation

7 5 6 18 IX

14 Shoot & fruit borer in Brinjal 7 8 9 24 III

15 Low income of Farm women 7 5 3 15 X

SCALE-1-10

Conclusion:-

From the table below we concluded that sheath blight in rice ranks first, gundhi bug attack in rice ranks second, deteriotion of soil fertility & fruit and shot borer attack in brinjal ranks third.

FACILITATOR- PARTICIPANTS-

GROUP-2 Aditya Sa

Byasadev Biswal

Chintamani Bagh

Bhaskar Gaudtiya

Arta Majhi

Kesab Chandra Sa

ACTION PLAN FOR MANOHARPUR VILLAGE

SL. NO.

ENTERPRIZE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED ACTION TO BE TAKEN TO BE CARRIED OUT BY

LINKAGE YEAR

1. Rice (Low yield in paddy)

a. Infestation of sheath blight & BLB

IDM in paddy to control sheath blight &

Training/ Demonstration

KVK 1st

b. Incidence of stem borer & gundhi bug

IPM in paddy Training/ Demonstration

KVK/ATMA

1st

c. Improper nutrient management in paddy

INM in paddy FLD/ Training KVK 2nd

d. Unavailability of new hybrid paddy variety

Introduction of HYV of paddy (Ranidhan) with proper management & practice

OFT/ Training KVK 3rd

e. Sevier weed infestation

IWM in paddy Training/Demostration

KVK/ATMA

3rd

2. Sugarcane(Low yield in sugarcane)

a. Non availability of quality planting material

Introduction of QPM for sugarcane with proper management practice

Training/ Demonstration

KVK/ATMA

1st

b. Lack of technical knowledge

Improved method of sugarcane cultivation

Training KVK 2nd

c. High incidence of sugarcane borer

IPM in sugarcane Demonstration KVK/ ATMA

3rd

d. Infestation of red rot of sugarcane

IDM in sugarcane Demonstration KVK/ ATMA

3rd

e. Improper ratoon management

Management of ratooning

Training KVK/ ATMA

2nd

3. Wheat (Low yield in wheat )

a. Inadequate nutrient management

INM in wheat Training/ Demonstration

KVK/ ATMA

2nd

b. Lack of technical knowledge

Introduction of new management practices

Training KVK/ ATMA

1st

c. Improper disease management

IDM in wheat Training/ Demonstration

KVK/ ATMA

2nd

d. Unavailability of high yielding wheat variety

Introduction of high yielding variety (Sonalika)

FLD KVK 3rd

4. Okra (Low yielding okra)

a. Incidence of YMV

IDM in okra FLD/ Demonstration

ATMA /KVK

1st

b. Incidence of sucking pest and fruit borer in okra

IPM Training/ Demonstration

KVK 2nd

c. Indiscri inate use of pesticides

Improved management practices

Training/ Demonstration

KVK 3rd

5. Pisciculture a. Unavailability of yearlings in proper time

Demonstration for yearling production

Training/ Demonstration

KVK/DOF 1st

b. Lack of technical knowledge on pisciculture

Training on pisciculture technique

Training/ Demonstration

KVK/DOF 2nd

c. High cost of fish feeding

Fish feed production technology

Training/ Demonstration

KVK/DOF 3rd

6. Low soil fertility

a. Less availability of compost

Composting technique about vermicomposting and NADEP

Training/ Demonstration

KVK 1st

b. Inadequate nutrient management in crops

INM technique Training/ Demonstration

ATMA/KVK

2nd

7. Women labour

Drudgery of women during agricultural operation

Mushroom cultivation, Rearing of Banaraj poultry bird ,Making of Badi, Pampad, Baby foods like Chhatua, Chuda powder,

Training/ Demonstration

KVK/DOA/DIC

2nd

Preparation of Doll, Toys by rural women

8. Rural youth Unemployment of rural youth

Establishment of agro-service centre for farm mechanization, Off season raising of vegetable seedlings in polyhouse, Mushroom spawn production,

Poultry, Goatery,Vocational Training on mushroom,Vocational training on poultry rearing.

Training/ Demonstration

KVK/DOA/DOV

2nd

TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION

Cultivation of SUMMER RICE The main objective of summer rice is to increase the fertility of soil & production of rice after kharif paddy. Generally, the field remains fallow after kharif rice, so the field should be properly used so that the production, fertility of soil, and income can be increased.

SEED:-Depending on the soil type, climatic condition, insects &pests attack, thesuitable variety should be selected. About 30kg seed is required for 1acre of land.

EARLY VARIETY MEDIUM VARIETY LATE VARIETY

Parijata (90 Days) Lalat (125Days) Swarna(140Days)

Khandagiri Konarka Padmini

Udayagiri Surendra

To remove the chaffy materials from the seed, 165gm salt solution is made in 1.0 lt of water. The floating seed and chaffy material is removed from the solution & then seed should be cleaned properly with fresh water. Then the seed is soaked in hot water for the 2 hours & put in the polythene or wet gunny bag, so that the seeds can be germinate quickly

NURSERY BED PREPARATION:-400m2 is required to raise the seedling for 1acre of land. The nursery area should be properly cleaned& the soil should be ploughed to afine tilth. For 400m2nursery bed, about 40 basket FYM, 12kg SSP, 2kg MOP should be applied during preparation of field & mixed properly. Then the pre germinated seed is sown in the nursery.

CARE OF NURSERY BED:-The nursery should be kept wet after initial period of sowing. When the seedlings germinate to a height of 2inches, the field should be provided with standing water. After 15 Days 4Kg urea

should be applied in 400m2 area. To prevent from insect pest, the nursery should be applied with 120gm Carbofuran & 600gm Phorate before 1 week of transplanting.

FIELD PREPARATION- The land should be properly labeled. Puddling should be done before 2-3 weeks of transplanting. About 2tonnes of FYM, 23 kg P2O5, 15 kg K2O and 12kg N should be applied in soil and labeled properly.

TRANSPLANTING-Transplanting should be completed within 2nd week of January. Seedlings having 4-5 leaves aregood for transplanting.

INTERCULTURAL OPERATION:-2-3 weeding can be done in broadcasting method and 2 weeding in transplanting method respectively. About 24 kg of N should be applied after weeding. Again about 12 kg of N should be applied after 2weeks of previous application.

IRRIGATION-Though rice needs more water, about 80-140 cm watering should be done. The critical stages for irrigation in summer rice are tillering, panicle initiation and milking stage. At these stages irrigation should be done.

