Date post: | 16-Apr-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | khandaker-sakib-farhad |
View: | 263 times |
Download: | 28 times |
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
Table of contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Pad Batch process 3
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Process principle 3
2.3 Operating procedure 3
2.3.1 Fabric requirements 3
2.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces 4
2.3.2 Preparation of the pad liquor 4
2.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes 4
2.3.2.2 The alkali liquor 4
2.3.3 Alkali systems 4
2.3.3.1 Fixation with sodium silicate and caustic soda 4
2.3.3.2 Fixation with soda ash and caustic soda 5
2.3.4 Pad liquor stability 5
2.3.5 Padding 6
2.3.6 Fixation by batching 6
2.3.7 Washing off 7
2.4 Rapid fixation (lab technique) 7
2.4.1 Rapid fixation in a microwave oven 7
2.4.2 Rapid fixation in a drying cabinet 8
2.4.3 Examples 8
2.5 Clariant tailing test 8
2.6 Shade change during drying 9
3. Pad Dry Chemical Pad Steam process 9
3.1 Introduction 9
3.2 Process principle 9
3.3 Operating procedure 10
3.3.1 Fabric requirements 10
3.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces 10
3.3.2 Preparation of the dye pad liquor 10
3.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes 10
3.3.2.2 Pad liquor stability 10
3.3.3 Padding 10
3.3.4 Intermediate drying 10
3.3.4.1 Explanation of migration 11
3.3.4.1.1 Clariant migration test 11
3.3.5 Preparation of the chemical pad liquor 11
3.3.6 Padding 11
3.3.7 Fixation by steaming 12
3.3.8 Washing off 12
3.4 Shade change during drying 12
4. Pad Wet Steam process 12
4.1 Introduction 12
4.2 Process principle 12
4.3 Operating procedure 13
4.3.1 Fabric requirements 13
4.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces 13
4.3.2 Preparation of the pad liquor 13
4.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes 13
4.3.2.2 The alkali liquor 13
4.3.2.2.1 Working without a metering pump 13
4.3.3 Pad liquor stability 14
4.3.3.1 Pad liquor stability with a metering pump 14
4.3.3.2 Pad liquor stability without a metering pump 14
4.3.4 Padding 14
4.3.5 Fixation by steaming 14
4.3.6 Washing off 14
4.4 Shade change during drying 14
5. Pad Thermofix process 15
5.1 Introduction 15
5.2 Process principle 15
5.3 Operating procedure 15
5.3.1 Fabric requirements 15
5.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces 15
5.3.2 Preparation of the pad liquor 15
5.3.2.1 Influence of the urea 16
5.3.3 Dissolving the dyes 16
5.3.4 The alkali liquor 16
5.3.4.1 Working without a metering pump 16
5.3.5 Pad liquor stability 16
5.3.5.1 Pad liquor stability with a metering pump 16
5.3.5.2 Pad liquor stability without a metering pump 16
5.3.6 Padding 16
5.3.7 Intermediate drying 16
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
2
5.3.8 Fixation in hot air 16
5.3.9 Washing off 17
5.4 Shade change during drying 17
6. Pad Moist process 17
6.1. Introduction 17
6.2 Process principle 17
6.3 Operating procedure 17
6.3.1 Fabric requirements 18
6.3.2 Sewing together the pieces 18
6.3.3 Preparing the dyestuff pad liquor 18
6.3.4 Dissolving the dyestuffs 18
6.3.5 The alkali liquor 18
6.3.6 Pad liquor stability 18
6.3.7 Padding 18
6.3.8 Drying/Fixation 18
6.3.9 Washing off 19
6.4 Shade change during drying 19
7. SWIFT process for dyeing PES/CEL blends 19
7.1 Introduction 19
7.2 Process principle 19
7.3 Operating procedure 20
7.3.1 Fabric requirements 20
7.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces 20
7.3.2 Preparation of dye pad liquor 20
7.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes 20
7.3.2.2 Pad liquor stability 20
7.3.3 Padding 20
7.3.4 Intermediate drying 20
7.3.5 Thermosoling 21
7.3.6 Preparation of the chemical pad liquor 21
7.3.7 Padding 21
7.3.8 Fixation by steaming 21
7.3.9 Washing off 21
7.4 Shade change during drying 21
8. Dye selection 21
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
3
1. Introduction
In continuous dyeing processes, the substrate is treated far more
gently than in exhaust processes, i.e. on jets or in package dyeing
machines. For large batches continuous processes are often far
more economical. Most of the Drimaren® HF and CL dyes are
suitable for the continuous processes described in this shade card.
2. Pad Batch process
2.1 Introduction
The pad batch process is a semi-continuous dyeing method which
is extremely interesting from the point of view of both the machinery
and the application technique. The only machines required are a
padder, batching device and washing off equipment.
In view of the steadily increasing cost consciousness in the textile
processing industry, this economical, time and energy-saving
process is of considerable importance.
This shade card contains detailed information in the text section
about the technique of this process which will ensure its reliable
application in the dyehouse.
The pad batch process offers the following decisive advantages:
■ Simple working method ■ Short setting up and machine down time ■ Low machine and energy cost ■ High color build-up ■ Good penetration even with tightly structured goods ■ Economic process
2.2 Process principle
The principle of the pad batch process is to pad the goods at room
temperature with a dye solution which also contains the necessary
alkali for fixation and any other chemicals. The fabric is rolled up on
a beam and wrapped in plastic film ready for the fixation step. Dye
fixation takes place during batching at room temperature. Slow
rotation of the fabric batch is necessary during batching to avoid
unlevelness and drainage of the dye liquor.
The fabric is batched for the required fixation time before the
unfixed dye is removed from the fibers by rinsing then soaping at
the boil. This washing off treatment is essential to obtain the
optimum wet fastness properties and final shade.
2.3 Operating procedure
Various factors, which are important for a reliable process flow, are
described in the following sections:
■ The prepared state of the material to be dyed ■ Preparation of the pad liquor ■ Padding ■ Fixation by batching ■ The washing off process
2.3.1 Fabric requirements
Optimum, uniform pre-treatment of the substrate is one of the most
important fundamentals for obtaining perfect dyeing results with
regard to levelness and appearance of the fabric, etc.
