UML ED 392 565 RC 00 422 TITLE Housing of American Indians on Reservations: An Overview (and] Plumbing (and] Equipment and Fuels (and] Structural Characteristics. Bureau of the Census Statistical Briefs. INSTITUTION Bureau of the Census (DOC), Washington, DC. Economics and Statistics Administration. REPORT NO SB/94-32; SB/95-9; SB/95-10; SB/95-11 PUB DATE Apr 95 NOTE 15p. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Statistical Data (110) EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Reservations; Census Figures; Demography; Disadvantaged; Family Environment; Family Size; Heads of Households; Heating; *Homeowners; *Housing; *Housing Deficiencies; Living Standards; Nonreservation American Indians; *Plumbing; *Reservation American Indians IDENTIFIERS *Census 1990; Kitchens ABSTRACT Four briefs use data from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing to examine housing characteristics of reservation American Indian households. Forty-eight reservations with 500 or more American Indian households were compared to all households in the United States and to nonreservation American Indian households. Data revealed that: (1) American Indian households made up less than half (45%) of all households on reservations; (2) 67 percent of reservation American Indians owned their homes, slightly more than all race groups or nonreservation American Indians; (3) homeownership rates for reservation American Indians rose steadily with age; (4) only 16 percent of reservation American Indian household,rs were 65 years of age or older; (5) a higher proportion of American Indian householders under age 35 lived off reservations, possibly due to younger American Indians leaving reservations because of poor employment and educational opportunities, as well as lack of housing; (6) reservation American Indian households contained a median of 3.65 persons; (7) the typical reservation home had only 4.4 rooms, nearly a whole room less than the national median; (8) nearly one-third of reservation homes were overcrowded; (9) over one-fourth of reservation American Indian homeowners lacked complete plumbing; (10) reservation American Indian households were far more likely than the typical U.S. household to live in new housing units; (11) 14 percent of reservation American Indians lived in mobile homes; (12) American Indian homes on reservations were much more likely to lack complete kitchen facilities; (13) the majority of American Indian homes on reservations did not have a telephone; (14) 22 percent of American Indian reservation households were without a motor vehicle; and (15) the most commonly used heating fuel on American Indian reservation homes was wood. The data is presented in numerous graphs and tables. (LP)
Transcript
UML
ED 392 565 RC 00 422
TITLE Housing of American Indians on Reservations: AnOverview (and] Plumbing (and] Equipment and Fuels(and] Structural Characteristics. Bureau of theCensus Statistical Briefs.
INSTITUTION Bureau of the Census (DOC), Washington, DC. Economicsand Statistics Administration.
REPORT NO SB/94-32; SB/95-9; SB/95-10; SB/95-11PUB DATE Apr 95NOTE 15p.PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Statistical Data (110)
EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Reservations; Census Figures;
Demography; Disadvantaged; Family Environment; FamilySize; Heads of Households; Heating; *Homeowners;*Housing; *Housing Deficiencies; Living Standards;Nonreservation American Indians; *Plumbing;*Reservation American Indians
IDENTIFIERS *Census 1990; Kitchens
ABSTRACT
Four briefs use data from the 1990 Census ofPopulation and Housing to examine housing characteristics ofreservation American Indian households. Forty-eight reservations with500 or more American Indian households were compared to allhouseholds in the United States and to nonreservation American Indianhouseholds. Data revealed that: (1) American Indian households madeup less than half (45%) of all households on reservations; (2) 67percent of reservation American Indians owned their homes, slightlymore than all race groups or nonreservation American Indians; (3)homeownership rates for reservation American Indians rose steadilywith age; (4) only 16 percent of reservation American Indianhousehold,rs were 65 years of age or older; (5) a higher proportionof American Indian householders under age 35 lived off reservations,possibly due to younger American Indians leaving reservations becauseof poor employment and educational opportunities, as well as lack ofhousing; (6) reservation American Indian households contained amedian of 3.65 persons; (7) the typical reservation home had only 4.4rooms, nearly a whole room less than the national median; (8) nearlyone-third of reservation homes were overcrowded; (9) over one-fourthof reservation American Indian homeowners lacked complete plumbing;(10) reservation American Indian households were far more likely thanthe typical U.S. household to live in new housing units; (11) 14percent of reservation American Indians lived in mobile homes; (12)American Indian homes on reservations were much more likely to lackcomplete kitchen facilities; (13) the majority of American Indianhomes on reservations did not have a telephone; (14) 22 percent ofAmerican Indian reservation households were without a motor vehicle;and (15) the most commonly used heating fuel on American Indianreservation homes was wood. The data is presented in numerous graphsand tables. (LP)
WI. DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATIONONco of EMemotomdelearen ono ireopessment
EDUCATIONAL RESOuRCESINFORMATIONCENTER tERIOiittes elocuomot hos Peen toproomoo , asMeowed trOno the prersOn Or organushoncommolong rt
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Bureauof the
Census BriefStatisfical
Housing of American Indianson ReservationsAn OverviewIn 1990, nearly 1 in every 4 Ameri-can Indians, Eskimos, and Aleutslived on a reservation. Th2se reser-vation residents faced much differ-ent housing conditions than otherAmericans. And conditions dif-fered tremendously among the in-dividual reservations.
One of a series, this Brief uses datacollected in the 1990 Census ofPopulation and Housing to ex-amine housing characteristics ofAmerican India;i households onreservations and their associatedtrust lands. The term 'AmericanIndian households" includes allhousing units where the household-er has identified himself or herselfas American Indian. Eskimo,or Aleut.
