RE-THINKING & RE-WORKING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 1781-RE-THINKING & RE-WORKING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 1781-17881788

What events led some American leaders to determine a stronger central What events led some American leaders to determine a stronger central government was necessary and how did they succeed?government was necessary and how did they succeed?

LAND ORDINANCE 1785LAND ORDINANCE 1785

Uniform procedures for Uniform procedures for surveying territorysurveying territory

Orderly development of Orderly development of western territorywestern territory

Townships 6 mile sq., Townships 6 mile sq., 36 sections, 1 reserved 36 sections, 1 reserved for public schoolsfor public schools

Favored speculatorsFavored speculators

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 1787NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 1787

Bounded by Ohio & Bounded by Ohio & Mississippi Rivers & Great Mississippi Rivers & Great LakesLakes

Established 1Established 1stst organized organized territory of the United territory of the United StatesStates

No less than 3 no more than No less than 3 no more than 5 states5 states

Full rights & responsibilities Full rights & responsibilities of original 13 statesof original 13 states

Set precedent for how US Set precedent for how US would expand westwardwould expand westward

Slavery prohibitedSlavery prohibited

REVOLUTIONARY CHANGESREVOLUTIONARY CHANGES

• SLAVERY: on the road to ultimate extinction – Founding Fathers can’t agree here & know it so take it off the table – union & survival 1st priority

• PA 1st to abolish slavery & form 1st anti-slavery organization

• Slavery died where it was not eco-nomically important

• Easier laws of manumission• NW Ordinance 1787• Banneker, Wheatley, R. Allen

• RELIGION: Anglican church be-comes Episcopal & loses influence, state support for churches continues BUT money goes to religion with most members in most states. Congregationalist still #1 in Mass..

ABOLISH PRIMOGENITURE ABOLISH PRIMOGENITURE & ENTAIL:& ENTAIL: property property inheritance more equitableinheritance more equitable

WOMEN: WOMEN: no uniform changes no uniform changes BUT ran farms, homes & BUT ran farms, homes & businesses during warbusinesses during war

Increasing legal rights: Increasing legal rights: divorce, property & educationdivorce, property & education

NJ allows women to voteNJ allows women to vote

EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL SPIRIT & CULTURE:SPIRIT & CULTURE: flag, flag, national heroes, textbooks, national heroes, textbooks, nationalism a result NOT cause nationalism a result NOT cause of Revolution, uniform postal of Revolution, uniform postal system, currency, Academy of system, currency, Academy of Arts & Science, mid 18Arts & Science, mid 18thth c. US c. US as distinct from Europeas distinct from Europe

TRADE (OR LACK THEREOF)TRADE (OR LACK THEREOF)

Exports to Britain were restricted. Exports to Britain were restricted. British law prohibited trade with Britain's British law prohibited trade with Britain's

remaining sugar colonies in the Caribbean. remaining sugar colonies in the Caribbean. Two major sources of colonial-era commerce were Two major sources of colonial-era commerce were

eliminatedeliminated A flood of cheap British manufactured imports that A flood of cheap British manufactured imports that

sold cheaper than comparable American-made sold cheaper than comparable American-made goods made the post-war economic slump worse. goods made the post-war economic slump worse.

Finally, the high level of debt taken on by the Finally, the high level of debt taken on by the states to fund the war effort added to the states to fund the war effort added to the economic crisis by helping to fuel rapid inflation.economic crisis by helping to fuel rapid inflation.

IT’S THE ECONOMY (STUPID)IT’S THE ECONOMY (STUPID)INFLATION, DEBT, NO INCOMEINFLATION, DEBT, NO INCOME

TREATY NEGOTIATIONS 1782 TREATY NEGOTIATIONS 1782 – GW NOT AWARE UNTIL – GW NOT AWARE UNTIL 2/17832/1783

NEED TO PUT NATION ON NEED TO PUT NATION ON SOUND FINANCIAL FOOTINGSOUND FINANCIAL FOOTING

ROBERT MORRIS & 5% ROBERT MORRIS & 5% IMPORT DUTY – REJECTEDIMPORT DUTY – REJECTED

NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY – NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY – 11STST TIME GW FACES HOSTILE TIME GW FACES HOSTILE ASSEMBLY OF HIS OWN ASSEMBLY OF HIS OWN OFFICERS – 1783 FAILED BUT OFFICERS – 1783 FAILED BUT CONGRESS GRANTED CONGRESS GRANTED OFFICERS PAYMENT = 5 YRS OFFICERS PAYMENT = 5 YRS OF FULL PAYOF FULL PAY

