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Part 1 You are goin g t o  read a magazine article about learning wh ile you sleep. Choose lr om the  list  A-I  the sentence whic h bes t summarises each part (1-7) 01the art icle.  There is one ext ra senten ce whi ch you do not need to use. Ther e is an exa mple at t he begi nning (O). Mark your ans wer s  on Ihe sepa rat e answer sheet. A  '. The benelit s 01lear ni ng a ta sk can be los t  il we don' t go lo sleep soon enough.  ' B It is only when we sleep that thebraín -can help us wi th tasks tha t req uir e us t o thi nk imaQi ñátively. e  It has taken some time tor researchers to conclude tha t sleepi ng helps us to learn . .' O  The bra in is ver y acti ve while we sl eep and tr ies to connsct events frorn th e rec ent and more dista nt pasto : 1  E It appear s that we need a var iety 01di ff er ent kinds 01sleep, or  learnin g abilit y is af fecte d. F Al though some peop le don't appear to need as rnuch sleep as others,  it is impo rtant that we all get a cert ain amo unt every night. I  G  1 I  slee p is interrupt ed,  our abilit y to learn can be reduc ed. H It seems th at cert ai n skil ls have more chance 01be ing improved by a night 's sleep than others . .' '~ I It is ol ten hard to ex pl ain how, al ter a ni ght' s sleep,  we know how to do something wh ich previousl y pro ved difficult. .-/ 0100  /  1  Dec02
Transcript
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Part 1

You are going to read a magazine article about learning while you sleep. Choose lrom the list A-I the

sentence which best summarises each part (1-7) 01the article. There is one extra sentence which you

do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O).

Mark your answers on Ihe separate answer sheet.

A '. The benelits 01learning a task can be lost il we don't go lo

sleep soon enough. '

B It is only when we sleep that thebraín-can help us with

tasks that require us to think imaQiñátively.

e It has taken so me time tor researchers to conclude that

sleeping helps us to learn .

.'O The brain is very active while we sleep and tries to connsct

events frorn the recent and more distant pasto

: 1 E It appears that we need a variety 01different kinds 01 sleep,

or learning ability is affected.

F Although some people don't appear to need as rnuch sleep

as others, it is important that we all get a certain amount

every night.

I G 1 I sleep is interrupted, our ability to learn can be reduced.

H It seems that certain skills have more chance 01being

improved by a night's sleep than others.

.'

'~ I It is olten hard to explain how, alter a night's sleep, we

know how to do something which previously proved

difficult.

.-/ 

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,.

Learning while you sleepHeather Holt finds out how sleep can help us to learn.

¡ (JHave you ever gone to bed frustrated that

you couldn't solve a' pró'blem, and then

seen the answer straiqht away the next

morning? Perhaps it was the final clue of a

crossword puzzle, or a face you couldn't

put a name to during the day. You might

notice something similar with a more

physical challenge - a tough piece of music

you were trying to learn, say - which

magically seemed much easier the next

day. Did you assume you were just too

tired to get things right the night before, or

did you leel that you'd worked things out in

your dreams?

Scientists have been suggesting links

between drearns and memories lar two

centurias, and many are now convinced

that memories Irom the day become lixed

as w e d ream. But by. revisiting these

'. memories while we sleep, can we .actualty

work out a problem or carry on learning

something? Some researchers think so.

One psychiatrist, Peter Stephens, suggests

that the alternating periods of deep sleep

and lighter, dreaming sleep we experience

each night are all vital. While we may think

that only practice makes perfect, he

believes sleep may also play an important

role. What's more, learning··' \ ¡;¡nd

understanding what we've learnt takes all

night. In f act, he believes that so melearning cannot happen without sleep.

Evidence that people might learn skills

during the time they are dreaming is

beginning toernerqe. Researchers trained

a group 01 people to report whether they'd

seen a certain pattern appearing on a

computer screen while they looked at a

letter in the centre. The task took about

100

rnilli-seconds, but il the trainees did the

test alter a night's sleep Ihey were about 15

rnitti-seconds faster. However, if the

trainees were woken up every time they

began to dream during the night, there was

no improvement.

Stephens did some more work on this and

discovered that the trainees had to sleep

within 24 hours 01 the initial test or they

wouldh:i show any improvement. Even a

good night's sleep 48 hours later was no

good.

