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READING
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ÜDS
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Fossil
The twentieth century has beecentury’ due to the abundanc
contribution to human devel
formed over millions of years b
of plants and animals under i
This process resulted in e
petroleum, and natural gas
generated most of the energy c
century, paving the way for co
new inventions.
Fossil fuels are currently the
source of power for both pers
Petroleum fuels our cars and
natural gas and coal heat and
transportation is also largely p
2005, more than 3/4 of total
was through the use of fossil fu
43,4 percent of the world's t
followed by natural gas (15,
percent). North America is the
fuels, utilizing nearly 25 percent
Long thought to be inexhausti
used extensively since the Indu
many believe that the world
unsustainable rate. Some expe
has already reached its pea
production, and that it is only
natural gas and coal follow suit.
about oil supply have led to
exploration of, alternative sourc
tar sands and oil shale.
a.com
uels
n called ‘the hydrocarbonof fossil fuels, and their
pment. Fossil fuels were
the decomposing remains
mense heat and pressure.
ergy laden fuels, coal,
, which together have
nsumed globally for over a
ntinued advancement and
ost economically available
nal and commercial uses.
thirst for plastics, while
electrify our homes. Mass
ropelled by fossil fuels. In
orld energy consumption
ls. Petroleum led with over
otal energy consumption,
percent) and coal (8,3
largest consumer of fossil
of the world's resources.
le, fossil fuels have been
trial Revolution. However,
is using fossil fuels at an
rts believe that the world
for oil extraction and
a matter of time before
These near-term concerns
increasing focus on, and
es of petroleum, such as in
V
due to
abundance
contribution
form
decompose
remains
immense
laden
process
resulted in
generate
consume
pave
advancemen
invention
currently
source
commercial
thirst
largely
propell
consumptio
consumer
utilize
nearly
inexhaustibl
extensivelyunsustainabl
expert
peak
extraction
concern(abo
supply
lead to
increasing
focus on
exploration
such as
CABULARY
: den dolayı (owing
to)
: bolluk X scarcity
: katkı
: oluşturmak,şekil
: çürü(t)mek
: kalıntı
: büyük = huge,vast
: yüklü
: süreç
: ile sonuçlanmak
: üretmek
: tüketmek
:yolu
açmak,döşemek
t : ilerleme
: icat
: şu anda = presently
: kaynak
: ticari
: susuzluk
:
büyük oranda = for
the most part,
mostly,
predominately
: itmek
: tüketim
: tüketici
: kullanmak
:
yaklaşık =
almost
closely
virtually
: bitmez
: yoğun bir şekildee : sürdürülemez
: uzman
: zirve,doruk
: (maden) çıkartma
ut) : endişe
: kaynak,sağlamak
: yol açmak
: artan X decreasing
: odaklanmak
: araştırma
: örneğin,---gibi
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To release their stored energy, f
It is during this combustion
emissions and particulates, incl
the atmosphere. Primary releas
carbon, which can be harmful
can combine with water vapo
compounds that create acid rai
releases carbon dioxide, a gre
believe is key factor in global cli
There are also environment
extracting, transporting, and util
coal and drilling for oil are es
the digging of massive mines
surrounding landscapes and bri
water to the surface which can
without proper treatment and
extraction is somewhat safer,
While there are regulations i
minimize the risks, it is imp
completely. However, regulati
must be continued resear
technologies for both fossil fuel
addition to an increasing conser
a.com
ossil fuels must be burned.
rocess that a variety of
ding ash, are released into
s are sulfur, nitrogen, and
to the environment. They
in the air to form acidic
n, and burning fossil fuels
nhouse gas that scientists
ate change.
al risks associated with
izing fossil fuels. Mining for
ecially hazardous because
and wells can change the
g massive amounts of salt
amage nearby ecosystems
sequestration. Natural gas
ut can also be hazardous.
place that attempts to
ssible to eliminate them
n is not sufficient; there
h in developing new
and renewable energy, in
ation measures.
