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ReadingList-Unit1:IntroductiontoLife&Evolution,Chemistry,Biomolecules,CellStructure,CellDivision,Nutrition&HealthBiology(12thEd)byMader&Windelspecht: Ch1 introductiontobiologyandevolution Ch2 chemistryandwater Ch3 biomolecules Ch4 cellstructure,organelles Ch5 membranestructureandtransportacrossmembranes Ch6 metabolicpathways&enzymes Ch9&10 Cellularreproduction:mitosis&meiosis Ch12&13 DNAreplication,transcription,translation,cancer Ch15.2 evolutionbynaturalselection Ch32.3 cardiovasculardisorders Ch34.3&34.4 nutrition Ch40 endocrinesystem,pancreas,diabetesWebsite:http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/
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Lecture#1:WhattoexpectfromthissemesterLecturePrep:UpdateyouremailaddressatSFC/CanvasVisitthecoursewebsiteLectureReview/Assignment:1.Reviewthesyllabusthoroughlyandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.A.Usetheinformationprovidedinthesection“Policyformissedexams,quizzesanddeadlinesfor
assignmentsorextra-credit”toanswereachofthefollowingcommonquestions:
WhatifIknowinadvancethatIwillmissanin-classquizorexambecauseImadeplansalongtimeago[togosnowboardingwithmyfamily,toattendanimportantmeeting,togoonmyhoneymoon,etc]……canImakeupthequizorexam?
Imissedanin-classquizbecauseIwassick,butIdidn’tgotoadoctor’soffice……canImake-upthequiz?WhatifImissedclasswhenatake-homequizwasgiven……canIstilltakethetake-quiz?…andwillyouemailittome?
B.TrueorFalse:Theinstructorwillnotemailatake-homequiztoanystudentunlessthereisadocumentedemergencythatpreventsthestudentfromvisitingtheinstructor’soffice.
C.Whichofthefollowingisthebestcourseofactionifyourcarbrokedownonthewaytoclassthedayatake-homequizorextra-creditassignmentisdue?
a.useyourcellphonetotakeaphotoofyourcompletedassignmentandthenuseyourcellphonetoemailthephotototheinstructorbeforeclassbegins.
b.turnitlatewhentheclassmeetsagaininafewdays.c.dropitoffintheinstructor’sofficethefollowingday(butwithin24hoursoftheduedate).d.Both(a)and(c)areequallygood.e.noneoftheabove:lateassignmentsarenotaccepted.
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2.GettingpreparedforthePhotoSafariproject:A.ListentothetwoNPRstorieson“Guam”and“KatiePerry”(followlinksoncoursewebsiteunderthePhotoSafaritab),andthenanswerthefollowingtwoquestions:
WhydidtheAustraliangovernmentdeemKatiePerry’slatestCDa“biologicalhazard”? WhyisthereisonlyonekindofsnakeontheIslandofGuam?
B.Readthe“PhotoSafariFAQ”documentonthecoursewebsite,andthendeterminewhichoftheseorganismsarenotnativetonorthcentralFlorida?(circleallthatarenon-native):
o Brownanole,Mediterraneangecko,Cubantreefrog,red-earedslidero Dog(subspeciesofwolf),cat,human,horseo Honeybee,lovebugo Lemonandorangetrees
C.Whyistheinvasionofecosystemsbynon-nativespeciesmorecommon/problematicnowthanitwas100yearsago(orbefore)?D.ReviewthedescriptionofthePhotoSafariassignment(fromthecourseportfolioorwebsite)andthenexaminethelistofparksbelow.OnlyoneofthemisacceptableastheprimarysiteforyourPhotoSafari–circletheacceptableparkandexplainwhytheotherthreeparksarenotacceptable:
Disney’sAnimalKingdom OlenoStatePark SantaFeCollegeZoo KanapahaBotanicalGardens E.WhatparkareyouplanningtovisitastheprimarysiteforyourPhotoSafariproject? (seethecoursewebsiteforlinkstosomeacceptableparksintheGainesvillearea) F.Foreachpairoforganismsshownbelow,circlewhichofthetwo“commonnames”issufficiently
specificsoastoclassifytheorganismatthegenuslevel(seewebsite“PhotoSafariFAQ”forhelp):
Pair1: mosquito bumblebee
Pair2: squirrel raccoon
Pair3: lizard cottonmouth
G.Whatisthelowest(mostspecific)phylogeneticclassificationshownonthephylogenetic(evolutionary)treeprovidedbytheinstructorforacottonmouth?