Sleep is probably not necessary for all

torrns of learning, but it is especially

important lor learning 'how' rather than

'what'. Stephens says that some things are

learnt straight away. For example, if you

don't remember a phone number 50

seconds alter being told it, sleep won't

help. However, if you're trying to learn a

piano piece and you just cannot get it, you

might find that if you put it aside and come

back to it the next morning you'lI be able todo it.

Our brains are doing more than just

translerring mernories : while we dream.

According to Stephens and his colleagues,

we're also busy exploring the links between

old and new memories, which may help to

explain how we can sometimes solve

problems in our sleep. This may also

explain the strange dreams that we oltenexperience.

Stephens says that they are just beginning

to understand the way sleep works and the

links with learning. He says that the brain

has been designed to help us to find

creative solutions to problems. For this, it

needs us to sleep.

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,.

Part 2

You are going lo read a newspaper article about attending a new attraction for film fans in the USo For

questions 8-15, choose Ihe answer (A, B, e or O) which you think fits besl according to the text.

Mark you r answers on the separate answer sheet.

Star for a Night

For  45 dollars , visitors  to Tinseltown Studios are treated like their Hollywood idols 

on Osear night . Laurellves joins the  w outd - be stars .

It is a warm evening in Los Angeles, and I am

standing in a long queue outside a fabulous-

looking place called Tinseltown Studios.

Nervous chatler and the noise of a distant six-

lane Ireeway hum in the airo Women busily.re-

apply their lipstick and smooth their dresses.

Like me, they are hoping that they are about to

get ataste 01 what it feels like to be a star.

We are spendinq an evening at one 01 the

newest and strangest ideas dreamt up by the

American entertainment industry. Tinseltown's

owners, Ogden Entertainment, claim that, for

one night only, they will ' turn ordinary

individuals into screen legends' - and I can

hardly wait.

Our evening begins a l 7.30 p.m. Handing over

my ticket, I walk down the long red carpet

ahead. 'Fans' approach and ask for my

autograph. I graciously agree. 'Reporters' ask

where I got my outfit and who will star with me

in my new film. On my right, a 'television crew'

is interviewing two girls. A ' journalist'

approaches. 'Congratulations,' she says, 'you

are nominated as Best Actress tonight.'

She turns out to be one 01 the orqanisers of

the event and she tells me that, al6ng' with

three other nominees, I will be edited into ascene from a lamous movie so that it will seem

as il I am the star. The eight scenes (showing

tour men and tour women) will then be

broadcast over dinner 'and the Best Actress

and Best Actor chosen. Nominees are chosen

by staft at the beginning 01 the evening, 'on the

basis 01 who they think looks as il they have

 /ine 35 the most guts. So why did they choose me?

Suddenly, the nerves that the stall did not

detect come to the surface. Coping with

people who are pretending to be lans,

 journalists and TV crews is one thing, but

being broadcast acting badly in Iront 01 200people? I didn't know il I could handle that.

Then I and the other three nominees are

shown into a lift and taken upstairs to the

studio. I am to replace Genevieve Bujold as

the Queen 01 England in the li lm Anne  of a

Thousand Day s . They show me the scene,

hand me a costume and push me in Iront 01 a

camera. My l ive lines are written onto a large

white board and held in Iront of me. Suddenly,

it is all overo Once all lour nominees have been /ine 50

filmed, we join the rest 01 the 'stars' in the vast

banquet room. Over the lirst course, videos

are shown on a screen aboye uso The show

begins with the red carpet 'interviews' Iilmed

as we, the guests, arrived.

First up is aman called John Richardson. Is he

pleased to be nominated lor an award tonight,

asks the 'reporter'? 'You know, being a stuntman isn't as glamorous as being an actor,' he

replies. 'Most 01 the time, people watching the

picture think that it is the actors doing the

stunts, so it's good to linally get so me

recognition.' John's Iriends, who are sitting at

the table next to mine, are loving his interview,

applauding every time he speaks. 'Who'd have

thought that, in real lile, he is just a dull

computer programmer?' says one 01 them. He

is righl: as more 'stars-Ior-a-night' are

interviewed, I am struck by how competently

these people express themselves.

A waiter approaches with a warning: I am

about to be 'spotlighted'. I am introduced to

the audience, my blushing lace appears on the

big screen and then, as I squirm with

embarrassment in my chair, the lilm 01 me,

edited (rather badly) into Anne  of a Thou sa nd 

Da y s , is shown. I am also handed a pre-

scripted speech - with blanks so I c a n say a

thank-you to whomever I choose - just in case

I am chosen as Best Actress. However, my

performance was so wooden that I don't win.

