Readiness standards comprise 65% of the U. S. History Test

3 (C)

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

The Student is expected to:(C) Analyze social issues affecting women,

minorities, children, immigrants, urbanization, the Social Gospel, &

philanthropy of industrialists

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 1 Social issues affecting women

The Four Cardinal Virtues for

Women• Piety• Purity• Submission• Domesticity

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 2 Social issues affecting minorities

Reconstruction Roots of the Problem

• Resulting state constitutions required by President Andrew Johnson limited suffrage to whites

• Institution of various “Black Codes” that subjected former slaves to “special regulations and restrictions on their freedom”

Collectively, all this appeared to be the old institution of slavery just dressed up in new clothes—a new and creative system to keep Blacks in subjugation.

Congress Takes Charge

In early 1866, Johnson’s vetoed to two bills passed by Congress precipitating an irreconcilable break:

•Bill to extend life of Freedmen’s Bureau (established March 1865)

• Civil rights bill to nullify Black CodesIt sought to guarantee “full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is enjoyed by all white citizens”

Johnson’s vetoes shocked moderate Republicans who

heretofore had hope to work with the White House.

The president thereby alienated those who might

have worked with him.

Congressional response: 14th and 15th amendments

• Congress feared Johnson would not enforce civil rights legislation•Congress passed 14th and 15th amendments

To the left, “Reconstruction—How it Works,” Thomas Nast cartoon in Harper’s Weekly.

Using Shakespearian imagery that would have been familiar to

mid-19th century American readers, Nast casts Johnson as Iago from Othello. A wounded

Black Union veteran represents Othello. On the wall, Johnson’s slogans—“Treason is a crime

and must be made odious” and “I am your Moses”—appear. At

center left one sees a flurry of presidential pardons issued by

Johnson to Confederate offenders; at center right,

presidential vetoes abound.

Columbia (left, representing the U.S.) pardons Robert E. Lee while right, the Black Freedman is no so easily

accommodated

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

• S Thirteenth Amendment—Congressional passage January 1865; ratification December 1865 Prohibited slavery in the U.S.

• C Fourteenth Amendment—Congressional passage June 1866; ratification July 1868 gave right of citizenship to freedmen

• V Fifteenth Amendment—Congressional passage February 1869; ratification March 1870 prohibited denial of franchise or the vote because of race, color, or past servitude

Segregation in American Education—Plessy v. Ferguson

• John H. Ferguson (1806-1887), the Orleans Parish criminal court judge who ruled in the original case

• John Marshall Harlan, the only Supreme Court Justice who ruled in favor of Homer A. Plessy

• The Supreme Court (7-1) upholds a Louisiana law requiring separate

• railroad cars for Blacks and whites• The ruling gave impetus to a host of Jim Crow laws that

began • to be introduced in the South

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 3 Social issues affecting children

Child Labor & Poverty vs. Education

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 4 Social issues affecting immigrants

The growth of urban slums accompanied the rapidly

expanding urbanization process. . . and the working class filled this

particular feature of growing American cities.

Immigration to AmericaWaves of immigration poured into the U.S. in the late-19th century. While this was not new, the origin of these immigrants—Southern and Eastern Europe—was indeed new.

Italian wave in 1887 to escape cholera epidemic—Italians constituted the largest number of new immigrants**

Arrival of Russian Jews

The assassination of Tsar Alexander

II (1818-1881. below) triggered a

wave of persecutions

against Jews in Russia.**

Tsarist persecution in Russia and Russian controlled Poland—Jews were the second

largest number of new immigrants

While immigration to American had long been from Europe, until this

juncture, about 85% had come from the 18 B Northwestern European

countries--the British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia

Immigration now came mainly from Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary,

Poland, and Russia

Motives for Coming • to escape poverty

• to escape drought

• to escape disease

• to escape religious persecution

• to escape political persecution

• to find a better life

• to find employment

Immigrant Profile

• Between 1877-1890 there were 6.3 million immigrants into the U.S. 18

• By 1890, about 15% of the population—9 million—were foreign born

• Most were between ages 15-40 • Most settled on the eastern seaboard, especially in

the industrial cities and port towns of the northeast • Most were poor, unskilled, settled in ethnic

communities of their national origin • Most resisted assimilation

Evolving Immigrant Stereotype

Backlash to Immigration

• Anti-Catholicism and Anti-Semitism rose

• Many wondered whether these immigrants would become a challenge to traditional American values

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 5 Urbanization

What are the main architectural

symbols of the medieval era?

What are the main architectural symbols of the modern era?

Toward an Urban Society,1877-1900

Reliance Building,

Chicago—1894

Monadnock Building,

Chicago—1889

Railway Exchange,

Chicago—1904

Columbia University historian Richard

Hofstadter, 1916-1960

American historian Richard Hofstadter observed that “‘The

United States was born in the country and

moved to the city.’ . . . That migration, and the

urban growth that accompanied it,

reshaped American politics and culture.”