BatchingDyepad liquor
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
4
The pre-treated fabric should fulfill the following criteria for perfect results:
■ Uniform moisture content, very good absorbency (prevent over
drying) and crease free ■ Neutral pH (6-7) and uniform degree of whiteness (important for
pale shades) ■ Free from size, bleaching chemicals, earth metals and salts ■ Cooled to ambient temperature
Regenerated cellulose fibers can be pre-causticized to improve
color yield and significantly reduce their tendency to fibrillate
under mechanical stress.
2.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces
In order to avoid seam impressions during batching the pieces
should be sewn with a butted seam. The sewing yarn should be of
the same substrate, i.e. cotton or viscose and have received the
same pre-treatment.
2.3.2 Preparation of the pad liquor
2.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes
When dissolving the dyes it should be considered that there are
different commercial forms. Some products are specially
designated as Cold Dissolving Granules (CDG).
There is a fundamental difference between granules (which include
the CDG formulation) and powder. Some products are specially
designated as Cold Dissolving Granules.
Granules should never be pasted but sprinkled into water. For the
CDG form the water can be cold (20–30 °C). For other forms it is
better to use water at 60–80 °C. This is also true for the powder
products. Mixtures of different commercial forms should always be
dissolved at higher temperature (> 60 °C) by sprinkling them into water.
Before adding dissolved dyes to the feed tank the dye liquor should
be passed through a filter to ensure that any non-dissolved dye or
contamination is held back. Unlevelness and/or spots and possible
damage to the pumps can be avoided in this way.
Cold water should then be used to adjust the dye liquor to the
required volume.
2.3.2.2 The alkali liquor
The alkali required for fixation is pre-dissolved then added, cold, to
the feed tank. The liquor volume is then adjusted as required with
cold water.
2.3.3 Alkali systems
Drimaren® HF and Drimaren® CL dyes can be applied using different
alkali systems: ■ Fixation with sodium silicate/caustic soda ■ Fixation with soda ash/caustic soda
2.3.3.1 Fixation with sodium silicate and caustic soda
Standard recipe:x g/l Drimaren® HF/CL dye
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
y g/l Caustic soda 36 °Bè
50 ml/l Sodium silicate 38 °Bè
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–30 30–40
Sodium silicate 38 °Bè m/l 50 50 50 50 50
Caustic soda 36 °Bè ml/l 8.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 17.0
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–100
Sodium silicate 38 °Bè m /l 50 50 50 50 50
Caustic soda 36 °Bè ml/l 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 29.0
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
5
Characteristics: ■ Rapid fixation ■ High operational reliability ■ High pad liquor stability ■ Stable pH value ■ The influence of CO2 (carbonation) and other acid components in
the air are excluded
The caustic soda is added to the bath first, before the sodium
silicate. Sodium silicate can form precipitations with hardness
forming salts which are later deposited on the material and
machine parts. The alkali liquor should be prepared using soft
water or hard water should be corrected by adding a sequestering
agent such as 0.5-3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c.
When the operating temperature is >30 °C, or high concentrations
of dyestuff are used, the bath stability can be improved by
increasing the amount of sodium silicate to between 70 and 100
ml/l.
2.3.3.2 Fixation with soda ash and caustic soda
A combination of caustic soda and soda ash can be used when the
padding and fixation temperatures are between 20–25 °C.
Standard recipe: x g/l Drimaren® HF/CL dye
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
10–20 g/l Soda ash
y ml/l Caustic soda 36 °Bè
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–30 30–40
Soda ash g/l 10 10 20 20 20
Caustic soda 36 °Bè ml/l 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–100
Soda ash g/l 20 20 20 20 20
Caustic soda 36 °Bè ml/l 12.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0
Characteristics: ■ Rapid fixation ■ Easy washing off ■ No influence on fabric handle
2.3.4 Pad liquor stability
The separately prepared dye and alkali solutions are cooled to the
required pad liquor temperature and sent to the padder via a mixing
device. A mixture ratio of 4 parts dye solution and auxiliaries to 1
part alkali solution has provided good results in practice. Other
mixture ratios are also possible.
After mixing with alkali the dye becomes reactive. To ensure
optimum pad liquor stability, i.e. to avoid premature dye hydrolysis,
it is essential to use a mixing device. Where possible the padding
temperature should be 25 °C +/– 3 °C.
All reactive dyes are subject to hydrolysis in the presence of alkali
in the pad liquor. It depends on the time, amount of dye and
temperature. Hydrolyzed dye cannot react with the cellulose. If dye
hydrolysis already takes place in the pad liquor or in the padding
trough there is a danger of tailing. Exact knowledge of the pad
liquor stability of the Drimaren® HF/CL dyes is therefore important.
Details of individual dyes can be found in the shade card inserts or
calculated exactly using the HYDREC program.
The highest pad liquor stability is achieved with the caustic soda/
sodium silicate formula. It decreases with increasing dye
concentration i.e. the rate of hydrolysis increases. This can be
explained by the buffer capacity of this system whose optimum
efficiency is in the low dye concentration region and decreases
with increasing dye and alkali concentration. The bath stability can
be improved, when the padding and fixation temperature is > 30 °C
or high concentrations of dye are used, by increasing the amount of
sodium silicate to between 70 and 100 ml/l. This may impair the
washing off properties depending on the fabric construction and
washing off equipment adopted.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
6
The HYDREC calculation program gives information on the bath
stability and fixation times, taking into consideration the existing
conditions (temperature, bath volume, running speed, weight of the
goods and liquor pick-up).
The HYDREC program can calculate the required amounts of caustic
soda and sodium silicate necessary by taking into consideration
the different grades (°Bè) used in the industry.
2.3.5 Padding
Padding is carried out on a two or three roller padder, preferably
with an economizing trough (low liquor volume).
Pick-up:60–80 % For cotton woven goods
80–20 % For cotton knit goods
70–90 % For regenerated cellulose
The immersion time, i.e. the time the fabric remains in the pad
liquor before squeezing, is 1–2 seconds. The pad liquor turnover
time should be as fast as possible, i.e. < 5 min to maintain stability
and reduce the risk of tailing.