Yet now that I know I won't have to make a

speech, I leel a moment 01 realdisappointment.

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8 When the writer is waiting 10 go into Tinseltown Studios, she

thinks she has little in common with the other people.

wants to lind that the claim the company makes is true ..

lears that the event may go on lar too long.

is surprised by the appearance 01 the building.

9 As she goes into the building, the writer/.

A gels conlused as to who some 01 the people are.

e acts as il she really is a star.

..'e is unable to respond 10 certain questions.

o is impressed by some 01 the other visitors.

10 What is meant by 'quts' in line 35?

A experience

e ambition

e energy

o courage

11 What does 'it' in line 50 reler to?

A the li lming 01 the writer

e the writing on the white board

e the lilming 01 all lour norninees

o the writer's last line ,

12 .John Richardson answers the question he. is asked by

A denying an accusation.

e explaining a change in attitude.

e expressing satisfaction.

o admitting to being confused.

13 The wriler notices that the other people who are interviewed

A try to respond in the same way that John Richardson did.

e try to appear more interesting than they really are ".

e have similar jobs to John Hichardson's in real lile.

O have little difficulty in giving qood answers 10 questions.

14 When the wriler is 'spotlighted', she

A linds that she is unable to speak.

e quickly looks away from the screen.

e clearly leels uncomfortable.

o becomes convinced that she will win.

15 When.she discovers that she has not won,the writer

A understands why she was not chosen as the winner.

e is glad that she will not have to make a speech.

e wishes she had not agreed to be lilmed.O regrels not having a better parto

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Part 3

You are going 10read a newspaper article about a woman who works as a personal assistant, or PA , to

the director of a museum. Seven paragraphs have been removed Irom the article. Choose Irom the

paragraphs A-H Ihe one which lits each gap (16-21). There is one exlra paragraph which you do not

need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O).

Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet./.

Working in a Museum Anna C uss is a FA in one oi the most irn portant museums in Lond on.

S he tc.¡lk st o Wend  y S mith about her j ob.

Since she took up her post ayear ago asPA ro the director of  the Natural

Historv Museum, Dr Neil Chalmers,

Anna Cuss has beco me a source of 

knowledge on a11 manner of   museum

issues - fram botany and zoology ro

f und-raising, re-roof ing and heating

systems.

r 18j

This means there are plenty of   meetings

to organise. 'Neil sits on vanous

external committees and we have a11the

internal committee mectings that have

to be attended ~ the f ocus could be

anything fram fund-raising for future

years to buildings management.'

I ' , A 1 H

And visit they do in their thousands.The Natural History Museum gets up to

1.8 rnillion visitors each year, making it

the fourth most popular paying visitar

attraction in the UK.

Anna feels at home in rhis

environment. 'I always wanted to work

in a top job in a museum and f inally I've

rnanaged it,' she says.

This runs f or another year and is

. advertised as the f irst of  its rvpe ro

explore eighteenth- and nin~˙;eJ:lth-

century British sea voyages of  exploration.

'But that would have involved doing a

postgraduate course. That would have

meant another three years at university

and, to be honest, I'd had enough of studving by then.'

l.~l.]Her boss is also responsible f or the

running of  the building. The site in

London covers a huge area and is home

to the largest collection of  natural

history books, magazines, manuscripts,

maps and drawings in the world.

That was f ollowed by four years working

f or the director of the Royal Society of 

Arts. 'I wasn't really looking to move,

but when ¡saw the Natural History

Museum job advertí sed ¡f elt ¡had to

apply f or it.'

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"

A 'This was the first one 1 had seen being

put up and it was a reallv busy time,' says

Anna. '1 had ro plan notes for Neil's

speech for the opening reception and

deal with the press office.'

B She orígí nallv studied archaeology as a

way of entering the museum world. 'Mydream had always been to become a

museum curator,' she says.

e As a result, both of  thern try ro meet

each day to plan ahead. 'We always keep

Fridays free so he can sit down and do"

some research,' she says.

o Anna has become so keen that af ter

work she reads books on natural history

and attends the museum's lectures. Shehas also taken up bí rd-watching at the

weekend.

E Whether she is helping with school

parties or deáling with dí stí nguished

visitors f ram overseas, Anna admits she

is kept very busy. She and her boss have

 just launched the museum's latest

exhibitíon.

F 'What many people don't know is that,

apart f ram the exhibits, we also have

300 scientists and academics working

here who are carrying out lots of 

ihtportant research,' says Anna.