release
burn
combustionincluding
primary
harmful (to)
combine
associated
with
especially
hazardous
dig
massive
nearby
proper
sequestratio
somewhat
attempt
eliminate
regulation
sufficient
renewable
in addition t
conservatio
measure
:salmak =emit=give
off
: yakmak
: yanma: dahil X excluding
:
ana =
chief
elementary
main
principal
:
zararlı =
destructive
detrimental
: birleştirmek
: ile ilgili,bağlantılı
:özellikle =
particularly
: tehlikeli =risky
: kazmak
: büyük
: yakınlarda
: uygun,düzgün
n : el koyma
: biraz
: girişim,girişmek
: ortadan kaldırmak
: düzenleme
:
yeterli =
adequate
ample
comfortable
decent
enough
: yenilenebilir
: -e ilaveten
:koruma =
preservation
: önlem,ölçmek
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Land
The surface of the Earth is shphysical processes, including e
shifts of rocks and sediments,
Humans also shape the l
populations, agricultural expa
resource excavation, changing t
layers of industrial and urban i
the physical and biological mate
the land, existing as vegetatio
(human-created structures). Lan
ways in which human beings m
land and its resources.
Over the course of history, hum
relationship to the land. Early h
used the land with little mod
gathering, and defensive ai
domestication of plants and ani
years ago that land use involve
landscape. With domestication
for both settlement and agricul
built structures on the land (or
defense and worship, and alter
and the course of waterwa
transportation.
In many instances, the biologic
the land contributes to how it i
are most suitable for farming w
are less suitable for settlement
are often located adjacent to a
essential water, and access for
economic purposes. As food,
communication technologies tra
centuries in order to meet the n
population, there have been ma
of land use worldwide.
a.com
se
ped by a combination ofrthquakes and volcanoes,
nd flows of river and ice.
and through increasing
sion, mineral and forest
he flow of rivers, and with
frastructure. Land cover is
rial found on the surface of
or the built environment
d use describes the various
ke use of and manage the
ans have had a changeable
mans are believed to have
ification for shelter, food
s. It wasn't until the
mals approximately 10,000
d extensive changes in the
came large-scale clearing
ture. Growing populations
ut of the land) for shelter,
ed the existing land cover
s for food, power, and
l and physical make-up of
used; lands with rich soils
ile lands prone to flooding
. Large cities, for example,
n ocean or river, providing
ood, sewer, industrial, and
ower, transportation, and
nsformed over the last few
eeds of a rapidly expanding
jor changes in the patterns
Vsurface
shape
shift
agricultural
expansion
excavation
infrastructur
existing
vegetation
describe
various
make use of
manage
modification
shelter
gather
defensive
domesticati
approximate
extensive
settlement
defense
worship
alterinstance
make-up
contribute T
suitable
prone TO
flooding
located
adjacent to
provideessential
access
purpose
communicat
meet the ne
rapidly
expand
worldwide
CABULARY: yüzey
:
şekil,
şekillendirmek
: değiştirmek
: tarımsal
: genişleme
: kazı
e : altyapı
: var olan
: bitki örtüsü
: tanımlamak
: çeşitli
: kullanmak
: yönetmek
: değiştirm
: sığınak,korumak
: topla(n)mak
: savunmacı
n : evcilleştirme
ly : yaklaşık
: yoğun
: yerleşim
: savunmak
: tapmak
: değiştirmek
: örnek;defa,kez
: YAPI
: katkıda bulunmak
: uygun
: yatkın,eğilimli
: sel basma,taşma
: yerleşmiş
:
bitişik =
neighbouring
next to
: sağlamak: gerekli
: giriş,erişim
: amaç
ion : iletişim
ds : ihtiyacı
karşılamak
:
hızlıca =
quickly
speedily
: genişlemek
: dünya çapında
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During the 18th and 19th cent
were cleared to make way for c
and building material. In many
trend is reversing, and the reg
occurring. However, in ma
deforestation and unsustainabl
still a major concern. Yet,
transformative change has b
cropland and the increase of urb
Today, industrial areas are
suburban locales rather than i
dedicated to natural resource
continue to be found most oft
city life is marked by large c
spaces, with impermeable su
occasional green space. These
vast transportation network th
water, exchanging people, goo
between the urban, suburban,
decisions have since moved
deciding where to place his cr
view of land use planning.