Pad liquor turnover time is calculated with the following formula:
V = trough volume in liters
g = weight of the goods in grams per running meter
f = dry pick-up in %
v = speed of the goods in m/min.
2.3.6 Fixation by batching
The padded goods are rolled onto a beam, finishing with the
padded end cloth and wrapped in plastic film to avoid premature
drying. The beam is then batched for 6–24 hours while rotating
slowly.
Dye-fiber reaction takes place during batching. For this process the
following points should be considered: ■ The goods must be rolled up with straight edges under constant
tension ■ The padding and batching temperatures should be identical
(+/-3 °C) ■ During batching, the fabric heats up due to the exothermic
reaction. If the batching (surrounding) temperature is higher
than the padding temperature, condensation may form under the
plastic film causing water spotting. Water spotting can be
prevented by covering the fabric batch in a layer of leader cloth,
before it is wrapped in plastic film. ■ If the batching (surrounding) temperature is lower than the
padding temperature, the rate of fixation will slow down,
especially at the edges of the beam. This can be the reason for
poor shade reproducibility, listing and tailing problems. It is
particularly problematic at temperatures < 20 °C.
The fixation times depend on the reaction speed of the individual
dyes, which depends on: ■ The amount of dye ■ The padding temperature ■ The batching temperature ■ The alkali system
Drimaren® Yellow CL-2R, Drimaren® Green HF-5BL, Drimaren®
Turquoise CL-B and Drimaren® Turquoise K-2B require a minimum
fixation time of 24 hours, depending on the depth of shade, to
achieve full fixation. The alkali amounts given for Drimaren® HF and
Drimaren® CL dyes can be used for Drimaren® Turquoise K-2B.
V · 105
g · f · v= Pad liquor turnover time in minutes
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
7
2.3.7 Washing off
Optimum fastness properties can only be achieved on perfectly
washed off material. If sodium silicate has been applied, soft water
should be used for the first few rinsing baths, beginning with cold
water. This prevents deposits of insoluble salts on the machines
and the goods.
Depending on the machinery available, washing off can be carried
out on ■ Open width washers ■ Rope washers ■ Beam washers ■ Any other suitable machine
Soaping is carried out with an addition of Ladiquest® 2005 liq c or
Ladipur® RSK/R3C liq as follows:
Discontinuous methodAfter warm rinsing adjust the fabric pH to 6–7. Care should be taken
to ensure that the fabric has a neutral pH before soaping at the boil.
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c or Ladipur® RSK/R3C liq is added to
the soaping bath and the fabric treated at the boil for 10–20 min.
This is followed by warm then cold rinsing.
Continuous method (example)
Continous washing range with 8 compartments:
1. Overflow rinse at room temperature
2. Overflow rinse at room temperature
3. Wash at 70 °C
4. Wash at 95 °C with 1–3 g/l Ladipur® RSK liq
5. Wash at 95 °C with 1–3 g/l Ladipur® RSK liq
6. Wash at 95 °C
7. Wash at 70 °C
8. Neutralize at 40–60 °C to pH 6–7 with Sirrix® NE liq
Due to the high alkaline stability of Drimaren® HF dyes, it isn’t
necessary to neutralize the fabric before washing off at high
temperature (80–95 °C) in a continuous washing range. The
material should have a neutral pH ready for drying.
The dye-fiber bond of certain elements from the Drimaren® CL
range can be sensitive to washing off at high temperature under
high alkaline conditions. It is therefore necessary to neutralized (pH
6–7) the fabric before the high temperature washing off step.
2.4 Rapid fixation (lab technique)
Shade matching can be carried out in the lab quickly and with a
high degree of precision. There are two possible methods:
2.4.1 Rapid fixation in a microwave oven
A microwave oven can be used for rapid checking of pad liquors in
the dyehouse. It requires a nonmetallic container with a lid, which
is partially filled with water to imitate ideal fixation conditions and
avoid drying out of the fabric.
Working method ■ Commercial microwave oven, at least 600W capacity ■ Prepare dye and alkali solutions separately ■ Fill a plastic container with 2–3 cm water and place in the
microwave. Set the time to 15 min, 80% capacity (500W). Switch
on the oven without a sample, but with the container to condition
the surroundings ■ Prepare the fabric sample, 9x13 cm ■ Pad at 3 m/min ■ The pick-up should correspond to that in practice (2 immersions
have proved advantageous)
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
8
■ Place the padded sample in a polyethylene bag or wrap in plastic
film (to prevent drying) and dwell for at least 15 min at room
temperature ■ Hang the sample in the preheated fixation box (without bag) and
switch the oven on
After fixation the samples are rinsed and soaped in the usual manner.
The values given are guide values. Depending on the oven and
weight of the material different fixation times may be necessary
(usually between 3–5 min).
It is advisable to compare the shade found using a microwave
against that obtained by standard batching conditions.
2.4.2 Rapid fixation in a drying cabinet
Working method: ■ Prepare dye and alkali solutions separately ■ Prepare the fabric sample ■ Pad at 3 m/min ■ The pick-up should correspond to that in practice (2 immersions
have proved advantageous) ■ Place the padded sample in a polyethylene bag and dwell for at
least 15 min at room temperature ■ Store the padded sample, in the polyethylene bag, for 1h at 50 °C
in drying cabinet (constant temperature must be maintained)
After fixation the samples are rinsed and soaped in the usual
manner.
It is advisable to compare the shade found using a drying cabinet
against that obtained by standard batching conditions.
2.4.3 Examples
Shade 12.2 g/l Drimaren® Yellow HF-CD
1.2 g/l Drimaren® Red HF-CD
1.2 g/l Drimaren® Aquamarine HF-CD
1.0 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
50.0 ml/l Sodium silicate 38 °Bè
8.0 ml/l NaOH 36 °Bè
Shade 24.0 g/l Drimaren® Yellow HF-CD
6.5 g/l Drimaren® Red HF-CD
11.0 g/l Drimaren® Aquamarine HF-CD
1.0 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
50.0 ml/l Sodium silicate 38 °Bè
15.0 ml/l NaOH 36 °Bè
2.5 Clariant tailing test
Tailing is responsible for shade differences between the beginning
and end of a batch in a continuous process.