“Two major forces reshaped American society between 1870 and 1920. One was

industrialization (see Chapter 18); the other was urbanization. . . . By 1920, the city had become the center of American economic, social, and cultural life. . . . Between 1870 and 1900, the city—like

the factory—became a symbol of the new America

Why Cities Attracted People

• Lured by the glitter and excitement of the city

• Friends or relatives already in the city

• Greater opportunities for jobs or higher wages

Percentage of American Population living in cities of 8,000 or more:

1860—16.6%1890—33.3%1920—50 %

Chicago as a Model -- the Symbol of Urban Growth in 1800s

To the left is a map of Chicago in 1871. Chicago marked the point where railroads and shipping lanes met.

Above is a picture of the Chicago skyline as it is today, along the

shores of Lake Michigan.

Chicago’s Union Station

The growth of urban slums accompanied the rapidly

expanding urbanization process. . . and the working class filled this

particular feature of growing American cities.

City Life• Population Shift

• Skyscrapers as a symbol of the new city life

• Streetcars and new residential patterns

The streetcar revolutionized the relationship between the worker and the work place. Likewise, it altered the

relationship between the shopper and the merchant. In both casers, things no longer had to be within walking distance.

Problems Faced by Rapidly Expanding Cities?

• Overcrowded tenement housing, slums (led to crime, disease, misery)

• No place to dispose of sewage, garbage

• Disease from lack of good, proper hygiene

• Crime

• Corrupt politicians—enriched selves from their positions of power in running the city

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 6 The Social Gospel

The book expressed a paternalistic view, i.e., the poor are not capable of making their own (a.k.a., wise) decisions

The Philosophy of Laissez-faire • Carnegie’s “Gospel of

Wealth”• Defended accumulation

of wealth• Asserted responsibility of

wealthy to spend properly

• Act as “trustee” for poorer brethren

• Donate money to worthy causes

The “Self-Made Man

The Boot-strap Philosophy—Combination of hard work and good luck = fortune. . . How is this argument true?

The Horatio Alger stories (left) popularized the idea that hard work led to upward mobility.

Across the Atlantic, author Samuel Smiles (1832-1904, right) published an English

version of this philosophy

Social Darwinism and Survival of the Fittest

Charles Darwin (above, 1809-1882)

Darwin’s seminal work appeared in 1859

Influence of Darwinism

The publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species in 1859 had a far

greater impact than altering the Western view of biology. Many late-19th century intellectuals applied Darwin’s principles like “survival of the fittest” and “natural selection” to human society. These social

Darwinists saw the human world as a struggles in which only the strong

survived. Meanwhile, Darwin’s opponents lampooned the English author, likening

him to the monkey from whom man allegedly evolved.

Survival of the Fittest

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) applied Darwinist principles to human society

William Graham Sumner (above, 1840-1910), was a Yale University political and social science professor—- arguments like his suggested that millionaires were the products of natural selection. In 1883, Sumner published What Social Classes Owe One Another.

Government interference / regulation in business world went against natural law. Laissez-faire economic philosophy rejected government involvement in economy, planning over a free market economy. Free market forces were good since they eliminated weaker competitors from business.

Social Critics and Dissenters

John Greenleaf Whittier (1807-1892, left)—aging rural poet who

critiqued the influence of urbanization and

industrialization. At the Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876, Whittier refused to view

the exposition’s focal point—the powerful, giant Corliss steam engine—suggesting that this

symbol of emerging American industry was like the serpent in

the Garden of Eden.

Post-1870 Realism, Naturalism, and Darwinism

Joel Chandler Harris (left) and George Washington Cable (right, 1844-1925). These two authors depicted life in the

South. Harris wrote the Uncle Remus tales (far right).

The Social Gospel Practically Applied

Movement within many churches arguing that before souls could be saved, the lives of the wretchedly

poor must be improved—movement pushed for shorter work day, six-day work week, and elimination of child

labor.

Settlement Houses 18 D—2

Settlement houses became labs for urban reform—most social workers believed it would require government intervention (anti- laissez-faire philosophy) to correct the problems

Jane Addams (1860-1935) and Hull House in Chicago

Chicago’s Hull House

Lillian Wald (1867-1940)

• Social worker who pioneered public health nursing

• Founded Henry Street Settlement in New York in 1893

• Began New York school of nursing in 1902

• Helped establish Federal Children’s Bureau in 1912

Readiness Standard (3)The student understands the political,

economic, & social changes in the U. S. from 1877 to 1898.

(C) 7 Philanthropy of industrialists

Rockefeller Philanthropy(among other things)

• $80 to University of Chicago

• Major funding to Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Brown, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, & Vassar

• Founded Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1901

• Created Rockefeller Foundation , 1913

• Endowed Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene & Public Health

Carnegie Philanthropy(among other things)

• At age 65, sold Carnegie Steel for $480 million & devoted remainder of his life to philanthropic activities

• Gave away over $350 million, centering most around education & world peace

• Spent over $56 million to build 2,509 libraries throughout the English-speaking world

• Founded 13 different trusts including:

• Carnegie Foundation

• Carnegie Library & Museum of Pittsburgh

• Carnegie Mellon University

• Carnegie Corporation of New York

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