a.com
ries, many acres of forest
opland, and for use as fuel
developed countries that
eneration of vegetation is
y developing countries,
agricultural practices are
worldwide, the most
een in the decrease of
an land.
ore apt to be found in
inner cities, while areas
extraction and production
en in rural areas. Modern
mmercial and residential
faces punctuated by the
areas are connected by a
at snakes across land and
ds, and natural resources
and rural areas. Land use
from the single farmer
ops to a more integrated
reverse
regeneratio
deforestatio
concerndecrease (IN
increase (IN)
urban
land
apt
rather than
inner
dedicated to
impermeabl
punctuate
integrate
: tersine çevirmek
: yenilenme
: ormansızlaştırma
: endişe,ilgi ) : azalma
: artma
: kentsel
: arazi
: uygun
: -den ziyade
: iç X outer
: adanmış,ayrılmış
: sızdırmaz,geçirmez
: araya girmek
: birleştirmek
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Wat
The basic building block for allmost plentiful natural resource
two-thirds of the Earth is cove
percent is held in the oceans
freshwater. Of the freshwater
accessible as ground or surfac
stored in glaciers and icecaps.
evenly distributed across land
number of heavily populated co
where fresh water is scarce.
Water also regulates the temp
cycles essential nutrients thro
living things. The flow of wate
biosphere, lithosphere, and h
hydrologic, or water, cycle. Th
abundant natural resource
fundamental element of life w
diligent management.
Philosophies guiding managechanged during the 20th centu
the 1900s, water management
moving water to where it was m
irrigation of agricultural lands.
bodies of water were also used
municipal and industrial uses, b
the pollutants would disperse
three decades, the focus of wat
to considerations of municipal,
supplies, water quality, and
ecosystems.
a.com
r
life on Earth, water is theon the planet; in fact, over
ed by water. However, 97
, while only 3 percent is
only 1 percent is easily
e water, the remains are
oreover, freshwater is not
surfaces, and there are a
ntries located in arid lands
erature of the planet and
gh the land, air, and all
through the atmosphere,
ydrosphere is called the
s, water is both the most
on our planet and a
ose preciousness requires
ent of water suppliesy. Until the second half of
as governed by the goal of
ost needed, particularly for
Rivers, lakes, and other
to carry away wastes from
cause it was believed that
in the water. In the past
r management has shifted
agricultural, and industrial
he protection of aquatic
Vbasic
plentiful
in fact
cover
accessible
store
evenly
distribute
a number of
heavily
scarce
regulate
essential
nutrient
thus
abundant
fundamental
precious
require
diligent
particularly
irrigation
municipal
disperse
consideratio
protection
CABULARY: temel
: çok = copious
: aslında
:kaplamak,
kapsamak
: ulaşılabilir
: depo,depolamak
:düzenli = equally
X unevenly
: dağıtmak
: bir çok
: yoğun şekilde
X lightly
: nadir,seyrek
: düzenlemek
:
gerekli =
important
crucial
indispensable
necessary
of the essence
requisite
substantive
: besleyici
:bu yüzden
=hence,therefore
: bol
: temel
: değerli
:
gerektirmek =
ask
call for
demand
expect
involve
necessitateneed
postulate
: çalışkan
: özellikle
: sulama
: belediye
: dağıtmak,yaymak
n : göz önüne alma
: koruma
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Many argue that privatization,
produces the most equitable, en
economically sound system
distribution and consumption of
are transferable from one indi
fundamental building blocks of
government controlling access t
individuals buy, sell, and trade
with property rights today. Ho
private water markets will un
lead to unequal distribution, sk
more means. Yet, in practice, thi
Interestingly enough, privatiza
most visible in developing cou
margins, without recognizable p
able to access clean drinking wa
local water vendors have respon
government supply. In West
disposable bags of clean drinkin
available throughout the region
foreign companies are also re
demand, shipping large amo
consumers who need it most.