Clariant has developed a very severe test which imitates this
phenomenon:
Prepare 500 ml dye liquor.liquor collected
from Step 2
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Reference
9 h, at 25 °C
Microwave
CMC 0.9, 105%
15 min RT
+ 4 min at
500 W
Drying cabinet
CMC 0.7, 97%
15 min RT
+ 60 min at
50 °C
Reference
15 h, at 25 °C
Microwave
CMC 0.6, 101%
15 min RT
+ 4 min at
500 W
Drying cabinet
CMC 0.7, 97%
15 min RT
+ 60 min at
50 °C
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
9
Step 1 (beginning)
Pad 20 cm CO-merc. through 100 ml dye liquor from the 500 ml
prepared. A fixation step follows to fix the dyestuff.
Step 2
5 m CO merc. is passed through the remaining 400 ml dye liquor
then squeezed on the lab padder. The squeezed liquor is collected.
Step 3 (end)
Pad 20 cm CO-merc. through the collected liquor. A fixation step
follows to fix the dyestuff.
Assessment is carried out at the beginning (Step 1) and at the
end (Step 3) by comparison with each other. The differences in
concentration and shade are determined colorimetrically.
Reference or 100% is always the beginning. The less tailing there
is, the smaller the difference between the beginning and the end
(shade and strength). The test can be used to assess tailing in pad
batch and all continuous dyeing processes.
2.6 Shade change during drying
Depending on the dyestuff, but regardless of the substrate,
changes of shade can occur after the drying operation. This shade
change is dependent on the fabric temperature, pH and moisture
content.
A stable final shade is only achieved when the fabric pH is neutral
and the temperature and moisture content have reached
equilibrium.
It is therefore important that the shade is assessed against the
standard once this equilibrium has been reached. A conditioning
cabinet (e.g. 20 °C, 65% RH) can be used to condition samples
before assessing the shade.
3. Pad Dry Chemical Pad Steam process
3.1 Introduction
This is a continuous process for dyeing cellulosic fabrics with
Drimaren® HF/CL dyes. The process is particularly suitable for
dyeing large production batches, where the process becomes
economically attractive.
The pad dry chemical pad steam process offers the following advantages:
■ Simple working method ■ Short preparation time ■ High color yield ■ Excellent surface appearance even with heavy, tightly woven
fabrics ■ Excellent reproducibility ■ No risk of dye hydrolysis ■ Tailing with pale shades should not be an issue ■ Especially recommended for very large batches
3.2 Process principle
The principle of the Pad Dry Chemical Pad Steam process consists
of padding the goods with dye solution at room temperature and
then drying. The dried goods are then padded with chemical pad
liquor and the dye fixed in a steamer.
The unfixed dye is removed by rinsing then soaping at the boil. This
washing off treatment is essential to obtain the optimum wet
fastness properties and final shade.
Dyepad liquor
Drying Chemicalpad liquor
Steaming
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
10
3.3 Operating procedure
Various factors, which are important for a reliable process flow, are
described in the following sections:
■ The prepared state of the material to be dyed ■ Preparation of the dye pad liquor ■ The intermediate drying step ■ Preparation of the chemical pad liquor ■ Padding ■ Fixation by steaming ■ The washing off process
3.3.1 Fabric requirements
See section 2.3.1 “Fabric requirements”.
3.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces
See section 2.3.1.1 “Sewing together the pieces”.
3.3.2 Preparation of the dye pad liquor
Standard recipe:
x g/l Drimaren® HF/CL dye
5–20 g/l Solidokoll® NX liq
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
3.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes
See section 2.3.2.1 “Dissolving the dyes”
3.3.2.2 Pad liquor stability
The stability of the dye solution is very good because the dye pad
liquor doesn’t contain alkali.
3.3.3 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
See Section 2.5 “Clariant tailing test”
3.3.4 Intermediate drying
The fabric is first passed through an infra-red pre-drier to reduce
the fabric moisture content to below ~35% in the absence of strong
air flow and fabric to metal contact, which accelerate dye
migration.
The drier used should ensure that the fabric is dried uniformly, over
its entire width and length (uniform air flow and temperature).
Residual humidity should not exceed 10–15% and should be
constant. The dried fabric should be allowed to cool before
steaming (uniform temperature and moisture content).
Intermediate drying has the following advantages: ■ The appearance of the goods is excellent ■ The dye stability is very good ■ Very deep shades are attainable
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
11
Intermediate drying has the following disadvantages: ■ It makes the process slightly more expensive
3.3.4.1 Explanation of migration
During pre-drying the dye liquor may migrate, by means of capillary
forces, from the wetter (cooler) to drier (hotter) areas of the fabric
resulting in face to back or side to center shade variation. Dye
molecules continue to migrate as long as free water molecules
diffuse from the surface of the fabric. Migration stops when only
bonded water molecules remain and the moisture content of the
fabric has dropped below 30%. Infra-red pre-driers are used to
reduce the fabric moisture content to below ~35% in the absence
of strong air flow and fabric to metal contact, which accelerate dye
migration. Clariant has developed a very severe test which imitates
this phenomenon.
3.3.4.1.1 Clariant migration test
The fabric is padded with dye solution, at room temperature then
dried at 110 °C for 90 seconds. Before drying, a watch glass is
placed on the wet fabric. A damp atmosphere develops in the
watch glass and the dye solution migrates to the hotter areas. See
following illustration:
Inside
Outside
Fig: Example of dye migration after drying
Assessment is made colorimetrically by measuring the difference in
color strength between the inside and outside.
Reference of 100% is always outside. The less migration there is,
the smaller the difference between inside and outside.
High affinity dyes migrate slower than low affinity dyes as the
probability of dye adsorption on the fiber surface is higher. If the
dye affinity is too high then the tailing and washing off properties
become an issue. Migration can also be drastically reduced by
adding electrolyte, however this may result in tailing.
As a guide it can be said that if a value of > 60% is determined in
the Clariant migration test, the dye exhibits minimum migration and
is suitable for this process.
