Reaction and Revolution
People should be as free as possible from gov’t restraint◦Protection of civil libertiesEquality before the lawFreedom of speech, assembly, press
Liberalism
◦Favor constitutionalismRule by constitution
◦Religious tolerance◦Separation of church and state
◦Representative assembly
Liberals did not believe everyone had right to vote◦Right to vote should be open only to men of property
Tied to middle-class men◦Especially industrial middle-class
Nationalism fuels effort to build nation-states
Nationalists loyal to people, not kings
Share common bondsPeople of single ancestry should unite under single gov’t
Ideal of Nationalism
Force for Disunity or Unity?◦DisunityPeople that want to restore old order from before French Revolution
Ethnic groups want nation states = split and crumble of empires
◦UnityBring ethnic groups together
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
TYPE Characteristics Examples
Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands
GermanyItaly
Separation Culturally distinct group resist unification or try to break away
Greeks in Ottoman Empire
State-Building
Culturally distinct groups form new state; adopt single culture
United States
6 Bonds1. Culture2. History3. Language4. Territory5. Nationality6. Religion
Nationalism
1846 – Economic Problems lead to hardships◦Lower-middle class, workers, peasants
Middle class wanted right to vote◦Gov’t refused to make changes
1848 – monarchy overthrown◦Provisional government created◦Constitutional Assembly Elected by Universal Male Suffrage
Revolutions of 1848 - France
Nov. 4, 1848 – Second Republic created◦Single legislature elected by all males
December 1848 – Elect Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president◦Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
Italy ruled by many groups◦Austria Venetia and Lombardy
◦Spanish Bourbons Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Italians don’t want to live under separate rulers◦1815 – 1848 – move toward unification
Italian Unification
1848 – nationalists look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership◦Largest and most powerful Italian state
◦Liberal constitution1849 – King Victor Emmanuel II
1852 – Camillo di Cavour appointed prime minister◦Expanded economy to increase gov’t revenues
◦Created army Not large enough to defeat Austrians
◦Cavour allies w/France 1858 – Louis-Napoleon Combined army takes over northern Italy, except Venetia
Cavour Secretly helped rebels in southern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirts◦Capture Sicily◦Conquers Southern Italy◦Given permission by people to unite North and South
March 17, 1861 – Italy finally unified◦Garibaldi turns over control to King Victor Emmanuel II
Southern Italy
◦1866 – Venetia becomes part of Italy
◦1870 – Italians take Papal StatesRuled by popeRome becomes capital of Italy
1839 – German Confederation◦39 German states formed into a loose grouping
◦Dominated by largest states Austria-Hungary Prussia has advantages Mainly German population Powerful army industrialized
Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification◦Authoritarian gov’t King had control over gov’t and military
◦1861 – Wilhelm I succeeds throne Reforms army and doubles military Liberal parliament refuses to give money
Seen as challenge to authority Supported by Junkers – conservative wealthy landowners
Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister◦Realpolitik “Politics of reality” Power politics w/no room for idealism Based on practical matters not theory
◦Ruled w/out consent of parliament and budget Ruled by “Blood and Iron”
Prussia Expands◦1864- forms alliance w/Austria War w/Denmark to win Schleswig and Holstein
Seven Weeks’ War◦Causes conflict w/Austria over Schleswig
and Holstein Austria declares war in 1866
◦7 Weeks’ War Prussian victory Austrians lose Venetia to Italy Prussia controls northern Germany Joins eastern and western parts of Prussia 1867 – North German Confederation
dominated by Prussia
Franco-Prussian War◦war with France◦Bismarck claims French insulted Wilhelm I
◦French declare war on July 19, 1870◦Southern Germany joins Prussia Nationalism joins territories
◦January, 28, 1871 – French surrender Pay 5 billion francs Give up Alsace and Lorraine
Wilhelm I crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles◦Second Reich◦Dominance through “blood and iron” War and military strength
A Shift in Power Following Congress of Vienna 5 Great Powers◦Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
By 1871 – 2 great powers◦Britain and Germany Most powerful militarily and economically
◦Austria and Russia Lag far behind
◦France in the middle Balance of Power had shifted
◦Sets up possibility of future conflict