In creating a realistic market fo
effectively treat water as a fin
reflecting all costs associated
individuals will adapt, innovate,
trade and conserve. When pric
can result in waste, ineffici
degradation.
a.com
rather than state-control,
vironmentally friendly, and
for managing both the
water. Water rights which
vidual to another are the
uch a system. Rather than
water, in a private system
ater rights, just as we do
wever, critics charge that
dersupply consumers and
ewing towards those with
s seems not to be the case.
tion benefits are actually
tries. People living on the
roperty or water rights, are
er for a small cost because
ded to the many failures of
frica, for example, small,
g water called ‘sachets’ are
for only a few cents. Many
ponding to this increased
nts of bottled water to
water, price increases will
ite and precious resource,
with its use; therefore,
and find creative ways to
s do not reflect scarcity, it
ncy, and environmental
argue that
privatization
equitable
distributionconsumptio
private
just as
property
right
unequal
skew
A means (O
in practice
interestingly
visible
margin
recognizable
cost
vendor
respond to
FAILURE
disposable
demand
shipping
effectively
treat
finite
precious
resource
reflect
therefore
adapt
innovate
creative
conserve
scarcity
inefficiency
degradation
: iddia etmek
: özelleştirme
: tarafsız,adil
: dağıtım,dağılım: tüketim
: özel X public
: tıpkı
: mal,özellik
: hak;doğru
: eşit değil
: çarpıklık
) : araçlar,yöntemler
:uygulamada
X in theory
: ilginç şekilde
:görülebilir
X invisible
: sınır,kenar
: tanınabilir
: malolmak,maliyet
: satıcı
: yanıt vermek
: başarısızlık
: elden çıkarılabilir
: talep,talep etmek
: sevkiyat
: etkili şekilde
:davranmak,tedavi
etmek
: sınırlı X infinite
: değerli
: kaynak
: yansıtmak
: bu yüzden
: uyum sağlamak
: yeni,yenilikçi
: yaratıcı
: korumak
: kıtlık,azlık
: etkisizlik
: bozulma
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Ecosys
The ecosystem concept has its rregarding the organization a
systems. The word itself is of rel
initially suggested by a scientist
replacement for the communi
usage, however, an ecosystem
community of organisms living i
and the physical elements in th
they interact. Just as there is
individual species on the planet
of ecosystems from the icy arct
lush with plants and animals. Th
scales, with smaller systems
systems. An ecosystem can be a
large as the ocean, dependin
researcher is examining. But
ecosystem end and another be
some may be clear, such as a po
to define, such as marshland tha
In order to better understand th
Earth, scientists have propose
categorizing terrestrial and
classification systems are defin
animal life living in an area in
patterns. The most common sys
biomes based on the dominant
a certain climate. Other ways
more specific classifications in
such as rainfall patterns, type ofEco-regions, for example, are ne
used by conservationists to defi
share a majority of their species
similar environmental conditi
classifying the world are m
instance, anthropogenic biome
direct human interaction with e
a.com
ems
ots in theoretical conceptsnd dynamics of natural
atively recent origin; it was
in 1935 as a more abstract
y concept. In its present
is generally defined as a
n a particular environment
t environment with which
an immense diversity of
so is there a rich diversity
ic zones to tropical forests
ey occur on many different
embedded within larger
s small as a fallen log or as
g on the scale that the
here does one particular
gin? While the borders of
nd; others may be less easy
t leads into a waterway.
e ecological makeup of the
many different ways of
arine ecosystems. Most
d by the type of plant and
relation to global climate
tem divides the world into
lant life that occurs within
f defining ecosystems use
corporating characteristics
soil, and particular species.sted within biomes and are
e areas of the world which
and ecological dynamics in
ns. Newer methods of
re human-centered. For
are defined by sustained
osystems.