PESTS AND DISEASES-The important pests are stem borer, black headed caterpillar, sucking pests like hoppers, leaf folders and gall midge. The important diseases are blast, sheath rot, BLB, BLS, tungro, white tip, ufra.

Control-about 12 kg Carbofuran can be applied for control of stem borer, for control of sucking pests and hoppers about 400ml Chloropyriphos and800ml Carbaryl can be applied.For control of fungal diseases like blast, sheath rot about 300g Carbendazim can be applied.

HARVESTING:-Harvesting should be done when 80% of panicle areripened.For storage the grains should be dried under sunlight to keep grain moisture at about less than 12%. So that it remains out of pest attack and the germinating power will not hampered.

YIELD:-About 25-30 q of rice can be obtained from an acre of land

Pheromone trap

“A pheromone trap is a device used to attract opposite sex of organisms particularly the lepidopteran insect moths. In pheromone trap pheromone lure is used to attract the male moths.

What is a pheromone trap?

A pheromone trap consists of:

A Funnel with cover Funnel having a handle,one ring and long plasticbag.

Below the cover there is place to fix the lure. Cover can easily fit into the funnel. The funnel is attached with a long polythene bag with opening at the other end. After fixing the lure the trap unit is installed with the help of a 8-10 ft long straight bamboo

pole inside the crop field. The open end of the polythene tied with either by rubber band thread. The lures should be changed in every 20 days interval. The pheromone trap is installed for monitoring of the insect activity as well as for mass

trapping of the male moths.

When and how to use pheromone trap? Pheromone trap installation in the field should be initiated depending upon the

infestation of different insect species at different growth stagesof crops. Pheromone lures are host specific i.e, only a particular species is attracted to the lure

used in the trap. The traps should be placed in the field 5m inside the border row and 40m apart. For oneacrethere is requirement of 2 pheromone traps for monitoring and at least 8

traps for mass trapping . The height of pheromone trap should 30 cm above the height of plant.The height

should be increased according to the growth of the plant.

ADVANTAGE:

Pheromones are species specific have no hazard to non-target population and natural enemies. Minute quantities are needed to attract and kill large number of insects ,so they are

economical(0.01 microgram attract 1 billion males) They are non-pollutant and ecologically acceptable. Easy means to monitor the buildup of pest population.

DISADVANTAGE:

Pheromones for all the pest are not yet know. Pheromones can attract one sex,the other sex could still be there to do the damage.Quick results cannot be obtained with pheromones and hence they are not suitable as short term control measures.

Female sex pheromone identified in the insects:

SL NO. NAME OF THE INSECT PHEROMONE1 Silkworm, Bombyx mori Bombykol2 Gypsy moth, Porthesia dispar Gyplure, disparlure

3 Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

Gossyplure

4 Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Looplure5 Tabbaco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Spodolure, litlure6 Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Helilure7 Honey bee queen, Apis spp Queen’s substance8 Cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus 

grandisGrandlure

KITCHEN GARDEN

INTRODUCTION:

     It is a type of garden where the vegetables and short duration fruit crops are grown in backyard of the residential building to meet the requirement of family round the year. 

 For a human being per capita consumption of vegetables per day is 400gm.In Odisha although many peoples take fish and meat in their diet they should take at least 250-300gm fresh vegetables. So to meet quality fresh vegetables it is adviced to grow vegetables in the backyard of their buildings. This practice is known as kitchen garden.

IMPORTANCE:

It helps in supply fresh vegetables. BY working in garden their health remains good. It helps in lowering down the vegetable cost of the family. It provides more or less continous supply of vegetables throughout the year according to their 

season. It provides family daily with fresh vegetable rich in nutrient and energy.   Vegetables grown in the kitchen garden are free from insecticides and pesticides pollution. The unused materials viz. kitchen left over and water can be efficiently used.

PROCEDURE:

The people who should grow the garden have a good knowledge about the garden other  wise they should gain some knowledge about that. They must have knowledge about Seasonal cropping, mixed cropping, cropping pattern, crop calendar, seed sowing, seed transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer and application of insecticides and harvesting.

The size of   the kitchen garden depends upon the availability  of   land,   the no of  person for  whom vegetables to be grow. For maintaining the demand of a 5-6 members of a family 200mm2  area is sufficient. For protecting the garden from cattles,  goats and sheeps. So fencing is best for this purpose. 

 Following rules to be obeyed for good kitchen garden:

For gardening the larger plot should be divided in to small plots. The plot should be of 3.5-2.5m.Drainage channel should be designed between each 2 plot for irrigation.

The field does not remain fallow in any time of the year. Short  duration  crops   like  guava,  pappya,  drumstick  are  planted   in  backyard  of   the 

house. Crops like pumpkin, ridge gourd, cucumber are grown in corner of the garden. Mostly used vegetables are given more emphasis. Vegetables   are   grown   in   line   and   the   distance   should   less   than   general   growing 

pattern . Vegetables are grown in succession cropping. Cropping pattern should be maintained. Due to intensive farming fertilizer requirement is more. In kitchen garden different types of vegetables mostly hybrid seeds are used. The  waste  materials   of   the   house   should   be   composted   in   a   compost   pit   .   Vermi 

composting also done. Generally organic practices are followed.    

DEMONSTRATION OF KITCHEN GARDEN

AREA CALCULATION OF KITCHEN

(a) Let the total area required for vegetable= 140 sq.m(b) Total area required for fruits=43 sq.m(c) Area required for channels, ridges, path, compost pit etc=77 sq.m

Total= 260 sq.m                                                                                                                             DIMENSION OF KITCHEN GARDEN

The total area required for kitchen garden for a family of 5 adult is 260 sq.mThough 260 sq.m = 13m x 20 mTherefore, let length of kitchen garden will be 20 m and 30 m respectivelyCROP ROTATION TO BE FOLLOWED There are all together 10 nos of plots of size 4mx3m are available in garden.The crop rotations to be followed in the kitchen garden are given below:1.  Brinjal (July - February)  + okra (march- June)2. Chilli ( February- June ) + cucumber ( July - October) + radish ( Nov-January)3. Onion(October- February) + Brinjal(march- September)4. Potato(October-January)+ cowpea( Feb- may)+ cauliflower (early) (July- September)5. French bean(July-sep) + tomato (Sep.- dec.)+radish(Jan.-feb) +cowpea (march-june)6. Cabbage (sep.- dec.)+ bottlegourd( Jan.-april)+ amaranthus (april-june)+ basella( july-aug)7.  Sweet potato( aug. – dec.)+ cucumber (Jan- april)+amaranthus(may-june)