The dye selection guide provided has been optimized so that
migration and tailing are as minimal as possible.
3.3.5 Preparation of the chemical pad liquor
Standard recipe:
250 g/l Na2SO4 or NaCl
20 g/l Soda ash
10–20 ml/l Caustic soda 36 °Bè
10 g/l Revatol® NS liq c
The alkali required for fixation, electrolyte and Revatol® NS liq c are
pre-dissolved then added together, cold, to the feed tank. The liquor
volume is then adjusted as required with cold water. The electrolyte
in the chemical pad liquor reduces bleeding of the dye into the
chemical pad trough as it has only been dried and not fixed. The
electrolyte also improves dye diffusion inside the fiber during
steaming.
3.3.6 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
12
3.3.7 Fixation by steaming
Padding temperature: 20–30 °C
Fixation: 60 seconds with saturated steam at 102–104 °C
In a fully continuous operation, the machine running speed is
governed by the time required to pre-dry the fabric. This is
determined by the fabric weight, the moisture content of the wet
fabric, the drying temperature, the airflow speed and machine
capacity. When processing heavy weight fabrics a slower running
speed may be necessary resulting in longer steaming times.
Extended fixation times do not affect the yield of Drimaren® HF dyes
due to the high alkaline stability of the dye-fiber bond. The dye-fiber
bond of certain elements from the Drimaren® CL range can be
sensitive to prolonged steaming times. Care should be taken to
adhere to the recommended fixation time.
3.3.8 Washing off
Optimum fastness properties can only be achieved on perfectly
washed off material. Washing off is usually carried out on an open-
width washing machine. The soaping step is carried out with an
addition of Ladipur® RSK/R3C liq See Section 2.3.7 “Washing off”.
3.4 Shade change during drying
See Section 2.6 “Shade change during drying”
4. Pad Wet Steam process
4.1 Introduction
This is a steaming process without intermediate drying for the
continuous dyeing of cellulosic fabrics with Drimaren® HF/CL dyes.
This process is especially suitable for heavy fabrics such as
corduroy, velvet or toweling where it is impossible to control dye
migration if an intermediate drying step is used.
The pad wet steam process offers the following advantages:
■ Omission of an intermediate drying stage saves energy ■ No dye migration ■ Simple process ■ Short preparation time
The pad wet steam process has the following disadvantages:
■ Shade build-up is inferior to other continuous dyeing processes,
therefore it is only economical for dyeing large batches ■ This process is not recommended for tightly constructed or
mercerized fabrics
4.2 Process principle
The principle of the pad wet steam process consists of padding the
SteamingDyepad liquor
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
13
fabric with dye solution at room temperature, followed directly by
fixation in a steamer. Unfixed dye is removed from the fiber by rinsing
then soaping at the boil. This washing off treatment is essential to
obtain the optimum wet fastness properties and final shade.
4.3 Operating procedure
Various factors, which are important for a reliable process flow, are
described in the following sections:
■ The prepared state of the material to be dyed ■ Preparation of the pad liquor ■ Padding ■ Fixation by steaming ■ The washing off process
4.3.1 Fabric requirements
See Section 2.3.1 “Fabric requirements”.
4.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces
See Section 2.3.1.1 “Sewing together the pieces”.
4.3.2 Preparation of the pad liquor
Standard recipe: x g/l Drimaren® HF/CL dye
10–20 g/l Soda ash
20–40 g/l Glauber’s salt
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
10 g/l Revatol® NS liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
Glauber’s salt is recommended for the highest solubility. The amount
of Glauber’s salt can be increased when dyeing very deep shades
to improve the yield, however, this could have a negative influence
on the solubility and tailing behavior of certain dyes.
An addition of 100 g/l urea is therefore recommended to prevent
dyestuff precipitation, with certain dyes, at high concentrations.
Depending on the article and dyestuff concentration, preliminary
lab trials are recommended.
For reasons of solubility an addition of 100 g/l urea is recommended
for Drimaren® Scarlet HF-3G, Drimaren® Yellow HF-CD, Drimaren®
Turquoise CL-B, Drimaren® Green HF-5BL and Drimaren® Turquoise
K-2B at all concentrations.
4.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes
See Section 2.3.2.1 “Dissolving the dyes”.
4.3.2.2 The alkali liquor
The alkali necessary for fixation is pre-dissolved then added, cold,
to the feed tank. The liquor volume is then adjusted as required
with cold water.
4.3.2.2.1 Working without a metering pump
If a metering pump isn’t available then special attention must be
paid to the pad liquor stability. If the dyestuff is dissolved warm or
hot then care should be taken to add the soda ash to the cooled
pad liquor. Some dyes may precipitate if the pad liquor is allowed to
stand too long before use.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
14
The alkali required for fixation is pre-dissolved then added, cold, to
the feed tank. The alkali is added last, immediately before the
production run.
4.3.3 Pad liquor stability
4.3.3.1 Pad liquor stability with a metering pump
The separately prepared dye and alkali solutions are cooled to pad
liquor temperature and sent to the padder via a mixing device. A
mixture ratio of 4 parts dye solution and auxiliaries to 1 part alkali
solution has provided good results in practice. Other mixture ratios
are also possible. If a metering pump is used the pad liquor stability
isn’t normally an issue.
4.3.3.2 Pad liquor stability without a metering pump
After mixing with alkali the dye becomes reactive. To ensure
optimum pad liquor stability, i.e. to avoid premature dye hydrolysis,
the temperature should be kept at 25 °C +/– 3 °C where possible.
All reactive dyes are subject to hydrolysis in the presence of alkali
in the pad liquor. It depends on the time, amount of dye and
temperature. Hydrolyzed dye cannot react with the cellulose. If dye
hydrolysis already takes place in the pad liquor or in the padding
trough there is a danger of tailing. Exact knowledge of the pad
liquor stability of the Drimaren® HF/CL dyes is therefore important.
Details of individual dyes can be found in the shade card inserts.
4.3.4 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
See Section 2.5 “Clariant tailing test”
4.3.5 Fixation by steaming
Padding temperature: 20–30 °C
Fixation: 90 seconds with saturated steam at 102–104 °C
Drimaren® Yellow CL-2R, Drimaren® Green HF-5BL, Drimaren®
Turquoise CL-B and Drimaren® Turquoise K-2B require 90–180
seconds steaming time, depending on the depth of shade, to
achieve full fixation.