This Brief looks at various occu-pancy characterktics of thesehouseholds, such as householder'sage and tenure. the number of per-sons, the chances of their beingcrowded, and mobility. They arecompared to all households, as wellas to Amer;can Indian householdsnot living on reservations.
There are 314 reservations andtrust lands in the United States.Trust lands are property associated
a particular American Indianreservation or tribe, held in trust bythe Federal Government; In thisBrief, the term "reservation" alsoincludes trust lands.
Most live in the RockyMountain States.
The Mountain Division is com-prised of eight Rocky MountainStates New Mexico. Arizona,Colorado, Utah. Nevada, Wyo-ming. Montana, and Idaho. Al-though these States contained only5 percent of all households in theUnited States, they were home to63 percent of all American Indianhouseholds on reservations. A ma-jor reason was the presence of theNavajo Reservation and Trust
7
rrs ;
51394-I)c cnihcr 19'01
11.5. Department ot Commerce1.:conon1po and SI. AdminIsl rat ion
1990
1990
1960
1930
1900
()I 1111 I I 15 I
Lands, which spans portions ofArizona. New Mexico, and Utah.his reservation alone accountedfor over one-quarter of all Ameri-can Indian households on reserva-tions. California, by comparison.was home to a relatively paltryone-ninth of all U.S. households.
As the table on page 2 shows, therewere 48 large reservations (500 ormore American Indian house-holds).
American Indian householdsmade up less than half of allhouseholds on reservations.
There were about 250.000 house-holds of all race groups living onreservations and trust lands. Sur-prisingly, the majority of them(128,(XX)) were White. Only112,(XX) (45 percent) had an Amer-ican Indian householder. Yet
In 1990, American Indian ReservationHouseholds Were as Large as Those in theUnfted States In the Early Part of Thls CenturyMedian number of persons per household
American Indian Households on Reservations
3 7
United States
2.3
3 0
3 4
4 2
2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS STATISTICAL BRIEF December 1994
1 Reservation Recap - Occupancy Characteristics1
Selected occupancy characteristics of American Indian households on reservations, by reservation with 500 or more1 American Indian households: 19901
.9, PvcentNumber '...' with Percent
of 7...: Percent Percent house- withAmerican :., of all who holder house-
Indian ...11 house- owned who holderhouse- holds on their was under
holds reservation home elderly age 35
All reservations and trust lands 112,209 44.9 67.3Acoma Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM 586 ... 96.5 91.6Blackfeet Reservation, MT 1,872 802 51.8Cattaraugus Reservation, NY 677 95.6 70.5Cheyenne River Reservation, SD 1,293 55.0 33.6Colorado River Reservation, AZ-CA 652 24.5 64.3CoMlle Reservation, WA 1,196 49.9 58.1Crow Reservation and Trust Lands, MT Lon 64.3 60.6Devils Lake Sioux Reservation, ND 627 64.5 40.0Eastern Cherokee Reservation, NC 1,786 84.9 80.9Flathead Reservation, MT 1,7,U 22.0 60.3Forl Apache Reservation, AZ 2,232 90.0 70.7Fort Belknap Reservation and Trust
Lands, MT 656 91.6 54.4Fort Berthold Reservation, ND 848 4.9.2 44.8Fort Hall Reservation and Trust Lands, ID 832 55.5 76.0Fort Peck Reservation, MT 1,591 46.2 48.8Gila River Reservation, AZ 2,295 94.5 67.1Hoopa Valley Reservation, CA 535 77.5 63.4Hopi Reservation and Trust Lands, AZ 1,724 92.4 80.0Isleta Pueblo, NM 831 93.6 91.7Jicarilla Apache Reservation, NM 607 86.5 59.8Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation
and Trust Lands, WI 523 65.7 38.0Laguna Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM 1,007 95.7 76.2Lake Traverse (Sisseton) Reservation, ND-SD 739 19.2 28.8Leech Lake Reservation, MN 999 32.4 61.4Menominee Reservation, WI 824 91.5 57.6Mescalero Apache Reservation, NM 595 91.1 29.4Mississippi Choctaw Reservation
and Trust Lands, MS 892 95.0 64.9Navajo Reservation and Trust
Lands, AZ-NM-UT 34,086 94.0 78.3Nez Perce Reservation, ID 581 9.5 68.3Northern Cheyenne Reservation and
Trust Lands, MT-SD 880 84.2 63.0Oneida (West) Reservation, WI 707 12.3 63.5Osage Reservation, OK 1,931 12.6 76.3Papago Reservation, AZ 2.086 95.4 74.4Pascua Yaqui Reservation, AZ 525 96.2 51.2Pine Ridge Reservation and Trust
Lands, NE-SD 2,352 85.5 44 6Red Lake Reservation, MN 928 96.7 63.0Rosebud Reservation and Trust Lands, SD 1,924 75.7 42.7St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, NY 625 98.6 89.8Sart River Reservation, AZ 855 54.0 69.9San Carios Reservation, AZ 1,634 95.8 67.3Standing Rock Reservation, NDSD 1.133 48.7 28.2Turtle Mountain Reservation and
Trust Lands, ND-SD 1,982 95.0 58.6Uintah and Ouray Reservation, UT 651 13.2 63.9Warm Springs Reservation and Trust Lands OR 675 89.9 60.9White Earth Reservation, MN 816 27.2 61.0Wind River Reservation, WY 1,474 19.7 57.9Yakima Reservation and Trust Lands. WA 1.571 19.8 53.2Zuni Pueblo, AZ-NM 1,465 88.9 79 1
American Indians made up morethan half (437,000, or 54 percent)of all 808,000 persons on reserva-tions. This is due to the fact Amer-ican Indian reservation householdswere relatively large (see graph onpage 1 and discussion of householdsize later in this Brief).