+  basella(june-july)8.  Spinach (October- december)+ brinjal(Jan.-June)+ okra(June-september)9. Guar ( july- octo.)+ Carrot ( Nov- feb)+ pumpkin( feb - june)10.  Tomato( july- octo.)+ pea( nov.- Jan.) + bittergourd (February -june)

YIELD OF DIFFERENT CROPS IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN

PLOT NO. VEGETABLES YIELD1 Brinjal 20kg

Okra 6kg2 Chilli 6kg

Cucumber 15kgRadish 20kg

3 Onion 25kgBrinjal 20kg

4 Potato 20kgCowpea 7kg

Cauliflower(early) 12kg5 French bean 7kg

Tomato 20kgRadish 20kgCowpea 7kg

6 Cabbage 20kgBottle gourd 24kgAmaranths 7kgBasella 12kg

7 Sweet potato 20kgCucumber 15kgAmaranths 7kgBasella 12kg

8 Spinach 10kgBrinjal 20kgOkra 6kg

9 Guar 6kg

Carrot 16kgPumpkin 24kg

10 Tomato 20kgPea 5kg

Bitter gourd 24kgSub-total 453kg

Perennial plot(vegetables)1.Yam-5 plants 15kg

2.Ridge gourd-4 hills 12kg3.Drumstick-4 plants 40kg4.Curry leaf-1 plant -

SUB-TOTAL 67kgGRAND TOTAL 520kg

Perennial plot(Fruits)1.Papaya-4 plants 160kg

2.Banana(Ripe)-3plants 51kg3.Lemon-2 plants 8kg

TOTAL 219Kg

TRAINING ON RODENT CONTROL Rodents (rats) possess a great problem for the farmers either in field or store house. They are the threat to the household properties, crops as well as to the human health. They transmit pleg, jaundice like diseases. They accounts for about 33% loss of food grains.

Generally, 2 types of rats are seen. They are

1. House rat (Rattus rattus) –seen in house2. Field rat-(Bandicota benghalensis) – seen in field.

(HOUSE RAT) (FIELD RAT)

Rodent control

Generally 2 methods are used for controlling the rodents.

1- Non-chemical method2- Chemical method

1-Non chemical method

A.Physical method

a. Construction of rat proof store house

-The store house should be far from the rat habitat.

-It should have sufficient plinth.

-There should not be water logging condition near the store house.

-The floor of store house should be cement concreted.

-The widows should be well bounded by wire net (24 gauge).

b. Creating unfavourable condition for rodents.

Two things are generally essential for multiplication of rats.

1. Food 2.Habitat

In the absence of any of these they are not able to multiply properly. In order to check their population,

-The rat repellents can be used for this.

-The foods should be kept in a safety place.

B. Mechanical method:

-Use of ultrasonic sound.

-Rat traps like wood box trap, banana leaf trap, metallic trap, bamboo trap etc.

-Glued ribbon can be used.

C. Cultural method:

-Deep ploughing of field to destroy the rat holes.

-Proper cleaning of the store house.

-Flooding irrigation.

D. Biological control:-Salmonella biocontrol agent is used.

2-Chemical method-

Rat poisons are of three types

a. Single dose poison-Zn-phosphide, Berium carbonate, Attu etc.b. Multi dose poison-Warfarin, Cumachlor, Paival, Difasion, Fumarin, P.S.P, Rhodofairin, Ratafin,

Bromadiolan, Bodyfax etc.c. Fumigants-Al phosphide, TEPA, METEPA etc. it creates sterility in male rats.

(Training on rodent control)

(Training on rat trap)

(Demonstration on application of multidose poison)

Fdggsll

(MOVEMENT OF RAT) (TYPE OF RATS)

(RAT TRAPS)

DEMONSTRATION ON APPLICATION OF MULTIDOSE POISON

Poison bait preparation

Zn phosphide- 6g

Cereal powder – 92g

Edible oil- 2

Total- 100g

1 ST DAY - Add 2g edible oil with 92g cereal powder and divide it into 5 parts. Keep each part on the way of rat; so as the rat can easily eat it.

2 ND DAY - Again the bait is given without adding poison in it, as because the rat may not eat it by doubt.

3 RD DAY - After giving 2 prebaiting at the 3rd day the poison bait is given. The Zn phosphide poison is prepared; it is made into a no. of balls and kept at different places.

4 TH DAY - The remaining poison is made underground and the dead rat is collected and dug underground.

5 TH DAY - Again the poison less bait is repeated.

6 TH DAY - If the rats eat the bait, then again poison less bait is given.

7 TH AND 8 TH DAY -The poison bait is applied at night and the dead rat with remaining poison baits are dug underground.

PRECAUTION-

1. The children should be kept away from the poison baits.2. Use globe on hand at the time of application.3. After application of poison bait, the hand should be washed properly.

INTER CULTURE OPERATION IN

RICEPaddy is one of the important cereal crops of India. Maximum production depends on paddy.The production and productivity of paddy declines upto 44-47% due to weed infestation.To control weeds a good intercultural operation method should be adopted.The major weeds of paddy field are:-

Echinochloa crusgalli

E.glaberescensE.colona

Eleusine indica

Ischaemum rugosum

Cyperus rotundusEchinochloa colona

Initial 50 DAS is the main period for critical crop weed competition. In upland:-Initial 40 DAS is critical period for crop weed competition. Generally paddy is sown by broadcasting method . Apply N2 at 15-20 DAS. Manual weeding can also be done. Hoeing should be done at 40 day after seedling emergence. In upland apply alachlor or machet @ 4.5t/ha as pre-emergence herbicide. At medium and lowland if broadcasting is done the weed infestation will be more. If proper control measures aren”t adopted yield reduction was upto 50-70%. In upland 30% in irrigated land and 20-27% in transplanted rice field. Mechanical weeding should be done at 35-45 DAS . Beushaning and khelua operation practiced at 30 DAS. Top dressing of ½ N2 should be done at that time . Propanil @3kg a.i/ha or MCPA@0.8kg ai/ha should be applied.

A .INTERCULTURE IN SRI:-Hand weeding, connow weeder , Mandua weeder is used for weed control operation. Weeding should be done at 10-12 DAT for 1st time and subsequent weeding should be done at 10-12 days interval.