The fabric is padded with the dye solution then passed directly into
the steamer.
In a fully continuous operation, the machine running speed is
governed by the time required to dry the fabric, usually on a
cylinder drier, after passing through a continuous washing range.
This can result in longer steaming times. Extended fixation times do
not affect the yield of Drimaren® HF dyes due to the high alkaline
stability of the dye-fiber bond. The dye-fiber bond of certain
elements from the Drimaren® CL range can be sensitive to
prolonged steaming times. Care should be taken to adhere to the
recommended fixation time.
4.3.6 Washing off
See Section 2.3.7 “Washing off”.
4.4 Shade change during drying
See Section 2.6 “Shade change during drying”
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
15
5. Pad Thermofix process
5.1 Introduction
After padding and intermediate drying the dyestuff is fixed by hot
air in a hotflue. This process is used for the continuous dyeing of
cotton fabrics with Drimaren® HF/CL dyes.
Dyepad liquor
Drying Fixation
The pad thermofix process offers the following advantages:
■ Simple process ■ Short preparation time ■ Good lab to bulk shade reproducibility
The pad thermofix process has the following disadvantages:
■ Build-up ■ Reduced light and chlorine fastness ■ The process requires urea
5.2 Process principle
The principle of the pad thermofix process consists of padding the
goods with dye solution at room temperature and then drying. The
dried goods are then fixed at 150–180 °C.
Unfixed dye is removed from the fiber by rinsing then soaping at the
boil. This washing off treatment is essential to obtain the optimum
wet fastness properties and final shade.
5.3 Operating procedure
Various factors, which are important for a reliable process flow, are
described in the following sections:
■ The prepared state of the material to be dyed ■ Preparation of the pad liquor ■ Padding ■ Intermediate drying ■ Fixation by hot air ■ The washing off process
5.3.1 Fabric requirements
See Section 2.3.1 “Fabric requirements”.
5.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces
See Section 2.3.1.1 “Sewing together the pieces”.
5.3.2 Preparation of the pad liquor
Standard recipe: x g/l Drimaren® HF/CL dye
y g/l Alkali
5–20 g/l Solidokoll® NX liq
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
50–150 g/l Urea
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
16
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–40 > 40
Urea g/l 50 75 100 150 150
Sodium bicarbonate g/l 15 15 15 – –
Soda ash g/l – – – 10 20
5.3.2.1 Influence of urea
The recommended amount of urea can be reduced for very pale
shades. Reducing the amount of urea may lead to a loss in color
strength depending on the dyes used and depth of shade. 5–10 g/l
Borax can be added to the pad liquor to prevent yellowing of the
cotton fiber at temperatures >160 °C.
5.3.3 Dissolving the dyes
See Section 2.3.2.1 “Dissolving the dyes”
5.3.4 The alkali liquor
The alkali necessary for fixation is pre-dissolved then added, cold,
to the feed tank. The alkali is added last, immediately before the
production run.
5.3.4.1 Working without a metering pump
See Section 4.3.2.2.1 “Working without a metering pump”.
5.3.5 Pad liquor stability
See Section 4.3.3 “Pad liquor stability”.
5.3.5.1 Pad liquor stability with a metering pump
See Section 4.3.3.1 “Pad liquor stability with a metering pump”.
5.3.5.2 Pad liquor stability without a metering pump
See Section 4.3.3.2 “Pad liquor stability without a metering pump”.
5.3.6 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
See Section 2.5 “Clariant tailing test”.
5.3.7 Intermediate drying
See section 3.3.4 “Intermediate drying”.
See section 3.3.4.1 “Explanation of migration”.
See section 3.3.4.1.1 “Clariant migration test”.
5.3.8 Fixation in hot air
Padding temperature: 20–30 °C
Fixation: 60 seconds with hot air at 160 °C
The fabric is padded with the dye solution, dried and then fixed at
150–180 °C.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
17
The fixation time and temperature may vary depending on the
machine configuration, dye and depth of shade. In general,
however, it is very short (60 s). Longer fixation times don’t have a
negative effect on the yield but may impair the light fastness.
Drimaren® Yellow CL-2R, Drimaren® Green HF-5BL, Drimaren®
Turquoise CL-B and Drimaren® Turquoise K-2B require 90–120
seconds thermofixation time, depending on the depth of shade, to
achieve full fixation.
5.3.9 Washing off
See Section 2.3.7 “Washing off”.
5.4 Shade change during drying
See Section 2.6 “Shade change during drying”.
6. Pad Moist process
6.1. Introduction
The Pad Moist process is a continuous dyeing procedure used for
dyeing cellulosic fabrics with Drimaren® HF/CL dyes. The principle
of the process consists of padding the fabric with dye solution at
room temperature before passing it through a hot flue with an air
temperature of 110–130 ºC and a relative humidity of 25–30 % inside
each chamber. Under these conditions the fabric is dried and at the
same time dyestuff fixation takes place at 68–71 ºC (the wet bulb
temperature).
The unfixed dye is removed by rinsing then soaping at the boil. This
washing off treatment is essential to obtain the optimum wet
fastness properties and final shade.
Dyepad liquor
Drying/Fixation
The Pad Moist process offers the following advantages: ■ Fully continuous dyeing process ■ Ideal for short or long production batches ■ Low chemical load in the waste water (no urea, salt or sodium
silicate) ■ High fixation yield ■ Simple working method ■ Short setting up and machine down time
The Pad Moist process has the following disadvantages: ■ Machine size must be adapted for heavy weight fabrics (longer
drying time) ■ Laboratory shade matching requires special equipment
6.2 Process principle
The reactive dyes are fixed during 2–4 minutes (depending on
fabric weight and machine capacity). under controlled humidity
(25–30 % steam content) and an air temperature of 110–130 °C.
Infrared pre-drying increases productivity when dyeing heavy
weight fabrics. The dry goods are then washed off (preferably
continuously) to remove the unfixed dyestuff from the fibers.