VOconcept
root
regarding
relatively
initially
abstract
replacement
community
present
usagedefine
particular
interact
just as
immense
diversity
species
occur
embeded
log
depend on
examine
border
clear
marshland
propose
classification
in relation to
divide
based on
dominant
certain
incorporate
(INTO)
for instance
sustain
interaction
(with)
ABULARY: karam,görüş
: kök
:
ile ilgili =
concerning,relatin
g
:nispeten =
comparatively
: başlangıçta
: soyut X concrete
: yedek,ikame
: toplum
:
şu anki ;
var,mevcut X
absent
: kullanım
: tanımlamak
: belli,bazı
: etkileşmek
: tıpkı
: büyük
: çeşitlilik
: türler
:olmak = take
place
: gömülü
: gövde
: dayanmak,bağlı
olmak
: incelemek
: sınır
: açık,belli
: bataklık arazi
: teklif etmek
: sınıflandırma
: --e oranla,ile ilgili
: bölmek
: -- e dayanan
:
egemen X
predominant
prevailing
prevalent
: belli,bazı,kesin
: birleştirmek
: örneğin = e.g
: sürdürmek
: etkileşim
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Because ecosystems are so in
been many efforts by scientis
change on ecosystem functionin
true balance of nature, change
species, temperature, soil nutrie
all been observed to alter e
changes may ultimately lead
eventual ecosystem collapse; th
scientists to determine exactly
of factors contribute to any ne
many uncertainties in predicti
and ecosystem functioning, a
refine both their method of a
definition of a healthy ecosyste
a.com
terconnected, there have
s to define the effect of
g. Though there may be no
to the number or type of
nts, and other factors have
osystem functions. Some
o species extinctions and
ough it can be difficult for
hich factor or combination
ative outcomes. There are
g both ecosystem change
nd scientists continue to
ssessment as well as the
.
interconnect
effort
function
nutrientobserve
ultimately
extinction
eventual
collapse
determine
exactly
outcome
uncertainty
predict
refine
assessment
as well as
definition
ed : birbirine bağlı
: çaba
: işlev
: besin: gözlemek
:
sonunda =
at last
finally
in the end
eventually
: yok olma
: nihai = ultimate
: çökmek
:belirlemek,saptam
ak,karar vermek
: aynen = precisely
:
sonuç =
consequence
result
resultant
: belirsizlik
: tahmin etmek
: saflaştırmak,
düzeltmek
: değerlendirme
: -de- da
: tanımlama =
account
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Ener
The development of moderdependent on both the availabili
energy. We have witnessed a pr
steam power, to the internal
electricity generation and to th
sources of energy. Because o
sources, it is also important to
energy use on the environment
way it is produced, distributed,
local, regional, and global envir
and degradation, air pollution,
and soils, and through glo
greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of our energy ste
coal, oil, and natural gas; yet, th
large source of carbon dioxide e
to the greenhouse effect.
production of electricity, while
transportation fuel. Natural ga
heating, is growing quickly; how
carbon intensive than coal and
significant amounts of carbon di
While fossil fuels will remain o
for the foreseeable future, t
resources. With concern over d
on foreign supplies, increasing
impacts, there is an increasing
fuel sources.
a.com
y
n civilization has beenty and the advancement of
ogression from animal and
combustion engine and
e harnessing of alternative
f our reliance on energy
understand the effects of
. All aspects of energy, the
and consumed can affect
onments through land use
the acidification of water
bal climate change via
s from fossil fuels such as
burning of these fuels is a
missions which contributes
oal is dominant in the
oil is the world's primary
use, most commonly for
ver, while cleaner and less
oil, natural gas also emits
oxide.
r largest source of energy
hey are ultimately finite
mestic supply and reliance
costs and environmental
push to utilize alternative
Vdependent o
availability
advancemen
witness
progression
steam
internal
combustion
generation
harness
reliance on
aspect
distribute
consume
affect
local
regional
through
degradation
via
greenhouse
majority
stem from
such as
yet
burn
contribute to
effect
dominant
primary
commonlygrowing
intensive
significant
foreseeable
ultimately
finite
impact (ON)
utilize
Hydrogen i
element in
CABULARY n : dayanan,bağlı
:
ulaşılabilirlik =
accessibility
t : ilerleme
: tanıklık etmek
: ilerleme
: buhar
: iç X external
: yanma
: üretim
:control etmek,
faydalanmak
: bağlılık
: yön,özellik
: dağıtmak
: tüketmek
: etkilemek
: yerel
: bölgesel
: sayesinde
: bozulma
: yolu ile
as : sera gazı
: çoğunlukX minority
: kaynaklanmak
: --örneğin,gibi
: henüz,fakat
: yakmak
: katkıda bulunmak
: etki
: egemen
:
ana,temel =
chief
main
principal
: yaygın: artan
: yoğun
: önemli
:öngörülebilir =
predictable
: nihayetinde
: sınırlı
:etki =
effect=influence
: kullanmak
the most abundant
he universe and could
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be an important factor in our
both carry and store energy.
used in a wide variety of a
devices and stationary sources
through the use of fuel cells,
being water and heat. Yet, whi
from renewable energy sources
is produced by processing fossil
in the process. A significant cha
hydrogen energy is the large
nuclear, hydro that will be
hydrogen.
Nuclear energy provides near
electricity without harmful by-p
safe storage and disposal of ra
the potential for accidents, ra
exposure continues. This co
opposed to nuclear energy, has
a practical and sustainable ener
Between increasing costs
environmental effects related
controversy over the use of nu
development in the area of re
continues to flourish. Thes
geothermal, and water, have
another for many centuries,
advancement before they can
with conventional energy sou
challenge of providing sufficien
be a meaningful contributor to o
a.com
energy future since it can
s such, hydrogen can be
plications, from portable
to transportation vehicles
with the only byproducts
le it can be manufactured
, the majority of hydrogen
fuels which emit pollutants
llenge in the availability of
amount of energy, fossil,
needed to generate the
ly a fifth of the world's
roducts. Yet, concern over
ioactive waste, along with
iation contamination and
cern, along with those
locked its advancement as
y source.
nd concern over the
to fossil fuel use, and
clear power, research and
ewable sources of energy
sources, wind, solar,
een used in one form or
but require additional
become cost-competitive
rces. They also face the
t amounts of electricity to
ur growing power needs.
abundant
carry
store
varietyapplication
portable
device
stationary
vehicle
byproduct
manufactur
renewable
process
emit
pollutant
challenge
generate
nearly
harmful
concern
disposal
along with
potential
contaminati
exposure TO
related to
controversy
flourish
require
additional
advancemen
competitive
conventiona
face
meaningful
growing
: bol
: taşımak
: depolamak,depo
: çeşitlilik: uygulama,başvuru
: taşınabilir
: araç
: sabit,durağan
: araç
: yan ürün
: üretmek
: yenilenebilir
: süreç,işlem
: yaymak
: kirleten
: sorun,engel
: üretmek
: yaklaşık
: zararlı
: ilgi,endişe
: atma,boşaltma
: ile birlikte
: gizli,kuvvet,olası
n : kirletme
: maruz kalma
: ile ilgili
: tartışma
: gelişmek
: gerektirmek
: ilave
t : ilerleme
: rekabetçi
l : geleneksel
:
yüzleşmek,
karşı karşıya
kalmak
: anlamlı
: artan
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The 2005 Energy Policy Ac
approach toward energy d
independence for the countr
passed another energy bill whi
economy) standards, implem
Standard, and seek to improve
However, rather than providin
environmental benefits, some
motivated measure that fails
economic and market forces.
As human consumption of ene
further research and develop
produce alternative and/or ren
that are readily available, affor
the environment than conventi
dependence on energy is not li
important to foster new innovat
with a larger focus on energy eff
a.com
established a practical
velopment and energy
. In late 2007, Congress
h will increase CAFE (fuel
ent a Renewable Fuels
merica’s energy efficiency.
significant economic and
believe it is a politically-
o take into consideration
rgy continues to increase,
ent will be necessary to
ewable sources of energy
dable, and less harmful to
nal fossil fuels. While our
kely to decrease, it will be
ions in energy technologies
iciency and conservation.
establish
practical
approach
independence
(FROM/OF)
bill
implement
seek
improve
efficiency
rather than
benefit FROM
motivate
measure
fail TO DOtake into
consideration
force
necessary
readily
affordable
harmful (TO)
dependence
ONlikely TO DO
foster
innovation
focus ON
conservation
: kurmak
: kullanışlı
: kaklaşım
: bağımsızlık
: yasa taslağı,fatura
: uygulamak
: araştırmak
: geliş(tir)mek
: etkililik =efficacy
: -den ziyade
: fayda,faydalanmak
: teşvik etmek
: önlem;ölçmek
: başarısız olmak
: gözönüne almak
: güç,zorlamak
: gerekli
: kolayca,isteyerek
: ulaşılır,satın
alınabilir
: zararlı =
detrimental
: bağımlılık: muhtemel
: teşvik etmek
,büyütmek
: yenilik
: odaklanmak
: koruma
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Foo
Human civilization has its roots
of plants and animals nearly 1
this endeavor led to drastic c
human beings lived; agricult
nomadic existence to one base
permanent settlements. It ev
interacted with one another an
the Earth.
The unprecedented growth i
occurred in the 20th century
remarkable advances in agric
technology. The Green Revoluti
and advanced growing techniqu
improving nutrition and health i
Continued growth, however, wi
to plant and water for irrigati
habitats and natural resources.
Advanced agricultural methods
grow more food on fewer acre
land to be returned to forest an
there are costs associated
including a heavy reliance on
Runoff from agricultural lands a
lakes and rivers. Erosion co
environmental problem in the
measures. And, irrigation requi
world can be a significant drai
areas and, if improperly managsalt deposits, which can severely
The most critical challenge is to
production while minimizing e
Considerable research in this an
advanced methods to preserve
including conservation tilling
application of pesticides, fertiliz
a.com
d
in the early domestication
,000 years ago. Success in
anges in how and where
re led humans from a
d in permanent and semi-
n changed how humans
how they interacted with
global population that
as made possible by the
lture, public health, and
n brought high-yield crops
es to developing countries,
n most parts of the world.
ll likely require more land
n, increasing pressure on
have made it possible to
s of land, permitting some
d other natural states. Yet,
ith high-yield methods,
pesticides and fertilizers.
ffects the water quality of
tinues to be a serious
absence of preventative
red in many parts of the
on water supplies in arid
d, can lead to a buildup ofdegrade soil quality.
find ways to increase food
nvironmental degradation.
other countries has led to
soil and prevent erosion,
and computer-controlled
rs, and water.
Vcivilization
root
domesticati
success IN
endeavor
drastic
nomadic
existence
permanent
settlement
interact with
unprecedent
make possib
remarkable
advance IN
agriculture
yield
crop
nutritionpressure
habitats
advanced
permit
return
associated
with
fertilizer
runoff absence
preventative
arid
improperly
buildup
deposit
severely
degrade
critical
considerable
tilling
CABULARY: uygarlık
: kök
n : evcilleştirme
: başarılı olmak
:
çaba göstemek =
attempt
enterprise
strive
try
: şiddetli,sert
: göçebe
: varolma X extiction
: kalıcı = lasting
: yerleşim
: etkileşmek
ed :emsalsiz,benzeri
görülmemiş
le : olası kılmak
: dikkate değer
= noteworthy
: ilerlemek
: tarım
: ürün vermek
: ürün
: beslenme
: baskı
: yerleşim
: ileri
:izin vermek
=allow=let
:dönmek,geri
vermek
: ilgili
: gübre
: boşalma.akış: yokluk X presence
: önleyici
: kurak
: uygunsuz
: artma
: brikinti,depozito
: şidetli bir şekilde
: niteliğini bozmak
: tehlikeli
: önemli =sizeable
: sürülme
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The use of pesticides and
modification, or "genetic engi
controversial. In order to reduc
methods such as biocontrol (usi
pests), more sophisticated t
shuffling; marker recombination
and using biotechnology to cre
being tested. While biocontrol
and mutant species is general
organic producers, the use
biocontrol agents changed by D
new traits are not accepted d
potential impacts. Natural hybri
are known, most notably, tritical
produced by crossing rye and w
a.com
new types of genetic
neering," continue to be
e a reliance on pesticides,
ng other species to control
aditional breeding (DNA
) to enhance positive traits,
te pest-resistant crops are
using naturally occurring
ly accepted, especially by
of genetically modified
NA deletion or insertion of
e to concerns about their
ds of species, though rare,
e, a highly nutritious cereal
eat.
modification
controversia
sophisticate
traditionalbreed
shuffling
enhance
trait
resistant TO
accept
deletion
insertion
rare
notably
nutritious
rye
wheat
: değiştirme
l : tartışmalı
: ileri,gelişmiş
: geleneksel: beslemek,
yetiştirmek
: karıştırma
: gelitirmek
: özellik
: dirençli
: kabul etmek
: iptal etmek
: ekleme
: nadir
: özellikle
: besleyici
: çavrdar
: buğday
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Environment
Throughout history humans haaffected by, the natural world.
lost due to human actions, mu
the environment has been
through human action. While
there is a realization that en
becoming more and more co
arise on a more global level, s
pollution or global warming.
Interactions between human soare constantly changing. The
valued by most, is used and al
people with many differen
Difficulties remain on how best
our environment and natural r
be tradeoffs and, many times, u
consequences. However, a well-
provide goods and services tha
well being as well as for continu
The environment has become
issues of our time and will co
future. The challenge is
environmental management tha
life they seek while protecting
that are also the foundations of
face these challenges, students
superficial knowledge or aw
environmental issues. A mul
learning can build upon the str
fields of study, providing a de
technological, political, and so
for both studying and managin
our society and the environmen
a.com
& Society
e both affected, and beenhile a good deal has been
h of what is valued about
preserved and protected
any uncertainties remain,
ironmental problems are
plex, especially as issues
ch as that of atmospheric
ciety and the environmentnvironment, while highly
tered by a wide variety of
t interests and values.
to ensure the protection of
sources. There will always
anticipated or unintended
managed environment can
are both essential for our
d economic prosperity.
ne of the most important
tinue to be well into the
o find approaches to
t give people the quality of
he environmental systems
our well being. In order to
today will need more than
areness of disconnected
idisciplinary approach to
engths of a wide range of
per understanding of the
ial options and strategies
the relationship between
.
Vthroughout
a good deal
due to
value
uncertainty
realization
complex
especially
issue
arise FROM
constantly
ensure
tradeoff
unanticipate
unintended
consequenc
well being
prosperity
foundation
superficial
knowledge
awareness
multidiscipli
strength
option
relationship
CABULARY: boyunca
: bir çok
: den dolayı
: değer,değer
vermek
: belirsizlik
: gerçekleştirme,
fark etme
: karmaşık X
simple
: özellikle
: konu
: ortaya çıkmak
: devamlı
: garanti etmek
: takas
d : beklenmeyen
:
kasıtsız,tesadüfi
= accidental
causeless
inadvertent
uncaused
unintentional
unplanned
unwitting
: sonuç
: refah
: zenginlik,refah
: temel;kurum
: yüzeysel
: bilgi
: farkındalık
ary : çok disiplinli
: güç,kuvvet
: seçenek
: ilişki