B. INTERCULTURE IN HYBRID RICE:- 2 weeding at 21 DAT and 35 DAT should be done.Top dressing of

rest 30 kg N2 should be done at that time.Chemical weedicide should be applied.

C. INTERCULTURE IN IMPROVED METHOD:-2 weeding at 3 week after transplanting and 5weeks after transplanting .Apply butachlor 1lt at 4DAT or pretilachlor 600 ml in 20kg sand/acre.Top dressing of rest N2 should be done at that time. Weed control can be done by 3 methods:-

1.Preventive Method:-Weeds can be controlled by proper crop management practices.By sowing more seeds weed infestation can be less.clean cultivation should be practiced.

CONNOW WEEDER

2.Mechanical Method:-Weeds can be controlled by summer ploughing, hoeing ,earthing up ,manual

weeding, flooding, smoother crops.Different weeder are now available.

3.CHEMICAL METHOD:-In upland 800 ml butachlor/acre or 250 ml ronstar or 500 ml goal in 400 lt water should be applied as pre emergence.

1. In medium land 1lt satern/acre or 1330 ml stomp or 500 ml erosion in 400 lit water should be

sprayed.In lowland 1500ml stomp or 1200ml satern in 400 lt water should be sprayed.The can also be broadcasted with 20 kg sand with little standing water in the field.

SPRAYING OF WEEDICIDE

TRAINING ON INTERCULTURE OPERATION IN RICE RICE

HERBICIDE APPLICATION IN RICE

Pre-emergence application of herbicide is applied in case of

Direct sown is 0-3 DAS and in

Transplanted condition:-10 DAT

After 4 weeks physical weeding is done. Sometimes safener is used.

APPLICATION TECHNIQUE:- In transplanted condition butachlor @ 1-1.5kg/ha was applied. Applied as granular-form and broadcasted in flooded condition , settles in soil cuts on germinating weed. Echinochloa and some broadleaved weeds can be controlled by this.

UPLAND PADDY:- Aqueous spray develop tolerant to bacterial leaf blight. For weed sedges, application of oxadiargyl and anilphos was done. Oxidizon (500-750g/ha) is a wide spectrum herbicide in direct sown rice. Combination of 2-3 herbicide , supplement with 1-2 hard inter row tillage.

NURSERY:- Pyrazosulfuron - 15-20 g/ha

Thiobencarb - 1-1.5 kg/ha

Butachlor - 1-1.5 kg/ha

Butachlor , pretilachlor , suitable safener was mixed in the tank and was applied to germinating seedling. Pyrazosulfuron and sand was mixed and applied after seeding is effective in nursery.

Wel-come

To

Dda,

KalahandI

DDA KALAHANDIHISTORY & BACKGROUND OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT:-

Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range, and Bhawanipatna is an office under the Government of Odisha, Agril. Deptt. Named as Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range, Bhawanipatna, having its jurisdiction in Kalahandi and Nuapada Revenue Districts (Un-divided Kalahandi district). The main functions and duties, assigned by the Government, are:

To transfers the improved technologies for upliftment of the Agril. Production in the Range. Distribution of improved and quality Agril. Seeds to the cultivators of the Range, duly certified by the

State Seed Certification Agency in order to get better productions. Integrated pest management in the farmer's field, to combat the pest situation. Balanced use of Chemical Fertilizers by the cultivators for boost up the Agril. Production in the District. Providing the latest production technologies through farmers training programmes, exposure visits of the

farmers to the outside/inside state to study the performance of certain crops of those areas. Supply of improved Agril. Implements to the cultivators for improvement of the quality of the cultivation.

FARM MECHANIZATION UNDER DIFFERENT SCHEME FOR KALAHANDI DISTRICT (UPTO-2012):-

S.L .NO IMPLIMENTS NO.OF IMPLIMENTS

1 Tractor 2082 Power tiller 5633 Self propelled transplanter 44 Hydraulic trolly 1235 Axil flour thresher 656 Power thresher 97 Combine thresher 18 Manual & bullock drawn set 6209 Power operated impliments 4210 Rotavator 511 Diesel pump 20012 Self propelled reaper 12

PLANT PROTECTION PROGRAMME BY D.D.A. KALAHANDI:-

S.L.NO CONTROL MEASURES Area (ha)1 Seed treatment 660392 Intensive & epidemic control 15693 Weed control 90624 Rodent control 11,0005 Biological control 1,0006 Pesticide and bio pesticide consumption(a.i.in.mt) 32

FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTION THROUGH DDA:-

S.L.NO NAME OF FERTILIZERS1 Urea2 Ammonium sulphate3 Single super phosphate(SSP)4 Murate of potash(MOP)5 Di ammonium phosphate(DAP)6 10:26:267 28:28:008 20:20:00:139 15:15:1510 14:35:14

SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF KALAHANDI:-

S.L.NO COMPONENTS AMOUNTS1 Organic carbon Low to medium2 Phosphorous Low to medium3 Potash Medium to highSoil reaction1 Acidic <25%2 Neutral >50%3 Alkali <25%

Component under N.F.S.M:-

1. Seeds:-Distribution of certified seeds.

2. Integrated nutrient management:a) Lime& gypsumb) Micronutrientsc) Assistance for rhizobium culture & PSB distribution.3. Integrated pest management.4. Assistance for distroburion of sub-tropical IPM.5. Assistance for weedicide. 6. Incentive for knapsack sprayer.7. Distribution of rotavator.8. Distribution of sprinkler set9. Incentive for pumpset.10. Extension training.11. Training on pattern of FFS.12. Local initiative.a) Incentive for line sowing&Incentive for phosphatic fertilizer application.

Components under R.K.V.Y in D.D.A:-

1) Hybrid maize cultivation.2) Introduction & explosion of improve pigeonpea production technology.3) E-pest surveillance.4) State wide soil testing campaign.

5) In situ farm pond.6) Hybrid mustard demonstration.7) Hybrid sunflower demonstration.8) Hybrid maize demonstration.

Total training under the scheme “extension & training for rural women & VAWs is 8.