IMPOST OF 1783 – REJECTEDIMPOST OF 1783 – REJECTED TREATY SIGNED SEPT, TREATY SIGNED SEPT,

ARRIVED NOV. & CONGRESS ARRIVED NOV. & CONGRESS ADJOURNED W/O PROVISIONS ADJOURNED W/O PROVISIONS FOR OFFICERS’ PAYFOR OFFICERS’ PAY

JAY-GARDOQUI TREATY 1784JAY-GARDOQUI TREATY 1784

FLORIDA BORDER DISPUTEFLORIDA BORDER DISPUTE

SPAIN DIDN’T SIGN SPAIN DIDN’T SIGN TREATYTREATY

SPAIN DIDN’T RECOGNIZE SPAIN DIDN’T RECOGNIZE US RIGHTS TO SHIP US RIGHTS TO SHIP GOODS DOWN THE GOODS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVERMISSISSIPPI RIVER

SECTIONS SUSPICIOUS OF SECTIONS SUSPICIOUS OF EACH OTHER & THEIR EACH OTHER & THEIR INDIVIDUAL INTENTIONSINDIVIDUAL INTENTIONS

TREATY NOT RATIFIEDTREATY NOT RATIFIED

SHAYS’ REBELLION 1786 SHAYS’ REBELLION 1786 A DESPERATE NEED FOR A STRONGER CENTRAL A DESPERATE NEED FOR A STRONGER CENTRAL

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT ““I saw 1 head turning into I saw 1 head turning into

13” GW13” GW Culmination of signs for Culmination of signs for

many that the federal many that the federal government needed teethgovernment needed teeth

Fighting for principles won Fighting for principles won in the Revolutionin the Revolution

Catalyst to stabilize the Catalyst to stabilize the country: threat to propertycountry: threat to property

Europe demands loan Europe demands loan repayment in specie, MA repayment in specie, MA banks require specie, banks require specie, farmers can’t pay loansfarmers can’t pay loans

Daniel Shays’ & others storm Daniel Shays’ & others storm courthouse in Springfieldcourthouse in Springfield

No aid for MA from central No aid for MA from central gov’tgov’t

STENGTHENING FEDERAL AUTHORITYSTENGTHENING FEDERAL AUTHORITY ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION

9/17/869/17/86 Focus on common commerce Focus on common commerce

issuesissues Representatives from 5 states Representatives from 5 states

– reconvene w/ news of Shays’– reconvene w/ news of Shays’

PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION 5/87CONVENTION 5/87

55 delegates from 12 states55 delegates from 12 states No one looking for complete No one looking for complete

democracydemocracy ISSUES: amend or scrap ISSUES: amend or scrap

Articles of Confederation and Articles of Confederation and representation: balance the representation: balance the interests of large and small interests of large and small states in terms of populationstates in terms of population

THE COMPROMISETHE COMPROMISE REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION VIRGINIA PLAN – E. RANDOLPH (JAMES MADISON)VIRGINIA PLAN – E. RANDOLPH (JAMES MADISON) BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, FIXED REPRESENTATION BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, FIXED REPRESENTATION

PROPORTIONATE TO POPULATIONPROPORTIONATE TO POPULATION

NEW JERSEY PLAN – WM. PATTERSONNEW JERSEY PLAN – WM. PATTERSON UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, EACH STATE EQUAL VOTEUNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE, EACH STATE EQUAL VOTE

CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE (GREAT COMPROMISE) CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE (GREAT COMPROMISE) R. SHERMANR. SHERMAN

EQUAL VOTE/EACH STATE UPPER HOUSE, PROPORTIONAL VOTING EQUAL VOTE/EACH STATE UPPER HOUSE, PROPORTIONAL VOTING LOWER HOUSELOWER HOUSE

ALL REVENUE BILLS TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE – LOWER ALL REVENUE BILLS TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE – LOWER CHAMBERCHAMBER