H.WhatClassoforganismsismostcloselyrelatedtotheclassthatincludesthecottonmouth?
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Lecture#2:“WhatisLife?”LecturePrep: read: OverviewofBiology(chapter1),and OverviewofTheoryofEvolution(chapter15.2) Overviewofcelltypesandcellstructure(chapter4)
Takenoteswhileyouwatchthe“HowtoStudy”videoseriesbyDr.StephenChew(alinktothevideoseriescanbefoundonthecoursewebsite).
Listsomecharacteristicsthatarecommontoalllivingthings.Considerthemanypeopletowhoareyourrelatives,andthenconsiderthemanydifferentspeciesoforganismsintheworld.Withthisinmind,examinetheexampleofafamilytreeshownbelow(left),andcompareittothephylogenetic(evolutionary)treenexttoit.Whatdobothdiagramsattempttoillustrate?
Biologistsorganizealllivingthingsintoincreasinglyspecificcategoriesbasedontheirdegreeofrelatedness.Listtheeightcategoriesofbiologicalclassificationfromthemostinclusive(broadestcategory)totheleastinclusive(mostspecific).Whoseresponsibilityisittodecidehowtousetheinformationcollectedbyscientists?Giveanexampleofacontentiousissueinsocietythatinvolvestheinterpretationofscientificinformation.
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Takenoteswhileyouwatchthe“HowtoStudy”videoseriesbyDr.StephenChew(alinktothevideoseriescanbefoundonthecoursewebsite),andthenanswerthefollowingquestions.A.ListafewoftheeffectivestudyhabitsoutlinedbyChewthatyouregularlyemploy.B.ListafewoftheeffectivestudyhabitsoutlinedbyChewthatyourarelyemploy.C.SummarizetheexperimentaldesignofthememorytestdescribedinthesecondChewvideobyansweringthefollowingquestions:
Whatwasthespecificquestionthestudywastryingtoanswer? Whatdatawascollectedtocomparetheeffectofeachexperimentalvariable? Listthefourtestgroupsintheexperiment,andforeachgroupdescribetheoneexperimentalvariable
thatwasuniqueforthatgroup. Describethecontrolgroupusedintheexperimentandwhyitwasimportanttohavethisgroup. Whatconclusionwasdrawnfromthisstudy?
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LectureReview: Whatunifyinganduniquefeatureissharedbyalllivingorganisms,butnotfoundinnonlivingthings?Alllivingthingsseparatethemselvesfromtherestoftheworldwithaselectivelypermeablecellmembrane(“themselves”=“whatisencodedbytheirDNAprogram”).Explainwhatismeantbyselectivelypermeable,andthenexplainwhyalllivingthingsmusthavesomekindofseparationbetween“self”andtherestoftheworld.Describethedifferencebetweenthefollowingwordpairs(leftvs.right)haploid
diploid
germcell(akagamete)
somaticcell
mitosis
meiosis
autotroph
heterotroph
Labelthefollowingfigureasdescribedbelow(thinandthicklineseachcorrespondtoacompletesetoftheDNAprograminheritedfromtheindividualsparents): Write1NbeloweachcellthathasonlyonecopyoftheDNAprogram(haploidcells).