SEED DIVERSION BY DDA FOR RICE:-

TOTAL LATE TOTAL MEDIUM TOTAL EARLYMTU-7029 Lalat NaveenRamchandi Konark KhandagiriJaral SurendraPooja MTU-1001CR-1009 MTU-1010CR-1018 RGL-2538

RGL-2537BansadhanMotiCR-1014PratikshyaBPT-5024GintajaliJajati

Diversification of cropping system in kharif by DDA:-

Arhar,Ground nut,Maize,Cotton,Fruit crop,Black gram,Vegetables,Tuber cropsMIXED CROPPING:-

a) Paddy+Arharb) Arhar+Black gram/Green gramc) Ground nut+Arhard) Cotton+ Arhare) Paddy+Black gram/Green garmf) Cotton+Black gramg) Maize+Arhar

IRRIGATION POTENTIAL PROJECT UNDER DDA:-

i. MAJOR I.P-1ii. MAJORI.P-1

iii. MINOR I.P-21iv. LIP GOVT.-534v. BORE WELL-694

vi. SHALLOW TUBEWELL-105vii. LIP(OAIC)-52

viii. DUG WELL-15237

TRAINING PROGRAMME UNDER AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY DDA:-

VILLAGE LEVEL TRAINING:

Awareness programme on soil sample collection /FAO in paddy, post harvest technology & orientation programme on ATMA.

Hybrid sun flower cultivation/hybrid sugarcane/hybrid cotton production technology.

INSIDE STATE PROGRAMME:-Farm mechanization & Sugar cane cultivation

OUT SIDE STATE TRAINING:-Technique for high tech agricultureSchemes running under DDA:

a) Rice developmentb) SRI(state plan)c) Ragi developmentd) Sugar cane developmente) Jute technology mission(JTM)f) ISOPOM(oil seed)g) ISOPOM(maize)h) ICDP(cotton)i) NFSM(rice)j) NFSM(pulses)k) ATMAl) Extension & training for rural womenm) RKVY

FARMERS TRAINING UNDER ANIMAL HUSBENDARY BY DDA:-Village level training:

Popularization of A.I in desi cattle. Normal animal health camp cum awareness camp. Infertility animal health camp cum awareness camp.

Inside state training programme on a.h activities: Back yard poultry farming Duckery farming

Outside state training programme: Back yard poultry farming. Dairy management.

TRAINING UNDER HORTICULTURAL SECTOR:Village level training;- Onion cultivation,Vermi composting,Mushroom technique, Tuber crops,Fruits & vegetablesInside state:Mushroom cultivation, tuber crops, fruit & vegetablesOutside state: Honey bee cultivationCrop coverage by DDA kalahandi:

a) Paddy,other cereals,pulses,oilseeds,vegetables, spices,tobacco & sugarcane Training under fishery sector by DDA:-

Village level training on yearling production Inside state training on yearling production

Welcome to OTELP

Programme focuses on empowering the tribals and enabling them to enhance their food security, increase their incomes and improve their overall quality of life through more efficient natural resource management based on the principles of improved watershed management and more productive environmentally sound agricultural practices and through off-farm/non-farm enterprise development.

Programme Goal

Empowering the tribals and enabling them to enhance their food security, to increase their income and improve overall quality of their livelihood.

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES

Building capacity of the communities

Enhance access & productivity of land, water & Forests

Encourage off farm enterprise

Ensure food security

Strengthen institutional capacity of Govt. agencies & others.

Build on indigenous knowledge and blend with technological innovations

Encourage development of pro-tribal environment

Strategy

The overall strategy of the Programme focuses on empowering the tribals and enabling them to enhance their food security, increase their incomes and improve their overall quality of life through more efficient natural resource management based on the principles of improved watershed management and more productive environmentally sound agricultural practices and through off-farm/non-farm enterprise development. A strong emphasis is placed on promoting participatory processes, building community institutions, fostering self-reliance, and respecting the indigenous knowledge and values of tribals. The Programme would adopt a flexible, non-prescriptive, process-oriented approach to enable the stakeholders to determine the scope of Programme activities, their timing, pace and sequencing

Programme area

The programme area consists of 30 blocks in eight districts and has a total rural population of 1.4 million belonging to over 390 000 households. Some 61% of the total population are tribals, and 12% are scheduled castes. In this light, the programme will adopt an ‘inclusive approach’, targeting all households living in the participating villages and hamlets in the selected micro-watersheds. To be eligible, a watershed will have to

have a population comprising at least 60% tribals and scheduled castes. Within this framework, the programme will seek to develop mechanisms to ensure that special attention is paid to marginalized groups, namely women, children, un(der)employed youth, primitive tribal groups, hill cultivators, landless and marginal farmers and scheduled castes. Extensive participatory rural appraisal (PRA) exercises for poverty mapping, the identification of self-targeted activities and intensive sensitization programmes are some of the tools that will be used to achieve this goal

Objective

To achieve this, the programme will: (i) build the capacity of marginal groups (landless and marginal farmers, women), working either with individuals or their grass-roots institutions, so that they are better able to plan, implement and manage their own development and to negotiate improved entitlements; (ii) enhance poor tribal people’s access to land, water and forests and increase the productivity of these resources in environmentally sustainable and socially equitable ways; (iii) encourage and facilitate off-farm enterprise development focused on the needs of poor tribal households; (iv) monitor the basic food entitlements of tribal households and ensure their access to public food supplies; (v) strengthen the institutional capacity of government organizations, panchayat raj institutions (PRIs – local self government institutions), NGOs, etc.; (vi) build on indigenous knowledge and values and blend these with technological innovations to speed up development; and (vii) encourage the development of an enabling, pro-tribal policy environment.

Components

Capacity-building for empowerment

The main objectives of this component are to: (i) create effective mechanisms for fostering real community-level decision-making; (ii) strengthen the capabilities of communities and special interest groups so that they can handle the launching and management of their own development and even assist other communities to do the same; and(iii) strengthen the capabilities of the support agencies, both government and non governmental, responsible for assisting the communities in their development effort

Livelihood enhancement. This component will consist in the following sub-components:

(i) land and water management; (ii) participatory forest management; (iii) production systems enhancement; and (iv) community infrastructure. The programme will establish a land and water management fund that will finance watershed development works selected by the communities with the guidance of technical experts

Agricultural/horticultural development will be promoted through training and demonstrations in improved cultural practices, improved varieties, changes in cropping sequences and rotation, and through conversion of shifting cultivation (podu) to settled cultivation on podu sites through mixed tree and annual crops

Support for policy initiatives. Since the identification of the programme, the government of Orissa has taken some important steps to address a number of key policy issues. Through its support for policy initiatives component, therefore, the programme will support the operationalization of these initiatives by: (i) providing a legal defence fund to assist tribals and NGOs in pursuit of land alienation/restoration cases; (ii) establishing mobile squads for detection of cases and enforcement of land restoration; and (iii) funding land surveying.