G She completed a secretarial course and

then worked her way through a range of . administrative positions. Later she

moved t o London to the Museums and

Galleries Commission as PA to the

assistant director.

H 'People always ask me what 1 do a11day,

orher than dust down the exhibits,' she

 jokes. 'But there is a whole lot more

going on behind the scenes to make the

museum interesting to the people who

visit.'

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"

Part 4

You are going 10 read some book reviews. For questions 22-35, choose Irom the reviews (A-E). The

reviews may be chosen more than once. There is an example at lhe beginning (O).

Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

/.

In which book

does the author make a number 01choices which most readers

would not expect?

is the inlormation organised by topic rather than place?

0 1 e

1221., ,> ' .._ .

does the author's imagination seern 10 lake over at times? f 23 I

do we learn about certain prolessional techniques?

are ordinary places made to seem more interestinq?

Which book

might help us to understand more about ourselves?

covers lts subject thoroughly?

makes us leel some 01the writer's enjoyment 01Ihe subject? E28'1

introduces us 10 some very slrange people?

shows how people may try to influence others? r ~O Iwas based on an earlier piece al work?

is one 01 a number on a similar theme? ¡ ~ 2 l

lails to underline the connection between:;two aspects 01its subject? [~5!] Ir · . . ,

[3,~Jshows us changes taking place at the present lime?

was written beca use 01an anniversary? 1 : 3 { ) 1

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,

Book of the Week

Hungry for You, by Joan Smith

-Food is 01 monumental importance to

us and yet we often tend to make .itsrole seem unimportant. In this

intriguing collection 01 articles, Joan

Smith tries to make usrealise that we

should not simply take food lor granted.

The book shows how our choice 01

whal we eat, how we prepare it and

with whom we share it can reveal

things aoout uso The book invites us 10

look at how food can be used to charm

and impress people. This is a

lascinating read, but be warried - you

may never be able to sit down to a mealin auite the same

Rotter d am -  P hotograph i c 

I mpressions , by Martin Kers"

Martin Kers has become lamous lor his

photographs 01 the Dutch landscape

and many people still leel that this is

what he does best. In this book he

shows that he is equally skilful in

showing just how interesting a citylandscape can be. The book paints a

powerful picture 01 a modern and

dynamic city. With his keen eye lor

contrast, Kers makes even the most

uninspiring harbour scene come to lile.

However, it is a pity that he doesn't

make more of the opportunity to show

how closely the city and the harbour

are related to each other. In the end,

though, Kers succeeds in showinq us a

modern city working tirelessly en -its

own translormation and

A Personal  J o u rney w ith M a rti n 

Sco r cese  th r ou gh Ame ri ca n 

Movies, by Martin Scorcese

This book was written a§ a result 01 a

television documentary made by the

lilm-director Martin 'Scorcese some

years ago, at lhe invitation 01the British

Film Inslitute, to mark the lirst hundred

years 01'cinema. Scorcese's selection

01the lilms which have most influenced

him is quite surprising. For every

widely accepted classic, lhere is a long-

lorgotten crime movie or cowboy lilm

which, in the author's eyes, takes lilm-

making mto new territory. Scorcese's

inleclious delight in his subject and

detailed understanding of what

directors were attempting to achieve

with various camera angles and

styles 01 editing make lor a lascinating

read.;

F u ll  Cir c l e , by Luis Sep˙lveda

Circle  comes lrom a series 01

books 01 travellers' stories brought out

recenlly by a leading publisher. FuJ/  

Circle  is about what it calls 'a journey

without any set plan' into the heart 01

South America: The author paints

vivid, sometimes surreal, pictures 01

people and places where it is olten

difficult to tell the difference between

lact and liction. Whether he is

travelling in Patagonia or in some

sleepy tropical town, the author creates

characters who are almosl

unbelievable and then places them in

Afri ca :  A B iograp h y  of th e 

Co n fi ne nt , by John Reader

This book is concerned not only with

the Alrica of European explorers,

traders and colonists but with the Alrica

01lhe Alricans who have been there lor

lour million years or more. This book

does not deal with Alrica region by

region, but rather adopts a themalic

approach, dealing with specific

subjects individually - crop gathering,

keeping animals, iron making, trade,

disease - taking examples Irom across

almost the whole 01the continent. This

is a solid work 01scholarship and at the

end we leel that reading it has taken

away the necessity 01 reading dozens

01 other books on the history and pre-

history 01Alrica.

0100 11 Dec02


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