Homeownership rates onreservations were generally high ....
Two in three (67 percent) of allAmerican Indian households Onreservations owned their homes.This was slightly higher than the64 percent for all race groupsnationally and much higher thanthe 51 percent recorded by Amer-ican Indian households not onreservations.
It's worth noting that some largereservations had much higher ratesthan others. The highest rates weregenerally found in the Southwest.For example, the Isleta Pueblo andAcoma Pueblo and Trust Lands,both in New Mexico, had Ameri-can Indian homeownership rates ofover 90 percent. The lowest rates,by and large. were found in theDakotas. The Standing Rock Res-ervation and the Lake Traverse(Sisseton) Reservation, which bothoccupy parts of North and SouthDakota. had rates under 30 per-cent. (See table.)
STATISTICAL BRIEF
and rose with age.
Interestingly, homeowne:shiprates for American Indian house-holders on reservations rosesteadily with age, from 41 percentfor those under 25 years to 82percent for those 75 years andover. For householders nationally,on the other hand, the ratestarted at only 17 percent, peakedat 80 percent (for those aged55-64), then dropped off to 70percent (for persons aged 75 orolder).
Elderly households wereless common ....
Only 16 percent of American In-dian householders on reservationswere 65 years of age or older. Forthe United States as a whole, thecorresponding figure was 22 per-cent. Incidentally, an even smallerproportion (12 percent) of Ameri-can Indian householders not onreservations were elderly.
Again, there were large variationsamong the bigger individual reser-vations. On one hand, only 5 per-cent of the Pascua Yaqui, AZ.American Indian householderswere elderly. At the other extremewas the Laguna Pueblo and TrustLands. NM, where one-quarterwere 65 or older. In fact, this was
Were American Indian Households on ReservationsMore Mobile Than the Norm?
No. But American Indian households who did not live on reservationswere very mobile. Why? Renters and young householders move fre-quently. American Indians on reservations tend to own their homes,while those off reservations were frequently renters and were younger.Percent of at households who moved in the 15 months prior to the 1990 census
American Indianhouseholds
on reservations
All U.S. 61.households 9.4%
American Indianhouseholds living
off reservations
20.9%
1 32
All householdsOwnersRenters
41 6°.
51 9°.
December 1994
the only larger reservation whereelderly American Indian house-holders outnumbered young ones(under age 35). The Osage Reser-vation, OK, by the way, was theonly other where the percentage ofelderly American Indian house-holders (23 percent) exceeded thenational average (22 percent).(See table.)
.... while younger householderswere more prevalent.
At the other end of the age contin-uum, almost 30 percent of Ameri-can Indian householders on reser-vations were under 35 years of age.For the United States as a whole.27 percent were in this age group.An even higher proportion ofAmerican Indian householders offreservations (34 percent) were un-der age 35. This may be a sign thatmany younger American Indiansare leaving reservations. Better em-ployment and educational opportu-nities off reservations, as well asthe lack of housing on reservations,are pos.sible reasons.
The table shows the percentagesof elderly and young American In-dian householders on each of thelarger reservations.
American Indian households onreservations were large ....
American Indian households onreservations contained a median of3.65 persons. This was considerablyhigher than the 2.29 for all house-holds nationally and the 2.62 forAmerican Indian households offreservations. It's also similar to theU.S. median in thc early part ofthis century (see graph on thefirst page.)
When we examine household si/eby tenure. we see that AmericanIndians on reservations were Ye!rb
much unlike other households.American Indian reservatimhouseholds who owned theirhomes had a median of 3.63 per-sons; hut renters had 3.71. Forhouseholds in the United Statesas a whole. the opposite was true(2.40 for owners and 2.04 for
m0'
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
renters). American Indian house-holds not living on reservations hadsizes intermediate between the two(2.78 for owners and 2.47 for rent-ers).
Once more. we see sharp differ-ences when looking at the large in-dividual reservations. Althoughnone had household sizes as low asthe 2.29 persons nationally, theOsage Reservation. at 2.49. cameclosest. The Zuni Pueblo, AZ-NM,on the other hand, had the largestmedian household size 4.47 per-sons. (See table.)
but lived in small homes.
l'he typical American Indian homeon a reservation had only 4.4rooms. nearly a whole room lessthan the national median (5.3).
On the larger reset-vations, homesi/es varied from a mere 3.1 rooms(Navajo, AZ-NM-I. j) to the na-tional median of 5.3 (MesealeroApache. NM, and Nei Perce. ID).Unlike the case nationally. Ameri-can Indian owners and renters onreserVations had the same mediannumber of rth)ms (see graph be-low). By reservation, owner-oeclipied homes varied fp)111only 2.8 rooms ( Navajo) to 5.6(Lake Traverse. NO-SD). Renter-occupied homes differed from3.(1 rooms (Hopi. AZ) to 5.3Mescalero Apache. NM): two
American Indianhouseholds
on reservations
STATISTICAL BRIEF
others (Menominee, WI, and Pas-cua Yaqui, AZ) were right behindat 5.2 rooms.