Development initiatives fund (DIF). The programme makes provision for a DIF to provide the flexibility to move additional funds to areas of demand as expressed by communities through a participatory planning process. It

will also permit the implementation of other relevant activities that may become feasible and attractive in the course of programme implementation.

Programme management. Under this component, the programme will finance (i) operating expenses for the programme support unit at the state level and the ITDAs; (ii) staff training costs; (iii) orientation and annual review workshops, including stakeholder workshops; (iv) setting-up of a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system including process documentation; (v) development of appropriate communications methodologies taking account of local languages and folklore; and (vi) documentation of indigenous knowledge, focusing particularly on natural resource management.

Food handling. This component will cover the cost of transport, storage and distribution of the World Food Programme (WFP) food assistance and the monitoring of its use.

Organization and Management and M&E

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA) at the central level and the Scheduled Tribes and

Scheduled Castes Development Department (ST/SCDD) at the state level will be nodal agencies forthe programme.

At the state level, the programme will have a three-tier management structure as follows: (i) the SHGs and VDCs as the main implementing agencies at the grass-roots level; (ii) the ITDAs at the district level; and (iii) a PSU within the ST/SCDD at the state level. Each block will generally be assigned to a facilitating NGO charged with providing support to SHGs and VDCs for capacity-building, micro-planning and supervision.

At the community level, the palli sabha (village assembly) at the natural village level will generally be the basic unit for planning, implementing and monitoring programme activities. Two thirds of the members of the VDC will be drawn from the office bearers of the SHGs/use groups/committees, with the remainder selected by the palli sabha to include two members of PRIs.

In some watersheds, there may be a need for cross-community committees to manage shared resources or collective activities. A team of village volunteers will provide technical services to community members and will interface with the support agencies.

At the district level, existing ITDAs, one per programme district, will be strengthened to coordinate implementation of the programme. Their operational flexibility and autonomy as registered societies will be restored and their management broadened by including non-governmental members on the managing body. The restoration of ITDA autonomy will include empowering the ITDAs to operate bank accounts, establish their own financial and personnel rules, and enter into contracts with NGOs and other service providers. ITDAs will contract NGOs to assist the programme villages in social mobilization, capacity-building and participatory planning. NGOs will engage village animators. The responsibilities of the facilitating NGO will be spelled out in a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to be entered into between the ITDA and NGO, in a form and substance approved by IFAD/DFID. In the event that ITDA and the PSU determine that competent facilitating

NGOs are not available to act as programme partners for social mobilization, the PSU will submit a proposal to IFAD/DFID for approval to allow the ITDA to be directly involved in initiating community empowerment and capacity-building activities. The facilitating NGOs will be supported by resource NGOs, other private-sector providers and/or the line departments for training and technical and other support.

At the state level, a programme steering committee (PSC) will be established, chaired by the chief secretary (or alternate) with representation of the KBK administrator,8 key line departments, the Watershed Mission, independent development experts, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, the Small Industries Development Bank of India, NGOs and research institutes, with the commissioner (ST/SC), as member secretary, to provide overall policy guidance to the programme. Similarly, the PSU within ST/SCDD will be headed by a full-time programme director, responsible to the commissioner/secretary, ST/SC. The PSU will have a small team of full-time professional staff.

The programme will be monitored and evaluated from the perspective of input, output and impact. A specialist M&E agency will be contracted to design the management information system.

Emphasis will be placed on participatory M&E to assist the communities in monitoring their own progress, evaluating performance and identifying implementation issues. Similarly, qualified service providers will be recruited to carry out periodic impact assessments, thematic and diagnostic studies, nutrition surveys and environmental monitoring.

The Orissa tribal empowerment & livelihood programme

Is being implemented by Scheduled tribe and scheduled caste development department of govt of Orissa with financial assistance from the DFID, IFAD &WFP.

Programme cost and sources of fund

Sl no Sources of fund percentage1 IFAD loan 222 DFID assistance 443 WFP(by way of food assistance) 144 State govt 11

We have visited the following villages of thualmul Rampur block by the guidance of SMS(agriculture), ITDA, kalahandi on 13/12/2013

1)semelpadar-taken by prayash cooperative(women SHGs) .vegetable nursery and chilli,field pea radish crops fields were seen

2)Mantriguda-tubere crops and turmeric and hydram for irrigation.

3)Dakakota-WADI,Drip irrigation and intercropping

4)Mardiguda-Origin of Indrabati and vegetable crops

5)Kumadobahal Gram Vikash Campus-Spices and vegetable crops

Also in the above villages other components are taken for over all developments like

i. Land and water management

ii. Agriculture and Horticulture development

iii. Livestock and Aqua-culture development

iv. Rural Finance Services(RFS)

v. Community Infrastructure Fund(CIF)

vi. Development Initiative Fund(DIF)

vii. Participatory Forest Management(PFM)

viii. Capacity Building(CB)

ix. Support for policy initiatives

VISIT TO SOIL TESTING LABORATORY

District level soil testing laboratory was established in 1976-77 in kalahandi. From that period the laboratory done soil testing for 18 blocks that is for both Kalahandi and Nuapada. After Nuapada is a new district now the lab works for 13 blocks of kalahandi. DDA,Kalahandi is the head of the laboratory. Total no. of post 22, 14 offcial members of the lab are

one soil chemist-Sri Birendranath Mishra

Two AAO- Sasmita Mishra

Narayana Panda

Three JRA( Junior research assistant), three lab assistant

Collection of soil sample from rural farmer:-

Samples come for testing by two way either through govvt. Office(Block level) or through NGOs

Sample collected by farmers, are taken by VAW(Both in Kharif & rabi season) Each Panchayat has 1 VAWs. Then all the sample are collected from VAWs, than submitted in Block office are coded. (When

farmer collected their sample they pack 150gm of sample in a thick polythene bag with their name in a paper in side polythene with soil.)

From block office sample are bringing to laboratory.

Then drying hammering and sieving are done and powdered samples are taken in with a cups with code no. and then testing is progress.

Instrument in soil testing laboratory :-

1. pH meter:- It is used to know the pH of soil i.e., acidic / alkaline soil. It is done by making a solution of 10gm soil+20ml of Distilled water and set in machine and result is obtained.

2. Conductive meter:- It is used to measuresalt concentration.3. Spectrphotometer:- It is used to measure organic matter and P-concentration in soil.