Write2NbeloweachcellthathastwocopiesoftheDNAprogram(diploidcells).Label(a)–(c)aseithermitosis,meiosis,orbinaryfission
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Cellshavespecificparts,eachwithaparticularfunction.Ineukaryoticcells,someofthesepartsareseparatecompartmentssurroundedbyamembrane–thesearecalledorganelles.Inordertohelpunderstandthepartsandfunctionsofacell,completethetablebelowusinganyresourceyouwish(textbook,internet,etc.).Forthe“Cityanalogy”column,comparetheorganellesofthecelltothestructureofanentirecity:matcheachorganelletoananalogous(similar)partofthishypotheticalcity(usethe“Cityanalogywordlist”foralistofcityparts).Thefirstorganelleisprovidedasanexampleofhowtocompletetheotherorganelles.
Cityanalogywordlist:
Citywall CityHall Wastedisposal/recyclingplantManufacturingplant/assemblyplant Cityborder FossilFuelEnergyplantSteelBeams,roads,bridges,railroadtracks StorageWarehouse SolarEnergyplant
Cellpart(organelle)
Whohasit…prokaryotes,or
eukaryotes,orboth?
Features&Functions Cityanalogy
Cellmembrane
Bothprokaryotesandeukaryoteshaveacellmembrane.
Thecellmembraneisaflexibleandselectivelypermeablebarriersurroundingthecell.Itcontainsspecialproteinsthatactlikegates,channelsandpumpsthatletin,orforceout,selectedmolecules(likefood,orwaste).Thecellmembranealsohelpsthecellcommunicatewithitssurroundingsthroughchemicalmessengers.Thegeneralpurposeofthecellmembraneistocarefullyprotectthecell’sinternalenvironment.
Cityborder
CellWall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Ribosome
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Lecture#3:IntroductiontotheChemistryofLife
LecturePrep: readsectiononthechemistryoflife(Chapter2.1-2.3)
Whatarethethreesubatomicparticlesatomsaremadeof,andwhatistheelectricchargeofeachsubatomicparticle?Examineaperiodictable(e.g.Figure2.3intextbook)andfindtheboxcorrespondingtocarbon(C).
Whatdoesthenumberabovethe“C”indicate?Whichsubatomicparticle(s)correspond(s)tothenumberabovethe“C”?
Whatdoesthenumberbelowthe“C”indicate?Whichsubatomicparticle(s)correspond(s)tothenumberbelowthe“C”?
DrawtotherightamodelillustratingaHydrogen(H)atomshowingthenucleusandthelowestenergyelectronshell.Howmanyprotons,neutronsandelectronsdoesaHydrogen(H)atomcontain?
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
Addtoyourillustrationthenumberandlocationofeachofthesubatomicparticleslistedinthepreviousquestion.
ModeloftheHydrogenatom:(seeexamplesintextbook,figure2.6)
Whatisthedifferencebetweenanatomandamolecule?Hint:howmanyatomsareinamoleculeofwater(H20)oramoleculeofhydrogengas(H2)
Whatisthedifferencebetweenanionicbondandacovalentbond?Considerthechemicalreactionbelowthatdescribeswhatoccurswhenyourbodyburns(oxidizes)glucosetoreleaseenergy,andthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
C6H12O6+ 6O2 à 6CO2+ 6H20+energy glucose oxygen carbondioxide water
Whatthreethingsareproducedwhenyourbodyburns(oxidizes)glucose? Howmanymoleculesofglucoseareshownintheabovereaction? Howmanymoleculesofoxygenareshownintheabovereaction? Howmanyatomsofoxygenareontheleftsideofthearrow? Howmanyatomsofoxygenareontherightsideofthearrow?
Waterhasseveralpropertiesthatmakeituniqueamongliquidsandarealsoverysignificanttoalllife.Describesomeoftheseuniqueproperties.
Whatisthedifferencebetweenacidicwaterandbasic(alkaline)water?
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LectureReview:Livingorganismsareverydiverse,yetthephylogenetic(evolutionary)treebelowshowsthatalllifeisrelatedbydescentfromacommonancestorlabeled“Firstancestralcell.”Describewhatismeantby“acommonancestor.”
Howmany“originoflife”eventsarenecessarytoaccountforallthedifferentkindsoflivingthingspresenttoday?Whatobservationswouldleadyoutoconcludethatallthediverselivingorganismsarerelatedbydescentfromacommonancestor?
Ifallatomsaremadeofthesamethreesubatomicparticles,whatmakesoneelementdifferentfromanother?Whatarethesixprimaryelementsfromwhichlifeisbuilt?Describetheoctetrule:
Howmanyelectronsarerequiredtofillthefirstelectronshell?Howmanyelectronsarerequiredtofillthesecondelectronshell?
Howmanyprotons,neutronsandelectronsdoesacarbonatomcontain?
Howmanymoreelectronsdoescarbonneedtofillitsoutervalenceshell?
Drawamodelillustratingthenucleus,theelectronshells,andthenumber&locationofthesubatomicparticlesforeachofthefollowingmolecules: CO2 H20 Whatisthedifferencebetweenacovalentbond,anionicbond,andaHydrogenbond?
Hint-whichtypeofbondisshownhere:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/NaF.gif
Whydoeswaterhavetheuniquepropertiesthatitdoes?Considerthestructureofthewatermoleculeandtheelectronegativityofeachatom.ComparethestructuresofCO2andH20–whydoesn’tCO2havethesameuniquepropertiesasH20? Givespecificexamplesofhowtheuniquepropertiesofwaterareessentialforaplant,ahumanandafish.
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Lecture#4:Carbohydrates
LecturePrep: readsectionon:organicmoleculesandcarbohydrates(Chapter3.1&3.2),and Nutrition,carbohydrates,proteins,lipidsandvitamins(Ch34.3&34.4)Whatisanorganicmolecule?Whyiscarbon,ratherthananyotherelement,thecentralbuildingscaffoldforthethousandsofmoleculesthatcomposelivingthings?Whatarethefourcategoriesofbiomoleculesfromwhichlivingorganismsarebuilt?Organizethefollowingtermsinorderfromsmallesttolargest:
monomer atom electron molecule polymerWhichofthefivetermsabovebestdescribesabiomoleculesuchasDNAorprotein?Whichofthefivetermsabovebestdescribesthesubunitfromwhichbiomoleculesarebuilt?Distinguishbetweenhydrolysisanddehydrationsynthesis.Iswaterapolarmolecule?
Isoctaneapolarmolecule?
Thestructureofwaterisshownbelow.
Octane,acommoncomponentofpetroleumoil,isshownbelow.
Doyouthinkethanol(thetypeofalcoholinbeer,wineandliquor)ispolarornonpolar?Explainyourreasoning.Thestructureofethanolisshownbelow.
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LectureReview: Groupthefollowingexampleswiththepropertypeofcarbohydrate,andthendeterminethebiologicalfunctionforeachexample.
Typesofcarbohydrate examples functions
Monosacharride
glucosegalactosefructosesucroselactosecellulose
pectinchitinstarch
glycogenmonomerpolymer
Long-termenergystorage
Short-termenergystorage
Structuralsupport
Disaccharide
Polysacharride
Whatisthedifferencebetweenglycogenandglucose?Whatisthedifferencebetweenlactoseandlactase?Which of the following is the correct structural formula for the smallest monosaccharide, CH2O ?
Basedonthename,whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionoftheenzymeamylase?Whyarehumansabletodigestsomepolysaccharidesbutnotothers?Besuretospecifythenameofthekindofpolysaccharideshumanscandigestandthekindtheycannot,andthendescribehowthetwopolysaccharidesaredifferent. Whatkindofpolysaccharideisalsocalled“insolublefiber”?Describethedistincthealthbenefitsofeatingbothsolubleandinsolublefiber.Listafewfoodsthatcontainsolublefiberandafewfoodsthatcontaininsolublefiber.Whydosomepeoplegetdiarrheawhentheyconsumemilk?(acompleteanswerhastwoparts:whatistheirdefect?...andthenexplainwhythisdefectresultsindiarrhea?)Giveanexampleofwherewouldyoufindeachofthefollowingcarbohydrates: sucrose fructose lactose cellulose
pectin starch glycogen glucose
Compareandcontrastthechemicalstructuresofglycogen,starch,celluloseandchitin.
Explainwhyanimalsbenefitfromstoringglucoseasabranchedpolysaccharideratherthanalinearpolysaccharide?
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Lecture#5:proteins
LecturePrep: readsectiononproteins(chapter3.4),and enzymes(chapter6),and membraneproteins,andtransportofmoleculesacrossmembranes(chapter5),and endocrinesystemanddiabetes(Ch40) Gotothe“coolscience”sectionofthecoursewebsite,watchthelinkunder“hydrophobicandhydrophilic,”andthencategorizethefollowingitemsashydrophobicorhydrophilicbycirclingtheonesthatarehydrophobic:
oliveoil mustard Gatorade uncookedeggs butterExplainthedifferencebetweenhydrophobicandhydrophilicmolecules.Doyouthinkethanol(thetypeofalcoholinbeer,wineandliquor)ishydrophobicorhydrophilic?Explainyourreasoning.Thestructureofethanolisshownbelow.
Whatisthenameofthekindofmonomerthatproteinsarebuiltfrom? Howmanydifferenttypesofthismonomerareusedtobuildproteins?Howarethevariousmonomersthatmakeproteinsdifferentfromoneanother?Hint:considerthevariouschemicalpropertiesofthefunctionalgroupsonthedifferentmonomers.TrueorFalse Allaminoacidscontainnitrogen(N).TrueorFalse Nitrogen(N)isfoundinallproteins.Describeafewexamplesofproteins(namesandfunction)fromthebook.
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LectureReview:
Whichofthestructuresbelowisamonomerusedtobuildprotein?
Ifproteinscontainhydrophobicmonomers,whyareproteinssoluble(dissolved)inwater?ListthesixexamplesofproteinswediscussedinclassandthefunctionofeachBasedonthename,whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionofpeptidase?Whatdeterminestheproperties(andthereforefunction)ofanyparticularprotein?ExplainhowchangingasingleaminoacidintheADHenzymethatconvertsethanolintoacetaldehydecanhaveabigimpactonalcoholism.Cevicheisakindoffoodpreparedbysoakingrawfishinlemonjuiceforseveralhours.Explainhowthiswayof“cooking”fishischemicallysimilartoboilinganegg.Whatisthedifferencebetweenglucose,glucagonandglycogen?
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Whereisthereceptorforglucagon,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Whereisthereceptorforinsulin,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Whereisthereceptorforepinephrine,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Explainhowyourbodycontrolsbloodsugarlevelsusingproteinhormones.DescribethedifferencesbetweenTypeIandTypeIIdiabetes.Besuretodescribethecauseorriskfactorsforeachdisease,andthespecificdefectineachdisease.Explainthedifferencebetweenosmosis,diffusion,andactivetransport.Describeanexampleinyourbodyofwhereactivetransportisused.Howdoesadrugthatisa“protonpumpinhibitor”relieveheartburnandacidreflux?
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Examinethegraphbelowthatdepictsthebloodsugarconcentrationsforthreepeoplethroughouttheday.The optimal blood glucose concentration for the body is approximately 85 mg/dl.
Whattimeofthedaydideachpersoneatfood?Whichpeoplemaysufferfromdiabetes?Howcanyoutell?Atwhattimesdoesthe“normal”personreleaseinsulin?Atwhattimesdoesthe“normal”personreleaseinsulin?
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Lecture#6:nucleicacidspart1
LecturePrep: readsectiononnucleicacids(3.5),and Transcriptionandtranslation(chapter12and13)Whatdoestheacronym“DNA”standfor?WhatisthefunctionofDNA?WhatisthenameofthetypeofmonomerthatDNAandRNAaremadewith?WhatisthespecificnameforeachofthefourmonomersusedtomakeDNA?EachmonomersusedtomakeDNAorRNAcontainsthreeparts:whatarethesethreeparts?HowisRNAdifferentfromDNA?Definecancer,thendescribethemolecularchangesinacellthatleadstocancer,andhowsunscreenpreventsthesemolecularchanges.Whichofthefollowingecologicalscenariosismostanalogoustocancer?1.Algaegrowthinlakesandstreamsisusuallylimitedbythelowconcentrationofnitratesinthewater,but
fertilizerrunofffromgolfcoursesincreasetheconcentrationofnitrates,resultinginalgaebloomsthatkillofffish.
2.Squirrelpopulationgrowthisusuallykeptinbalancebypredatoryhawks,butamutationinabirdvirusremovesthepredatorybirdsandthesquirrelpopulationgrowssolargethattheyadverselyaffectotherpartsoftheecosystem.
3.PythonsareintroducedintotheEvergladeswheretheyhavenonaturalpredators,allowingtheinvasivesnakepopulationtogrowrapidly,therebyadverselyaffectingthenormalEvergladesecosystem.
Whichofthefollowingscenariosismostanalogoustoapoptosis?1.AVictorianmansionslowlydeterioratesuntiliteventuallycollapses.2.Anaccidentalfiredestroysanoldwoodenfarmhouse.3.Thecontrolleddemolitionofanobsoletebuildingmakesroomforanewdevelopment.Describethreebehaviorsthatincreasetheriskofcancer.Describedietarypracticesthatincreasetheriskofcancer,andothersthatreducetheriskofcancer.Treatingcancercanbeextremelyexpensive.Becauseriskfactorsforsomecancersarecontrollable(suchasobesityandsmoking),somepeoplearguethatpatientswiththesetypesofcancershouldberesponsibleforthecostoftheirtreatment(ratherthanpassingthesecostsontothepublicthroughhigherinsuranceratesandtaxes),thusprovidingafinancialincentivetoavoidtheseriskybehaviorsinthefirstplace.Whatdoyouthink?
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LectureReview:
Whichofthestructuresbelowisanucleotide?
Whatarenamesofthetwolarge(purine)nucleotides?Whatarenamesofthetwosmall(pyrimidine)nucleotides?ExplainhowChargaffdeterminedthatAispairedwithTandthatGispairedwithCwithinallDNA.WritethecomplementarystrandforthefollowingsequenceofDNA: 3’-ATGCAGCAT-5’ Answer: 5’--3’WhattypeofbondconnectsonenucleotidetotheadjacentnucleotidesinonestrandofDNA?Whattypeofbondholdsthenucleotidesofonestrandtogetherwiththeirpairontheother(complementary)strand?WhenyouheatupaDNAdoublehelix,thetwostrandsofDNAseparatefromeachotherasthewaterapproachesaboil,buteachstrandofDNAremainsintact,andthetwostrandswillre-formadoublehelixifthewateriscooleddown.Basedonthisinformation,whichchemicalbonddoyouthinkisstronger,covalentbondsorhydrogenbonds?
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Describethedifferencebetweenahaploidcellandadiploidcell,andthengivetwoexamplesofeach.Doesmitosiscreatehaploidgermcellsordiploidsomaticcells?Doesmeiosiscreatehaploidgermcellsordiploidsomaticcells?Eachgermcell(gamete:eggorsperm)createdbyyourbodycontainsacompletesetofDNA,anidenticalandspecificsequenceofapproximately3,000,000,000nucleotides.Butthisinstructionset(genome)isnotonesinglepolynucleotidestrand–itisbrokenintopieces.WhatisthenameforthepiecesofDNAthatcompriseyourentiregenome?Howmanychromosomesdoeseachofyourgermcells(gametes)contain?Whentwogametesfuse(egg+sperm)tocreateasomaticcell,howmanychromosomesdoesthatsomaticcellscontain?Whatisagene?Howmanycopiesofanyparticulargenedoesagermcell(gamete:eggorsperm)contain?Howmanycopiesofanyparticulargenedoesasomaticcellcontain?WhatarethethreetypesofRNAthatareusedtoconvertinformationstoredinDNAintoaprotein?
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Lecture#7:nucleicacidspart2
LecturePrep: readsectiononnucleicacids(3.5),and Transcriptionandtranslation(chapter12and13) Watchepigeneticsvideofromwebsite.Matchtheenzymeontheleftwithitsroleincopying/replicatingDNAdescribedontheright.
Helicase
DNApolymerase
DNAligase
A.SeparatesthetwostrandsoftheDNAdoublehelix.
B.Createscovalentbondstosealanybreaksinthesugar-phosphate(phosphodiester)backboneofonestrandofDNA.
C.CreatesanewstrandofDNAbycovalentlybondingnucleotidemonomers(floatinginthenucleus)toeachotheroppositetheircomplementarybaseintheparentstrand.
Pairtheenzymeontheleftwiththenameanddescriptionofthechemicalstepitcontrols.
RNApolymerase
Ribosome
A.translation
B.transcription
C.CreatesmRNAcopiesfromaDNAtemplate.
D.Createsapolypeptide(protein)fromasequenceofmRNA.
IfmRNAhasthecodon5’-AGG-3’,whatisthesequenceoftheanticodononthetRNAthatpairswiththiscodon?anticodon 3’-AGG-5’Whatkindofbiomolecule(s)istheRibosomemadeof?Whatisatransgenicorganism?Givefiveexamplesfromthebookoftransgenicorganisms(specifytheorganismandhowitwasbeengeneticallymodified).
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LectureReview:
WhyisitadvantageoustomakeproteinsfrommRNAratherthandirectlyfromDNA?IfallthecellsinyourbodycontainthesamesetofDNA(genome),howdolivercellsbecomesodifferentfrombraincellsorskincells?Explainhowchangingwhichgenesaretranscribed(turnedon)andwhichgenesareturnedoffcanaffecttheoverallcharacteristicsoftheentireorganism.IfyouweretofindlifeonMarsthatwascomposedofDNA,mRNAandproteinsmuchlikelifeonearth,buttheMartianlifecontainedonly12aminoacids,wouldyouexpectitwouldtranslatemRNAintoproteinusing3-lettercodonsora2-lettercodons?Explainyourreasoning.TranscribethefollowingsequenceofDNAintothecorrectmRNAstrand,thentranslatethatmRNAintothepolypeptideitencodes.
DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCTGATGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:
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SimulateDNAreplicationandmutation:ImaginetheDNAtemplateshownbelowiscopied,butduringreplication,theDNApolymerasemakesamistakeandmutatestheoriginalsequenceatposition9.RolladicetodeterminewhathappenswhentheDNAmutatesbyapplyingtherulesinthetablebelow(ifthenumberyourolldoesnotchangethenucleotide,keeprollinguntilitmutates).Writedownthemutation,andthentranscribethemutatedsequenceintomRNA,andthenintothecorrespondingproteintodeterminetheeffectofthismutation.[adaptedfrom:Gonzalez,B.Y.andJ.H.vanOostrom2009.UsingDicetoExploretheConsequencesofDNAMutations,JournalofCollegeScienceTeaching8(5):56-59.]
RulesformutatingDNA:Ifyouroll thenthemutationis:
1 substituteyournucleotidewithanA2 substituteyournucleotidewithaG3 substituteyournucleotidewithaC4 substituteyournucleotidewithaT5 deletethenucleotide6 keeptheoriginalnucleotidebutinsertanothernucleotideafterit(toss
againuntilyouget1–4todeterminewhichletternucleotidetoinsert)123456789101112131415 DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCTG__TGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:Keepthefirstmutation,andnowmutateposition8usingthesameprocedure.123456789101112131415
DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCT____TGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:Whatwasthereasonforsimulatingmutationwiththerollofadie?Whydidyoukeepthefirstmutationwhenmutatingthesequencethesecondtime?Inotherwords,whydidn’tyoufixit?