Large households plus smallhomes equals crowding.
tomes are generally consideredcrowded if they contain more thanone ilerson per room. Nationally.5 percent of all households werecrowded in 1990. This percentagewas much lower than the approxi-mately 20 percent back in 1940the year of the first housing census.But the national conditions of ahalf-c..ntury ago were nothingcompared to what Ainerican In-dian households on reservationsface today. In 1990, an astounding0ne-driol of them were crowded!
When it came to "severe- crowding(more than 1.5 persons per room).American Indian households onreservations were also way abovethe 1990 national average (18 per-cent compared with 2 percent).
Anierican Indian owner householdswere somewhat worse off thanthose with renters (34 percent werecrowded and 20 percent were se-erely crowded versus 30 percent
and 13 percent for renters).
Arizona reservations hadthe worst ciowding.
( )1 the eight reservations wheremore than tme-third of American
American Indian Renters onReservations Had as Many Rooms inTheir Homes as Owners
Median number ot rooms in housing unit 1990
All households NM Owners me Renters
4 4
4 4
4 4
5 3
,,OuseholdsAll U.S.
4.0.. ..... . .
4 7Arnerican Indianhouseholds living
ell reservations4 0
December 1994
Indian households lived in crowdedconditions, seven were wholly orpartly in Arizona. The Navajo Res-ervation and Trust Lands, AZ-NM-
JT, at an incredible 54 percent,had the highest rate of crowding(see table). Severely crowded hous-ing followed the same basic pat-tern: here. the Navajo stood at38 percent.
Most Americans would be %et\ sur-prised to learn that such housingconditions exist in the UnitedStates in this day and age. Yet.on many reservations. en)wdedsot:rely crowded housing is I tactot life.
More information:General Housing (haractensucs,American Indian and Alaska
.-hrea8. Series 199)1C11-1- I A. For sale by .8. (ernment Printing Office (( )1.
Stock No. 003-024-075W)-1. 535.
Detallid Housing (liaractensocs,Ankvicwr Indian and Alaskanye Amts. Series 1990 (11-2-) A.For sale by (iPO. Stock No0413-024-07623-3. 544.
Contacts:lousing of American Indians on
reservations ---Robert Bimnette301-763-8553
Statistical BriefsRobert liernstein301-457-1I
This line! IS one 0f a serie thatpc5entsun0rmanon 0/i UrrelltIllfrrest. Ii elaIllMeS frOlnNEW census . 1 complete descupnon ()I shitistIcal qualm and IniniaIII ms is included in the (tholenwntioned n710115.
Data for Smaller Reservations
Due to space constraints, thetable on page 2 has data onlyfor the 48 reservations with 500or more American Indian house-holds. To obtain data for reserva-tions not shown, call RobertBonnette (301-763-8553).
Bureauof the "
Census DrielHousing of American Indianson ReservationsPlumbingMost Americans take indoorplumbing for granted. But Ameri-can Indians living on reservationscan't. As the graph below shows,their households were as likely tolack complete plumbing facilities(hot and cold piped water, a flushtoilet, and a bathtub or shower) in1990 as all U.S. households werein the 1950!
This Brief, one of a series, usesdata collected in the 1990 Ccnsusof Population and Housing to ex-amine housing characteristics ofAmerican Indian households onreservations and their associatedtrust lands. (The term 'AmericanIndian households" includes allunits where the householder hasidentified himself or herself asAmerican Indian, Eskimo, orAleut.) This Brief investigatesnot only their chances of lacking
gZ4 sit 95.')ksucd April iy9c
Department of CommerceF.con(Inno. ond Stot%sno.
141Al 1111 ( I Ns' is
complete plumbing, but also theirsource of water and method ofsewage disposal. It compares themwith both American Indian house-holds living off reservations and allhouseholds in the United States.
There are 314 reservations andtrust lands in the United States.Trust lands are property associatedwith a particular American Indianreservation cr tribe, held in trustby the Federal Government. In
this Brief, the term "reservation"also includes trust lands.
Most American Indian householdson reservations obtained theirwater from public systems orprivate companies
Public systems or private compa-nies supplied water to about 7 inevery 10 American Indian reserva-tion households. (See graph onpage 4.)
American Indian Reservation Households of 1990Were as Likely as U.S. Households of the 1950'sto Lack Complete indoor PlumbingPercent of households lacking completeplunting facilities
American Indian Households on Reservations
1990
United States
1990 1 1%
1980 1 2%
1970 6%
1960
1950
1940
15%
20%
3 4 %
45%
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS STATISTICAL BRIEF
Reservation Recap - PlumbingPlumbing characteristics of American Indian households living on reservations, by reservation with500 or more American Indian households: 1990
Percent receiving Percent disposing ofwater from - sewage by -Public
sYstem Or Inca- SomeOvate Mud other Public trcor Other44trlPonY well Irlourct... sewer atosPont moans
All reservations and trust landsAcoma Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM
i!.,704 -.