Price taken for soil testing:-

Test Sample through Govt. Price Sample through NGOspH, EC, OC, NPK Rs5/- per sample Rs15/- Per SampleSecondary Mineral(Ca, Mg, S) Rs10/- per Sample Rs50/- Per sampleMicronutrient(Fe, Cu, Zn, B,Mo, ) Rs150/- Per sample Rs150/- Sample

Time taken for soil testing:-

For pH testing:- Result can be given within 30 minute. For other test like EC, OC, NPK, Secondary mineral, Micronutrient:- Result can be given

within 3days.

At last the soil health card is provided to the farmer through the block office.

In Kalahandi, Kesingha, and sadar block dominated with black cotton soil.

Block like T.Rampur, Lanjigarh, Jayapatna dominated with red soil.

VISIT TO SEED PROCESSING PLANT

It provide quality seeds to farmers in right time and quantity state government of odisha with collaboration of state seed corporation and state seed certification agency. Various seed processing plants are working in different districts of odisha.

Seed processing plant in Kalahandi working only for paddy processing. The capacity of plant is 20000 quintal/year having processing capacity of 4 TPH. There is no storage facility inside the plant so the processed seed bags shifted to nearby FCI

godown. Efficiency of the machine 25-30%. The seeds are taken from registered farmer and processed in plant. The fee taken by plant officials RS.15/quintal from farmers. The farmers have to pay the transfer, unloading and downloading costs. The plant also help for seed marketing. The odisha govt. purchase the processed seed from

the plant. For 1 quintal of certified seed farmer can get Rs.1850 in 2 phases

1st phase-1200/-2nd phase-650/-

For 1 quintal of foundation seed 2000/-

The paddy varieties processed inside the plant are Khandagiri, MTU-1001, MTU-7029(Swarna), Konark, Lalat, Pratikhya, Pooja.

After processing seeds are bagged. Bags are given by seed testing laboratory, Bargarh. Tags are given by seed certification officer, Balangir.

ABOUT SEED PROCESSING MACHINE- The machine is air screen cleaner with feeder, elevator, blower and 3 screens. The screens are working based on sieving mechanism according to particle size like pebbles,

chaffs and grains. The pure grains,chaffs and pebbles are collected in 3 outlets.

GRAM VIKASH, TH.RAMPUR

To provide the villagers improved life style. To include 100% household under water and clean program. It is started in 1979 and first work on tribal development. Biogas plants are taken to hand in 10 districts through this program. Gender development and SHG formation. Social forestry work. Rural Health Environment Project(RHEP) Integrated Tribal Development Project(ITDP), girl child education and school opening. 2004-OTELP(PHASE-I) 2008-OTELP(PHASE-II) 2012-OTELP+ITDP+KKS 5 Projects in Th.rampur Livelihood project-Agriculture and horticulture development-drip irrigation system,kantabanjhi and ghutiguda-hydrolic ram,mantiguda and ghutiguda

Agriculture development-polyhouse, vermicompost, yellow pot, biofertilizer use,SRI, line sowing,intercropping system

Support to- ICRISAT,Hyderabad-for pulses and oil seeds DPI(dipped pipe irrigation) system-5 villages(mandiguda,kantabanjhi,paladumer, melkundel,pindapadar)

Microhydro project-electricity from water and irrigation-5 villages(karlapat, purneaguma,aonthaguda,karnibel,bijapadar)

300 acre-WARDY-mango and litchi plantation Backyard kitchen garden-827 families

Training on ipm cotton

What is IPM(Integrated Pest Management)?IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological,cultural,mechanical & chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health & environmental risk.

AIMS OF IPM:

i. Reduce the use of synthetic organic pesticides.ii. That is environmentally sound.

iii. Pest minimal risk of human healthiv. Re-useable return on investment. v. Provide consumable safe food.

Principles of IPM:

1. Identification of key pests and beneficial organisms.2. Defining the management unit, the Agro ecosystem.3. Development of management strategy.4. Establishment of Economic thresholds (loss & risk)5. Development of assessment techniques.6. Evolving description of predictive pest models.

PRACTICES OF IPM:

A. Deep summer ploughing for exposing the soil inhabiting stages of insect, pathogens and nematode population to sunlight at least for 2-3 weeks and followed by stubble burning.

B. Grazing by animals after last picking of cotton is recommended for checking the carry overpopulation of boll worm.

C. Sowing should be done timely within 10 to 15 days in a village or block in the season.D. Broadcasting of sun hemp @ 6 kg per ac in between cotton / arhar rows followed by its

incorporation at 21 to 30 days of germination to suppress weed growth and to made valuable organic matter.

E. Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70WS @ 7 gm /kg of seeds.F. Use pheromone traps for monitoring of American boll worm, spotted boll worm, pink boll

worm and spodoptera. Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps per hect. For each ninse3ct pest. Use specific lures for each insect pest species and change it after every 15 to 20 days. Trapped months should be removed daily. ETL for pink boll worm is 80 months per day per trap consecutively for three days. ETL for American boll worms is 4-5 months per day per trap.

G. Spraying of NSKE 5% at 45 and 100 days after germination.H. To release3 of Trichogramma chilonis @ 1.5 lakh pe4r hect. At 60 and 70 days after

germination.I. Spraying of HaNPV @ 500 LE /ha during 70 days after germination.

J. Need based spraying of Endosulfanb 30 EC@ 1 litre per hect. During 60 to 90 days after germination.

K. Need based spraying of Prophenophus @ 1 LT. / hect. during 90-120 days after germination.L. Growing castor and marigold around the cotton + arhar field (border crops) as trap crops for

trapping Spodoptera ( leaf cutting caterpillar and Heliothis (American boll worm) leaf eating caterpillar lays a colony of eggs beneath the leaf surface and such leaves should be removed and destroyed regularly.

M. Growing o0f eco feast crops such as maize around the cotton + arhar field for harboring beneficial such as Crysoperla and lady bird beetle which feeds on aphids. Growing arhar as and intercrops as 8:2 row ratios are cotton: arhar.

N. Installation of birds perches @ 20 no.s per hect.O. Setup yellow pan / sticky traps for monitoring white fly @ 25 yellow pans /sticky tarps per

hect. Locally availably empty yellow palmoline tins coated with grease / Vaseline / castor oil on oute3r surface may also be used.