6.3 Operating procedure
Various factors, which are important for a reliable process flow, are
described in the following sections:
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
18
■ The prepared state of the material to be dyed ■ Preparation of the pad liquor ■ Padding ■ Drying/fixation ■ The washing off process
6.3.1 Fabric requirements
See Section 2.3.1 “Fabric requirements”.
6.3.2 Sewing together the pieces
See Section 2.3.1.1. “Sewing together the pieces”.
6.3.3 Preparing the dyestuff pad liquor
Standard recipe:x g/l Drimaren® HF/CL dye
y g/l Alkali
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
6.3.4 Dissolving the dyestuffs
See Section 2.3.2.1. “Dissolving the dyestuffs”.
6.3.5 The alkali liquor
Here the alkali necessary for fixation is pre-dissolved the added,
cold, to the feed tank, before the volume is adjusted as required
with cold water. A metering device is required to guarantee
sufficient dye liquor stability.
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
Soda ash g/l 10 20 20 20 20
Caustic soda 36 °Bè g/l – 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Drimaren® HF/CL dye g/l 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100
Soda ash g/l 20 20 20 20 20
Caustic soda 36 °Bè g/l 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0
For Drimaren® Black CL-S at concentration greater than 60 g/l the
amount of caustic soda should be increased to 15–20 ml/l.
6.3.6 Pad liquor stability
The dyestuff and alkali solutions, which have been prepared
separately, are cooled to room temperature then fed into the
padder via a mixing device. A mixture ratio of 4 parts dye solution
and auxiliaries to 1 part alkali solution has provided good results in
practice. Other mixture ratios are also possible. The program
«MOISTFIX» in the electronic shade card can be used to calculate
the exact alkali requirements as well as the pad liquor stability and
required drying/fixation time.
6.3.7 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
See Section 2.5 “Clariant tailing test”.
6.3.8 Drying/Fixation
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
19
After applying the pad liquor solution on the padder, the dyestuff is
fixed and the material dried in an atmosphere of controlled humidity
(25–30 % steam content) and an air temperature of 110–130 °C.
Here the fixation time and the running speed must be adapted to
the quality of the material (usually between 2 and 4 minutes).
6.3.9 Washing off
See Section 2.3.7 “Washing off”.
6.4 Shade change during drying
See Section 2.6 “Shade change during drying”.
7. SWIFT process for dyeing PES/CEL blends
7.1 Introduction
The SWIFT process is a one bath, 2 stage process for dyeing PES/
CEL fabrics with Foron® S-WF and Drimaren® HF dyes, where high
wash fastness is achieved without a reduction clearing step.
Disperse and reactive dye can be padded together and the whole
process is completed with one pass through a continuous dyeing
range.
The key to success is the dyestuffs selected:
Foron® S-WF dyes: A range of alkali clearable disperse dyes with
high sublimation fastness. High wash fastness can be achieved in
continuous dyeing without an intermediate reduction clearing
process. Foron® S-WF dyes show minimum sensitivity to
temperature fluctuations within their maximum fixation range (205–
225 °C depending on the fixation time). The danger of center to
selvedge and beginning to end shade differences can largely be
eliminated guaranteeing excellent reproducibility.
Drimaren® HF dyes: Reactive dyes with very high fixation values
and high diffusion that guarantee excellent washing off properties.
High wet fastness can be achieved by soaping at 85 ºC with only
one pass through a continuous washing range. High alkaline
stability of the dye-fiber bond (DFP chemistry) is essential as the
washing off procedure must be carried out under alkaline
conditions.
Dyepad liquor
Dry Thermosol Chemicalpad liquor
Steam
The SWIFT process offers the following advantages:
■ Simple working method ■ Suitable for dark shades ■ Increased productivity ■ Reduced water, energy and chemical consumption ■ Excellent surface appearance even with heavy, tightly woven
fabrics ■ Excellent reproducibility ■ High level of wet fastness is achieved without a costly reduction
clearing process ■ Especially recommended for very large batches
7.2 Process principle
The principle of the SWIFT (Pad Dry Thermosol Chemical Pad
Steam) process consists of padding the goods with dye solution at
room temperature and then drying. A thermosol step follows to dye
the polyester part of the blend with Foron® S-WF dye. The dried
goods are then padded with a chemical pad liquor before steaming
to fix the Drimaren® HF dye on the cellulose part of the blend.
During the alkaline steaming process, unfixed Foron® S-WF dye,
adhering to the fabric surface, is converted to a water soluble
anionic form. It can then be removed together with the unfixed
reactive dyestuff by the subsequent washing off process.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
20
7.3 Operating procedure
Various factors, which are important for a reliable process flow, are
described in the following sections:
■ The prepared state of the material to be dyed ■ Preparation of the dye pad liquor ■ The intermediate drying step ■ The thermosol step ■ Preparation of the chemical pad liquor ■ Padding ■ Fixation by steaming ■ The washing off process
7.3.1 Fabric requirements
See section 2.3.1 “Fabric requirements“.
7.3.1.1 Sewing together the pieces
See section 2.3.1.1 “Sewing together the pieces”.
7.3.2 Preparation of the dye pad liquor
Standard recipe:
x g/l Drimaren® HF dye
y g/l Foron® S-WF dye
5–20 g/l Solidokoll® NX liq
0.5–3 g/l Leonil® EHC liq c
0.5–3 g/l Ladiquest® 2005 liq c
5–30 g/l Emigen® DPR liq
7.3.2.1 Dissolving the dyes
For preparation of the reactive dye see section 2.3.2.1 “Dissolving
the dyes”. The disperse dye is dispersed by pouring it into warm
water (40 °C) and stirring. The time required for mixing the dye
liquor must be adapted to the total dye concentration and the dyes
being used.
Before adding dissolved dyes to the feed tank the dye liquor should
be passed through a filter to ensure that any non-dissolved dye or
contamination is held back. Unlevelness and/or spots and possible
damage to the pumps can be avoided in this way.
Cold water should then be used to adjust the dye liquor to the
required volume.
7.3.2.2 Pad liquor stability
The stability of the dye solution is very good because the dye pad
liquor doesn’t contain alkali. The pad liquor mixer should remain
running to prevent settling out of the disperse dye.