GREATLY OPPOSED BY MADISON & VIGINIANS BUT PASSEDGREATLY OPPOSED BY MADISON & VIGINIANS BUT PASSED DESIRE FOR STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OUTWEIGHED DESIRE FOR STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OUTWEIGHED

FEAR OF ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENT & REDUCTION OF STATES’ FEAR OF ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENT & REDUCTION OF STATES’ RIGHTSRIGHTS

SEPARATION OF POWERS & CHECKS SEPARATION OF POWERS & CHECKS AND BALANCESAND BALANCES

FEDERALISMFEDERALISM

MORE COMPROMISEMORE COMPROMISE

3/5THS COMPROMISE3/5THS COMPROMISE NO QUESTION ON WHETHER NO QUESTION ON WHETHER

OR NOT TO ALLOW SLAVERY OR NOT TO ALLOW SLAVERY JUST WHETHER OR NOT THEY JUST WHETHER OR NOT THEY WOULD BE COUNTED AS PART WOULD BE COUNTED AS PART OF THE POPULATIONOF THE POPULATION

PROPERTY RIGHTSPROPERTY RIGHTS

SLAVES TO COUNT AS 3/5THS SLAVES TO COUNT AS 3/5THS OF A PERSON TOWARDS OF A PERSON TOWARDS POPULATION BUT ALSO TAXED POPULATION BUT ALSO TAXED AS PROPERTY AT SAME RATEAS PROPERTY AT SAME RATE

COMMERCE COMPROMISECOMMERCE COMPROMISE CONSTITUTION PERPETUATES CONSTITUTION PERPETUATES

SLAVERYSLAVERY

NO INTERFERENCE WITH NO INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVE TRADE UNTIL 1808SLAVE TRADE UNTIL 1808

RETURN FUGITIVE SLAVESRETURN FUGITIVE SLAVES

RATIFICATIONRATIFICATION FRAMERS UNDERSTOOD FRAMERS UNDERSTOOD

THAT STATE LEGISLATURES THAT STATE LEGISLATURES WOULD NOT RATIFY DUE TO WOULD NOT RATIFY DUE TO SUBORDINATION TO SUBORDINATION TO FEDERAL AUTHORITYFEDERAL AUTHORITY

CONSTITUTION REPUDIATED CONSTITUTION REPUDIATED IDEA THAT STATES WERE IDEA THAT STATES WERE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW FOUNDATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

““WE THE WE THE PEOPLE”PEOPLE” NOT “WE NOT “WE THE STATES”THE STATES”

SPECIAL STATE SPECIAL STATE CONVENTIONS WITH CONVENTIONS WITH DELEGATES ELECTED BY DELEGATES ELECTED BY VOTERSVOTERS

9 OUT OF 13 NEEDED9 OUT OF 13 NEEDED

FEDERALIST PAPERSFEDERALIST PAPERSMadison, Jay, HamiltonMadison, Jay, Hamilton

FEDERALISTS: NEED STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENTFEDERALISTS: NEED STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENT THE PEOPLEHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENT THE PEOPLE NOT A LOT OF SUPPORT INITIALLYNOT A LOT OF SUPPORT INITIALLY

ANTI-FEDERALISTS: STATES SUBORDINATE TO NATIONAL ANTI-FEDERALISTS: STATES SUBORDINATE TO NATIONAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

NEW CONSTITUTION ELIMINATES “SOVEREIGN STATES”NEW CONSTITUTION ELIMINATES “SOVEREIGN STATES” NO PROTECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIESNO PROTECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES

MASSACHUSETTS: CONTENTIOUS RATIFICATION 2/1788 – MASSACHUSETTS: CONTENTIOUS RATIFICATION 2/1788 – ONLY WITH PROMISE TO CONSIDER BILL OF RIGHTS – 4 ONLY WITH PROMISE TO CONSIDER BILL OF RIGHTS – 4 STATES FOLLOWSTATES FOLLOW

NH 9NH 9THTH STATE 6/21/88 BUT NEW YORK & VIRGINIA NOT YET STATE 6/21/88 BUT NEW YORK & VIRGINIA NOT YET ON BOARDON BOARD

VA 6/26/88 & FINALLY NY RATIFY JULY 26 (30 TO 27)VA 6/26/88 & FINALLY NY RATIFY JULY 26 (30 TO 27)