k .Wi.o ,:
22.8
8.7Blackfeet Reservation, MT 72.5 24.2Cattaraugus Reservation, NY .7.8 80.1Cheyenne River Reservation, SD 90.1 5.0Colorado River Reservation, AZ-CA 78.0 20.9Colville Reservation, WA 58.9 37.6Crow Reservation and Trust Lands, MT 51.5 43.3Devils Lake Sioux Reservation, ND 52.3 46.3Eastern Cherokee Reservation, NC 42.9 31.1Flathead Reservation, MT 582 34.8Fort Apache Reservation, AZ 91.6 2.2Fort Belknap Reservation and ,
Trust Lands, MT 822. 34.5Fort Berthold Reservation, ND ! '72.5. 24.4Fort Hall Reservation and Trust Lands, ID i:i28.8 70.7Fort Peck Reservation, MT ,...,83.5 15.4Gila River Reservation, AZ .97.6 2.4Hoopa Valley Reservation, CA 76.5 10.6Hopi Reservation and Trust Lands, AZ 76.5 7.7Isleta Pueblo, NM 97.8 1.9Jicarilla Apache Reservation, NM 91.6 4.6Lac Cowie Oreilles Reservation :, 7
and Trust Lands, WI 562 43.6Laguna Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM 95.8 2.6Lake Traverse (Sisseton) Reservation,
ND-SD 79.3 20.1Leech Lake Reservation, MN 34.8 64.4Menominee Reservation, WI
Trust Lands, MS 99.3 0.7Navajo Reservatx, and Trust Lands,
AZ-NM-UT 64.2 22.3Nez Perce Reservation, ID 66.4 32.3Northern Cheyenne Reservation and
Trust Lands, MT-SD 60.8 39.2Oneida (West) Reservation, WI 38.7 60.9Osage Reservation, OK 89.2 8.6Papago Reservation, AZ 77.6 21.1Pascua Yaqui Reservation, AZ 100.0 0.0Pine Ridge Reservation and
Trust Lands, NE-SD 55.8 39.6Red Lake Reservation, MN 47.8 48.2Rosebud Reservation and
Trust Lands, SD 742 24.7St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, NY 54.6 42.4Salt River Reservation, AZ 93.5 2.9San Carlos Reservation, AZ 92.7 2.0Standing Rock Reservation, ND-SD 80.2 15.7Turtle Mountain Reservation and
Trust Lands, ND-SD 91.0 5.9Uintah and Ouray Reservation. UT 85.5 11.0Warm Springs Reservation and
Trust Lands, OR 89.8 8.3White Earth Reservation, MN 45.5 52.9Wind River Reservation, WY 62.8 34.0Yakima Reservation and Trust Lands, WA 38.3 61.4Zuni Pueblo, AZ-NM 94.6 0.6
But this rate differed greatlyamong the larger reservations(those with 500 or more AmericanIndian households). For example,virtually all American Indianhouseholds on the Pascua YaquiReservation, AZ, and the Missis-sippi Choctaw Reservation andTrust Lands, MS, got their waterfrom public systems or privatecompanies. On some reservations,however, like the Cattaraugus, NY,these sources were rare. (See tableon page 2.)
.... but just under half wereconnected to a public sewer.
This was far lower than the 76 per-cent of all U.S. households and the72 percent of American Indianhouseholds living off reservations.It should be noted, though, thatmost reservations were located out-side metro )olitan areas, wherepublic sew rs were less common.So a fairer comparison might bewith only all U.S. housing outsidemetro areas. When we look atthings this way, we see that therates were the same (just under 50percent for both American Indianreservation households and non-metro U.S. housing units).
Again, the situation varied tremen-dously from one reservation toanother. On the Pascua Yaqui Res-ervation, AZ, for example, virtuallyall American Indian homes wereconnected to a public sewer. Buton Hoopa Valley. CA and St. RegisMohawk, NY, almost none were.(See table.)
About 1 in 5 American Indianreservation households disposed ofsewage by met ns other than publicsewer, septic tank, or cesspool ....
Outhouses, chemical toilets, andfacilities in another structure are afew examples of what may be usedinstead. In contrast, only I percentof all households nationally usedother means to dispose of sewage.(See graph at right.) 1:xen forhousing units outsidc !now areas,this proportion was only 3 percent.the same as that for American
STATISTICAL BRIEF
Indian households living off reser-vations.
On the larger reservations, thechances that American Indianhouseholds used other meansranged from near or above 40 per-cent (on the Navajo, AZ-NM-UT;and Hopi, AZ) to below theU.S. average of 1 percent (on theColville, WA; Isleta Pueblo, NM;Mescalero Apache, NM; andPascua Yaqui. AZ). (See table.)
.... and about 1 in 5 lackedcomplete plumbing facilities intheir homes.
Once again, this was a conditionalmost unknown nationally, wherefewer than 1 percent of all house-holds were so inconvenienced.Even U.S. households outside met-ro areas had a rate below 2 per-cent. American Indian households
April 1995
off reservations had a percentageonly slightly higher (about 3 per-cent).
The two larger reservations withthe highest rates were, again, theNavajo and the Hopi, wherearound one-half of American In-dian households lacked completeplumbing. (See table.)
The situation was even worse forowners.
Just over one-quarter of AmericanIndian homeowners living on reser-vations lacked complete plumbing.much higher than the 8 percent oftheir renter counterparts. The situ-ation for all households nationallywas the opposite renters werelikelier than owners to lack plumb-ing. In fact, every housing censussince the first in 1940 has shownthis to be the case.
American Indian Reservation Households'Sewage Disposal Sftuatlon Also Resembles Thatof the United States In the 1950's
Percent of households using a means ofsewage disposal other than a public sewer,septic tank, or cesspool
American Indian Households on Reservations
1990
United States
1990 11%
1980 11%
1970
1960
1950
1940
4%
10%
18%
24%
Note: Data tor the U.S. prior to 1970 were estimated based onunits reporting no flush toilet.