7.3.3 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
See Section 2.5 “Clariant tailing test”.
7.3.4 Intermediate drying
See section 3.3.4 “Intermediate drying”.
See section 3.3.4.1 “Explanation of migration”.
See section 3.3.4.1.1 “Clariant migration test”.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
21
7.3.5 Thermosoling
After the intermediate drying process the disperse dye is
micro-dispersed on the surface of the polyester fiber, or in the case
of PES/CEL blends, to a large extent on the cellulosic fiber. In the
thermosol process, the fabric is treated in hot air at 210–220 °C for
45–60 seconds.
The thermosol process can be divided into 3 steps: ■ Heating of the fabric ■ Adsorption of the disperse dyestuff on the polyester fiber
surface ■ Dye diffusion and distribution inside the polyester fiber
7.3.6 Preparation of the chemical pad liquor
See section 3.3.5 “Preparation of the chemical pad liquor”.
7.3.7 Padding
See Section 2.3.5 “Padding”.
The liquor pick-up on PES/CEL fabrics is usually ~35–45 % using a
conventional padder. This isn’t high enough to obtain the required
amount of chemical liquor on the fabric. Pad-steam machinery
therefore incorporates either a booster, kiss roll or flex nip system
to ensure that the liquor pick-up is high enough (> 100 %) for
fixation of the reactive dye and clearing of the disperse dye (that
remains on the fiber surface) during the steaming process.
7.3.8 Fixation by steaming
Padding temperature: 20–30 °C
Fixation: 60 seconds with saturated steam at 102–104 °C
In a fully continuous process, the machine running speed is
governed by the time required to pre-dry the fabric. This is
determined by the fabric weight, the moisture content of the wet
fabric, the drying temperature, the air flow speed and machine
capacity. When processing heavy weight fabrics a slower running
speed may be necessary resulting in longer steaming times.
Extended fixation times do not affect the yield of Drimaren® HF dyes
due to the high alkaline stability of the dye-fiber bond. During the
alkaline steaming process, unfixed Foron® S-WF dye, adhering to
the fabric surface, is converted to a water soluble anionic form. It
can then be removed together with the unfixed reactive dyestuff by
the subsequent washing off process.
7.3.9 Washing off
Optimum fastness properties can only be achieved on perfectly
washed off material. Washing off is carried out on a continuous
open-width washing machine.
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
22
The fabric is washed off under alkaline conditions to ensure that all
unfixed disperse dye remaining on the fiber surface is converted to
the water soluble anionic form that can be removed together with
the unfixed reactive dye. For this reason it is necessary to use
Drimaren® HF dyes due to the high alkaline stability of the dye-fiber
bond.
The unfixed dye is removed by rinsing then soaping at 85 °C. Higher
temperatures are avoided to prevent migration of disperse dye,
from within the polyester fiber structure to its surface, thus averting
wet fastness issues. Disperse dyes begin to migrate at
temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the
polyester fiber. Drimaren® HF dyes, having excellent washing off
properties, can be washed off at 85 °C. This washing off treatment
is essential to obtain the optimum wet fastness properties and final
shade.
Continous washing range with 8 compartments:
1. Overflow rinse at room temperature
2. Wash at 85 °C
3. Wash at 85 °C with 1–3 g/l Eganal® DFT liq
4. Wash at 85 °C
5. Wash at 85 °C with 1–3 g/l Ladipur® RSK liq
6. Wash at 85 °C
7. Wash at 85 °C
8. Neutralize at 40–60 °C to pH 6–7 with Sirrix® NE liq
7.4 Shade change during drying
See Section 2.6 “Shade change during drying”.
8. Dye Selection
State of the art, problem solving range, for difficult pale to medium
shades requiring high light fastness ■ Drimaren® Golden Yellow HF-CD (non photochromic element) ■ Drimaren® Yellow HF-CD (non photochromic element) ■ Drimaren® Red HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Aquamarine HF-CD
Top performing elements to meet the highest fastness and
reproducibility demands in medium to dark shades ■ Drimaren® Golden Yellow HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Dark Red HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Red HF-3B ■ Drimaren® Aquamarine HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Dark Blue HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Navy HF-GN ■ Drimaren® Navy HF-B
Cost-effective range recommended for dyeing standard articles in
medium to dark shades ■ Drimaren® Yellow CL-2R ■ Drimaren® Red CL-5B ■ Drimaren® Red CL-4B ■ Drimaren® Dark Red HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Navy CL-R ■ Drimaren® Black CL-S
Special elements for bright yellow, blue, green and turquoise
shades ■ Drimaren® Brilliant Yellow HF-RL ■ Drimaren® Turquoise CL-B ■ Drimaren® Turquoise K-2B ■ Drimaren® Royal Blue HF-CD ■ Drimaren® Green HF-5BL
Textile Chemicals
Drimaren® HF/CL reactive dyesPad Batch and Continuous Dyeing procedures
23
www.textiles.clariant.com
Clariant International LtdRothausstrasse 614132 Muttenz
Switzerland
Business Unit Textile ChemicalsThe Synergy1 International Business Park609917 SingaporeSingapore
This information corresponds to the present state of our knowledge and is intended as a general description of our products and their possible applications. Clariant makes no warranties, express or implied, as to the information’s accuracy, adequacy, sufficiency or freedom from defect and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Any user of this product is responsible for determining the suitability of Clariant’s products for its particular application.* Nothing included in this information waives any of Clariant’s General Terms and Conditions of Sale, which control unless it agrees otherwise in writing. Any existing intellectual/industrial property rights must be observed. Due to possible changes in our products and applicable national and international regulations and laws, the status of our products could change. Material Safety Data Sheets providing safety precautions, that should be observed when handling or storing Clariant products, are available upon request and are provided in compliance with applicable law. You should obtain and review the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet information before handling any of these products. For additional information, please contact Clariant.
* For sales to customers located within the United States and Canada the following applies in addition: NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY IS MADE OF THE MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE OF ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE.
® Product and service marks protected by Clariant in many countries
© 2011 Clariant International Ltd Rothaus-strasse 61, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland