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A Child’s World:InfancyThrough
Adolescence12th Edition
By
Diane E. Papalia,
Ruth Duskin Feldman
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Entering a Child’s World
PART 1
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Studying a Child’s World
Chapter 1
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Guideposts for Study
1. What is child development, and how
has its study evolved?
2. What do developmental scientists
study?
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Guideposts for Study
3. What kinds of influences make one
child different from another?
4. What are six fundamental points about
child development on which consensus
has emerged?
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The Study of Child Development
Then & Now - Early Approaches
Baby biographies: as early as 1787
Darwin (1877) journal gave baby biographies
scientific respectability
Wild boy of Aveyron
Hall (1904) pioneered adolescence studies
Gesell (1930s) studied child motor development
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Fig. 1.1
Arnold Gesell 1880-1961
John Locke 1632-1704
Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
Charles Darwin 1809-
1882
G. Stanley Hall 1844-
1924
James Mark Baldwin 1861-1934
Maria Montessori 1870-1952
John Dewey 1859-1952
Alfred Binet 1857-1911
John B. Watson 1878-
1958
Some pioneers in the study of a child’s world: A timeline
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The Study of Child Development
Studying the Human Life Span
All aspects of human development from
conception to death
Growth and development occur
throughout the life span
Aspects of adult development have an
impact on the way children develop
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New Frontiers Technology (e.g. cameras, videos, and
computers) improved objectivity
Continued development in digital technology and computers aids our understanding of complex processes like biological functions and childhood intelligence
The Study of Child Development
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The Study of Child Development
Domains of Development
Physical: Growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, and motor skills
Cognitive: Mental abilities, such as learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial: Personality, emotions, and social relationships
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The Study of Child Development
Periods of Development
Social construction
Concept of adolescence is quite recent
Until the early 20th century young people were considered children until they left school, married, or got a job
Comprehensive high school made adolescence a distinct period
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Periods of Development: A Social Construction
Table 1.1
Prenatal Period: Conception to birth
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Birth to age 3
Early Childhood: 3 to 6 years
Middle Childhood: 6 to 11 years
Adolescence: 11 to about 20 years
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The Study of Child Development
Heredity Inborn traits or characteristics from biological
parents
Environment World outside the self
Socialization
Maturation Unfolding of a universal, natural sequence of
changes
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The Study of Child Development
Contexts of Development
Family
Nuclear family Two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit
Two biological parents and their biological, adopted, and/or stepchildren
Extended family Multigenerational kinship network of grandparents, aunts,
uncles, cousins, etc.
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The Study of Child Development
Contexts of Development
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Income
Education
Occupation
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The Study of Child Development
Contexts of Development
Culture
Defined as a group’s total way of life including customs, traditions, laws, knowledge, beliefs, values, language, and physical products
Is constantly changing, often through contact with other cultures
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The Study of Child Development
Contexts of Development Ethnicity
Ethnic groups consist of people united by a distinctive culture
The United States’ immigrant population has shifted from Europe and Canada to Asia and Latin America
By 2040 the minority population is projected to rise to 50 percent
There is a wide diversity within ethnic groups (nearly 90%)
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The Study of Child Development
Contexts of Development
Race
Once viewed as a biological category; now a social construct
Categories of culture, race, and ethnicity are fluid
Ethnic gloss
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The Study of Child Development
Normative and Nonnormative Influences
Normative age-graded influences
Normative history-graded influences
Historical generation
Cohort
Nonnormative
Unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives, e.g. winning the lottery
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The Study of Child Development
Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
Imprinting
Critical period
Controversial: Sensitive periods may be more useful
Plasticity
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An Emerging Consensus
All domains of development are interrelated
Normal development includes a wide range of individual differences within the general processes all children follow as they develop
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An Emerging Consensus
Children Help Shape Their Own Development and Influence Others’ Responses to Them
Historical and Cultural Contexts Strongly Influence Development
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An Emerging Consensus
Early Experience Is Important, but Children Can Be Remarkably Resilient
Development in Childhood Is Part of Development Throughout the Life Span
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