P. Hand collection and destruction of harmful larvae at weekly interval.

PHOTOS DURING TRAINING ON IPM COTTON AT JAMUNABAHAL

DELEVERING SPEECH ABOUT IPM DELEVERING SPEECH ABOUT IPM

DEMONSTRATION OF PHEREMONE TRAPDEMOSTRATION OF YELLOW STICKY TRAP

QUESTIONARIES DURING TRAINING TRAINING GROUND

JAMUNABAHAL

Collection of Village information from the villagers

GLORIOUS ACTIVITY AT VILLAGE JAMUNABAHAL

Problem identification Preparation of hydrological map

Preparation of wealth ranking Collecting village information

Tools under construction our group photo (Gr. 3, RAWE: 2012-13)

Madam guiding for the tools Venn diagram

Transect walk in the village Interview schedule preparation

Training on SRI method of cultivation

PRA TOOLS AT VILLAGE JAMUNABAHAL

Matrix ranking Seasonal diagram

Crop map preparation Transect walk

DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AT GOUDTOLA

Socio-resource map prepared by villagers

GLORIOUS ACTIVITY AT VILLAGE GAUDTOLA

Transect walk in the village Preparation of matrix ranking

Making of socio-resource map Collecting daily work profile data

Offering weather info. Board by PC,KVK Celebration of WORLD FOOD DAY

PRA TOOLS AT VILLAGE goudtola

Exposure visit to KVK,kalahandi

Time line preparationAttending Farmers meeting conducted by

KVK Kalahandi

Weather report board provided to villagers by KVK

Socio-resource map of Goudtola

KVK, KALAHANDI DR.R.K.TARAI SHOWING QUALITY PLANTING MATERIALS.

VERMICOPMOSTING UNIT UTTAM SIR WITH US AT KVK

POULTRY UNIT SHADE NET

DHINGRI MUSHROOM/OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

TECHNOLOGY FOR CULTIVATION:-

The oyster mushroom is known as wood fungus or Dhingri belongs to genus pleuratus. The fruiting body of this mushroom is distinctly shell ,fan or spatula shaped with different sets of white ,cream, grey or light brown depending upon the species. These are popular edible fungus easy to cultivate and cost of production is low. Besides this oyster mushroom can be sun dried and stored for sale.

COMMONLY CULTIVATED SPECIES:-

1. Pleuratus florida2. Pleuratus sapidus3. Pleuratus sajorcaju4. Pleuratus ostreatus5. Pleuratus flabellatus

TAXONOMIC POSITION:-

Sub division- BasidomycotinaClass-HynenomycetesOrder- AgaricalesFamily-TricholomataceaeGenus-PleuratusSUBSTRACT USED FOR CULTIVATION:-It is commonly grown on paddy straw ,wheat straw ,cotton waste and corn cobs .Other agricultural waste which can be used are banana pseudostems ,rice husk ,saw dust of broad leaf trees ,coconut waste ,sugarcane baggage ,sun flower stalks can be used.

CULTIVATION OF

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-1. Clean chopped straw-2Kg2. Spawn bottle-1 no.3. Polythene bag-1 no.4. Wheat seed-200 gm.5. Thread6. Rose cane

PROCEDURE:-

Remove the panicle portion of the straw and then cut it into pieces of 5 cm. size. Wash it in clean water and soak for 12-24 hrs in water. Remove the soaked straw and put it in boiled Water for steaming .Drain the water from the straw and spread it in shade so that 60-65% moisture will be retained in the straw.Polythene of 55x35 cm. size is taken whose bottom portion is to be tied and closed by thread.200 gm. of wheat seed soaked for 6-12 hrs. Or boiled for 15 minutes in clean water and dried under shade for draining the water for 15 minutes.Divide the spawn into 5 equal parts also the boiled wheat seed into 5 equal parts .Put 1 layer of chopped straw in 2 inch height inside the polythene.Over this one part spawn and one part wheat seed are distributed equally .Likewise 5 layers are made and finally 1 inch layer of straw is given on top portion and little pressure given by palm on the bed to make the bed compact. Holes are made previously in polythene to drain out of excess water, for aeration and diffusion of heat, generated inside.Keep the polythene bag in dark and cool place for 15 days and then see whether the mycelia development has completed or not. If it is completed then remove the polythene bag .By this period the mass of straw is converted to a cake. Keep the whole cake in racks or in clean place or can be hanged with help of ropes in mushroom house. Then after light spraying of water is done over the beds .Sprouting will come out within a week which is harvested after 3 days. Nearly 500 gm. of mushroom can be harvested from a bed at a time. After harvest keep the bed undisturbed and spray water every day.Again after 5-7 days another flush will come out which may be harvested, likewise 3-4 harvest are done. A bed can yield more than 1.5 Kg of mushroom.

PRECAUTION:-

1. Sterilization of mushroom chambers for commercial cultivation ,by spraying formalin water(50 part water and 1 part Formalin)

2. Hands should be washed thoroughly while working.3. Do not take shoes inside the mushroom house.4. Before bed making the straw may also be sterilized by dipping the straw in a

solution of Bavistin or Palantomycin @ 1 gm/ltr.of water.5. Boiling or steaming of straw is also a good practice for killing the contaminants.6. To maintain humidity in room 2-3 inch sand layers should be given on the floor.

Optimum temperature required is 25-280C with relative humidity more than 80 %.This mushroom can even grow better in 16-23 0 C. To lower down the temp. and to keep the room humid gunny bags or straw seeds may be hanged on walls over which water is sprinkled to provide humidity and cooling effect.

7. Harvesting is done with a clean hand smoothly or can be cut with a blade so that the mycellial mat will not be disturbed.

8. Everything should be done in neat and clean manner so that the contamination can be checked.

ECONOMICS (cost of cultivation for one bed):-

SL. NO ITEM QUANTITY COST(Rs.)1 Paddy straw 2 kg 3.002 Spawn(1 bottle) 200gm 10.003 Polythene bag 1no 3.004 Labour charge 5.005 Other

miscellaneousexpenditure

4.00

TOTAL 25.00RETURN:-Cost of cultivation=25.00Yield=1.5kgCost of produce @ 40.00 /kg=60.00Gross return=60.00Profit =60-25=35.00B.C ratio= (gross return-cost of cultivation)/ Cost of cultivation

= (60-25)/25=1.4

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STEPS INVOLVED IN MUSHROOMING

Collected straw cutting of straw by straw cutter

Cleaning of soaking tank soaked straw ready for bedding

Punching the poly bag collecting the spawn from the bottle

Spawns ready for bedding Filling the poly bag with straw & spawn

Pressing the straws in poly bag Teaching about Mushroom house