35%
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
When it comes to the prevalenceof homes without complete indoorplumbing, visiting a reservationtoday is like going back in time.The 26 percent of American Indianowners on reservations lackingcomplete plumbing in 1990 wascomparable to the 30 percent of allU.S. owners in 1950. The 1990 ratefor American Indian reservationrenters, meanwhile, was identicalto that of all U.S. renters in 1970.
Incidentally, no one had it as toughas Navajo owners. Remarkably,about 6 in even. 10 did not havecomplete plumbing!
Many expedenced the worst-casescenario lacking completeplumbing and living in crowdedhousing.
Imagine living in a home that notonly lacks complete plumbing, hutalso has more residents thanrooms. If you're like most Ameri-cans today, it's difficult. Only one-tenth of I percent of U.S. house-
STATISTICAL BRIEF
holds lived in such conditions in1990.
However, more than 1 in every 10American Indian households onreservations lived in such housingconditions. Another way of lookingat this is that American Indian res-ervation households comprisedonly 1 in evety 1A0 U.S. house-holds, yet constituted 250 in even'1,000 who lived in homes that si-multaneously lacked completeplumbing and were crowded. Onthe populous Navajo Reservationand Trust Lands, AZ-NM-UT andthe Hopi Reservation and TrustLands, AZ, approximately 3 in 10American Indian households livedin such housing. But on manyreservations, these conditionswere as rare as they were inthe United States as a whole.(See table.)
Once again, owners fared worse.
About 15 percent of AmericanIndian owners on reservations
How Households Obtained Water
Percent distribution of housing units,by source of water: 1990
Public system or Individual wetprivate company
23%
NI U.S. housingunits outside
32%metro areas
American Indianhouseholds on
reservations
All U.S.households
American Indianhouseholds noton reservations
Other source
70°.
April 1995
resided in crowded homes thatlacked complete plumbing. Theseowners accounted for about one-fifth of all such owners in theUnited States.
Of all reservations, the NavajoReservation and Trust Lands hadthe largest number of AmericanIndian owners who faced theseconditions (9,200). The Navajoalone accounted for over 80 per-cent of all American Indian ownerson reservations who lived incrowded homes without completeplumbing. By the way, if 9,2(X)doesn't sound so high, keep inmind that only half as many home-owners in California and New Yorkcombined lived in such homes!
More information:
Detailed Housing Charactenstics,American Indian and Alaska !Vann'Areas, Series 1990 CH-2-1A.For sale by the U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. Stock No.003-024-07623-3. $44.
Contacts:
Housing of American Indianson reservationsRobert Bonnette301-763-8553
Statistical BriefsRobert Bernstein301-457-1221
This Brief is 011C of a series thatpirsents infonnathm of Currentinterest. It examines data from
l9(X) ceasus. A complete
650 descriptimi of statistical (pwlny.and lnnitations is Mcluded inthe above-mentiotwd repon.
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14%
1%
2%
15%
Br.
Data for SmallerReservationsDue to space constraints,the table on page 2 hasdata only for the 48 reser-vations with 500 or moreAmerican Indian house-holds. To obtain data forreservations not shown,call Robert Bonnette(301-763-8553).
.4 , Bureauof the StatisticalTs is
Census DriftHousing of American Indianson ReservationsEquipment and FuelsRefrigerators and telephones aretwo amenities no household can dowithout, right? Wrong especiallyfor American Indians living on res-ervations.
This Brief, one of a series, usesdata collected in the 1990 Censusof Population and Housing to ex-amine housing characteristics ofAmerican Indian households onreservations and their associatedtrust lands. The term 'AmericanIndian households" includes allhousing units where the house-holder has identified himself orherself as American Indian.Eskimo, or Aleut.
This Brief looks at the degree towhich they lacked complete kitchenfacilities, telephones, and motorvehicles. It also examines howthey heated their homes. The Briefcompares them with both Ameri-can Indian househoids not living onreservations and all households inthe United States.
There are 314 reservations andtrust lands in the United States.Trust lands are property associatedwith a particular American Indianreservation or tribe, held in trust bythe Federal Government. In thisBrief, the term "reservation" alsoincludes trust lands.
American Indian homes onreservations were much likelier-than-average to lack completekitchen facilities.
A home is considered to have com-plete kitchen facilities if it containsa sink with piped water, a range or
cookstove, and a refrigerator. In1990, only I percent of house-holds nationally and 3 percent ofAmerican Indian households livingoff reservations were without oneor more of these amenities.
In sharp contrast, about18 per,:ent of American Indianhouseholds on reservationsdidn't have complete kitchens.As the graph below shows, thiswas similar to the national situa-tion of 40 years earlier.
There was a wide variation inconditions among the larger reser-
American Indian Reservation Households Wereas Likely to Lack Complete Kitchen Facilities In1990 as U.S. Households Were In 1950
Percent of households without complete kitchen facilities
American Indian Households on Reservations
1990 [ 18%
United States
c1 1990 1%
1980 2%
1970..0"c."
CNI t 1960 Not available*
1950
Slt 9c 11kqicd April Pm!'
1 Lti. Department of Commoiconomics and Statmici. Adnum,thitim,
ill RI .11'1)1 1111 LI
1940 r^
Note Data for 1940 and 1950 are based on householdslacking a refrigerator
1 0
5
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS STATISTICAL BRIEF
Reservation Recap - EquipmentPercent of American Indian households on reservations who lacked selected amenities,by reservation with 500 or more American Indian households: 1990
Percentlacking
completekitchen
facilities
Percentwithout atelephone
in theirhome
Percentwithouta motorvehicle
All reservations and trust lands 17.5 53.4 22.4Acorna Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM 7.4 30.0 16.8Blackfeet Reservation, MT 1.7 31.7 13.8Cattaraugus Reservation, NY 9.6 20.7 2:- 8Cheyenne River Reservation, SD 8.7 47.8 26.2Colorado River Reservation, AZ-CA 1.3 33.4 19.4Colville Reservation, WA 0.5 27.8 12.6Crow Reservation and Trust Lands, MT 0.8 54.9 7.7Devils Lake Sioux Reservation, ND 2.2 57.4 23.0Eastern Cherokee Reservation, NC 0.5 36.8 15.2Flathead Reservation, MT 1.7 26.7 9.8Fort Apache Reservation, AZ 13.1 64.5 41.1Fort Belknap Reservation and
Trust Lands, MT 2.0 43.1 17.8Fort Berthold Reservation, ND 2.5 43.7 12.8Fort Hall Reservation and Trust Lands. ID 3.5 30.1 3.1Fort Peck Reservation, MT 0.1 38.1 15.9Gila River Reservation, AZ 15.2 77.8 34.5Hoopa Valley Reservation, CA 4.9 35.8 15.7Hopi Reservation and Trust Lan( 3, AZ 30.6 49.3 24.0Isleta Pueblo, NM 1.6 18.5 14.6Jicarilla Apache Reservation, NM 4.7 50.6 15.7Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation and
Trust Lands, WI 0.4 38.0 22.4Laguna Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM 7.7 26.0 19.9Lake Traverse (Sisseton) Reservation,
and Trust Lands, MT-SD 0.0 61.0 12.3Oneida (West) Reservation, WI 0.8 17.3 10.5Osage Reservation, OK 1.1 18.2 8.9Papago Reservation, AZ 24.8 55.9 47.6Pascua Yaqui Reservation, AZ 1.1 26.8 34.4Pine Ridge Reservation and
Trust Lands, NE-SD 18.2 58.6 21.5Red Lake Reservation, MN 4.0 41.0 18.9Rosebud Reservation and
Trust Lands, SD 4.2 56.2 26.2St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, NY 5.3 15.9 21.8Salt River Reservation, AZ 13.3 55,1 25.8San Carlos Reservation, AZ 16.6 83.9 29.6Standing Rock Reservation, ND-SD 5.1 56.8 29.6Turtle Mountain P7Lervation and
Trust Lands, ND-SD 4.6 31.8 19.1Uintah and Ouray Reservation, UT 3.0 49.1 14.0Warm Springs Reservation and
Trust Lands, OR 2.0 31.6 8.6White Earth Reservation, MN 2.4 35.3 20.4Wind River Reservation, WY 2.0 49.3 14.1Yakima Reservation and Trust Lands. WA 0 5 24 1 12 6Zuni Pueblo, AZ-NM 5.2 32.6 19.4
Data for Smaller Reservations
Due to space constraints, the tables in this Brief have data only for the 48reservations with 500 or more American Indian households. To obtain datafor reservations not shown, call Robert Bonnette (301-763-8553).
April 1995
vations (those with 500 ormore American Indian house-holds). On one hand was theNavajo Reservation and TrustLands, AZ-NM-UT, where44 percent of American Indianhouseholds lacked completekitchen facilities. (The ratealso exceeded 20 percenton two other Arizona reserva-tions the Hopi and Papa-go). At the other extreme wereseveral reservations where therate was either equal to or be-low the U.S. average. TheNorthern Cheyenne. MT-SDand Fort Peck, MT were twoexamples. (See table at left.)
On reservations, phonelesshouseholds were the rule ....
Remarkably, the majority ofAmerican Indian homes onreservations (53 percent) didrug have a telephone. Thiswas true for only 5 percent ofall households nationally. Sincemost reservations are locatedoutside metropolitan areas,however, a fairer comparisonis probably with all nonmetmU.S. households only. 'fileirrate was 9 percent.
As the table at left shows,phonelessness was a relativelywidespread condition on eachof the larger reservations.Especially bad off were threewholly or partly in ArizonaGila River. Navajo, and SanCarlos. On each one, approxi-mately three-quarters. of Ameri-can Indian households werephoneless!
.... hut vehicleless householdsvierv not.
They mav not have had aphone at home. but at leastnhist American Indian reserva-tion households could drive toone. Only 22 percent werewithout a !noun vehicle. Nev-ertheless. this was still higherthan the Ili percent of Ameri-can Indian households not onretie minims and the 12 per-
( lit of all 11.5. householdsithout a vehicle.
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
Again, rates varied tremen-dously from one larger res-ervation to another. On theFort Apache and PapagoReservations in Arizona,for example, over one-thirdof American Indian house-holds lacked a vehicle. Buton many other reserva-tions, the vehicleless ratefor American Indianhouseholds was either ator below the U.S. average.These included the CrowReservation and TrustLands, MT; Fort HallReservation and "'histLands. ID; Osage Reserva-tion, OK; and WarmSprings Reservation and!rust Lands. OR. (Seetable on page 2.)
The most commonly usedhome heating fuel was wood.
Although rarely used na-tionally. wood was used toheat 1 in every 3 AmericanIndian homes on reserva-tions in I'M. Bottled, tank.or LP gas and electricity, at22 percent and 19 percent,respectively, were the nextmost commonly used fuels.Meanwhile, utility gas, theleading fuel nationally,checked in at a meager16 percent on reservations.(See graph at right.)
When was wood last usedas widely at the nationallevel as it is today on reser-vations? The answer issometime before WorldWar 11. The CensusBureau didn't collect dataon home heating fuel useduntil the first housingcensus, taken in 1940.That census revealedthat a relatively paltry23 percent of U.S. house-holds used wood. Wo(xluse sukequently declinedto 10 percent in 1950 andhas temained it littleusedfuel at the national levelever since.
STATISTICAL BRIEF
Wood Reigned Supreme as a Hem;ng Fuel onReservations, But Was Rarely Used Nationally
April 1995
Distribution of occupied housing units, by primary fuel used for house heating: 1990
Other fuelor none 4%
Wood 34%
Fuel oil.kerosene,
etc. 6°
Fuel oil,kerosene,etc. 12%
Electricity 26%
Bottled, tank,or LP gas 60.
Wood 8'.
Fuel oil,kerosene,
etc 9°.
Electricity 25'.
Bottled tankor IP gas 9',
American Indian Householdson Reservations
All U.S. Households
American Indian HouseholdsLiving Ott Reservations
Utility gas 16%
Bottled, tank,or LP gas 22°.
Electricity 19'.
Wood 4%
Other fuelor none 1°.
Utility gas 51%
Other fuelor none 100
Utility gas 48'
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS STATISTICAL BRIEF April 1995
Reservation Recap FuelsFuel American Indian households on reservations were most likely to use as theirmain home heating source, by reservation with 500 or more Arn.Trican Indianhouseholds: 1990 (percent using it is in parenthesis)
All reservations and trust lands
Acoma Pueblo and Trust Lands, NMBlackfeet Reservation, MTCattaraugus Reservation, NYCheyenne River Reservation, SDColorado River Reservation, AZCAColville Reservation, WACrow Reservation and
If two or more fuels are listed, it means they statisticallytied for most commonly used
Bgas stands for bottled, tank. or I P gasUgas stands for utility gasElect, stands for electricity.
Fuel oll category includes kerosene
1 3
The table at left shows themost commonly used homeheating fuel on each of the 4)larger reservations. If two ormore fuels are listed, it meansthey statistically tied for mo',:.tcommon.
More information:
Detailed Housing Characteris-tics, American Indian andAlaska Native Areas, Series1990 CH-2-1A. For sale byU.S. Government .1rintingOffice. Stock No.003-024-07623-3. $44.
Contacts:
!lousing of American Indianson reservationsRobert Bonnette301-763-8553
Statistical BriefsRobert Bernstein301-457-1221
Bfief is one of a sefiesthat presents infonnation ofcurrent interest. It eXatilineSdata from the 1990 census..4 complete description ofstatistical quality andlimitations is included indu above-mentioned repon.
Bureauof the 'rs
Census Dntatistical
Housing of American Indians onStructural CharacteristicsLike the housing of the Nation asa whole, the housing of AmericanIndians on reservations comes in avariety of ages and forms. But themix is considerably different.
This is one of a series of Briefsthat uses data collected in the 1990Census of Population and Housingto examine housing characteristicsof American Indian households onreservations and their associatedtrust lands. The term 'AmericanIndian households" includes allhousing units where the house-holder has identified himself orherself as American Indian,Eskimo, or Aleut.
This Brief looks at two differentstructural characteristics of homes
their age (the proportion thatwere either new or old) and type(the percentage that were single-family, mobile homes, or locatedin multiunit structures).
There are 314 reservations andtrust lands in the United States.Trust lands are property associatedwith a particular American Indianreservation or tribe, held in trustby the Federal Government. Inthis Brief, the term "reservation"also includes trust lands.
tv"'s&\.tSli .95 - 10ksiicd Aprd 1995
t S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics Administration!WM./MI 01. (INst's
On reservations, new housingwas relatively widespread ....
Homes built between 1985 andMarch 1990 were considered"new." As the graph below shows,American Indian households onreservations were far more likelythan the typical U.S. household tolive in new units.
Reservations
Among the larger reservations(those with 500 or more AmericanIndian households), new homeswere most prevalent on the PascuaYaqui Reservation, AZ, where theycomprised well over half of allAmerican Indian homes.
.... and old homes were rare.American Indian households onreservations were only about halfas likely as all households national-ly to live in an "old" home; that is,one built before 1940. (See granhbelow.) However, there were a fewreservations where old
housing was much more common.One example was the Isleta Pueb-lo, NM, where over one-quarter ofAmerican Indian households livedin such homes.
Single-family homes were evenmore prevalent on reservationsthan elsewhere.
More than three-quarters of Amer-ican Indian households on reserva-tions resided in one-family houses,higher than the 70 percent of allU.S. households and far greaterthan ale 60 percent of AmericanIndian households living off reser-vations.
On three large reservations (all inthe Southwest), the proportion forAmerican Indian households top-ped 90 percent. Pascua Yaqui, AZ.at 98 percent, led the way. At theother extreme was the CattaraugusReservation, NY, at 53 percent.
New Homes Versus Old HomesPercent of 1990 households:
S3 Living in new units (1985 or later) III Living in old units (Pre-1940)
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