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Writethedefinitionofthetermmutation.Ifanerroroccursduringtranscription,willthemutationbepermanent(i.e.passedontothenextgeneration)?Whyorwhynot?WhatifanerroroccursduringDNAreplicationortranslation,willthemutationbepermanent(i.e.passedontothenextgeneration)?Whyorwhynot?Whichofthefollowingfourmutations(showninbold)willhavethegreatestimpactontheproteinsequence(deletionsareshownwith“-“).Remember,proteinsalwaysstartwiththeaminoacidMethionine. originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCCTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCATGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTAC-CTTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACACTTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein:Usethefollowingwordstodescribethe“mutationtype”showninthefourexamplesabove:
missense,silent,frame-shift,nonsenseExplainhowthingsthatlikesmokingorexcessivesunbathingcausecancer.Besureyouranswerdefines“cancer”.
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Lecture#8:Lipidspart1
LecturePrep: readsectiononlipids(Chapter3.3),and Cardiovasculardisorders(chapter32.3),and http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/
Whatpropertydoalllipidshaveincommon?
Whichofthefollowingarecarbohydrates(C+H2O)andwhicharehydrocarbons(H+C)?Octane,acomponentingasoline.
carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?
Howmanypolarbonds?
Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?
Ribose(bothdrawingsareribose,buttheoneontherightdoesn’tshowalltheCatoms)
carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?
Howmanypolarbonds?
Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?
α-Linolenicacid(ALA)isanessentialomega3fattyacidfoundinchia&flaxseedseeds,nuts(notablywalnuts),andmanycommonvegetableoils.
carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?
Howmanypolarbonds?
Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?
Glycogen
carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?
Howmanypolarbonds?
Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?
Namethethreebroadclassesoflipidsanddescribethefunctionofeachtype.
Whichbiomoleculestoresmoreenergy:lipidsorcarbohydrates?
Whatpropertydophospholipidspossessthatallowsthemtointeractwithwaterandalsootherlipids?
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LectureReview:
Whatisthedifferencebetweensaturatedandunsaturatedfats?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmonounsaturatedfatsandpolyunsaturatedfats?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Whatisthedifferencebetweencisunsaturatedfatandtransunsaturatedfat?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Cantherebecisortranssaturatedfat?Matchthefatontheleftwithitssourceinthemiddleanditschemicalpropertiesontheright.(someanswersareusedmorethanonce)fat source propertiesSaturatedfatCismonounsaturatedfatCispolyunsaturatedfatTranspolyunsaturatedfat
plantoilanimalfatnonaturalsource:madebychemistsbypartiallyhydrogenatingunsaturatedoils
SolidatroomtemperatureLiquidatroomtemperature
Explainhowchemical/structuraldifferencebetweenpalmoilandmostplantoilsrelatestotheirphysicalproperty.Why does natural peanut butter separate into a solid layer and an oil layer, but peanut butter in which the peanut oil has been drained away and replaced with palm oil does not separate into two layers. What could you use other than palm oil to make peanut butter that doesn’t separate into two layers? (don’t worry about taste, but think of a few examples). What chemical/structuralpropertyofthereplacementpreventsthepeanutbutterfromseparatingintotwolayers? How and why does the peanut butter made with palm oil affect orangutans?
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Imaginethatinsteadofcontainingliquidwater,livingthingswerecomposedofanonpolarliquidlikegasoline.Couldphospholipidsbeusedtoformaphospholipidsbilayercellmembraneinthisliquid?Drawtotherightwhatsuchacellwouldlooklike,focusingonthephospholipidsbilayer.
Comparethestructureoftriglycerides(fats&oils)tophospholipids-whatissimilar,andwhatisdifferent?Whatisthedifferencebetweentheheadandthetailofaphospholipid?Does“0%transfat”onafoodlabelreallymeanthattheitemisfreeoftransfat?Whatkindofbiomoleculeisphospholipase:carbohydrate,protein,nucleicacidorlipid?Basedonthename,whatdoyoupredictaphospholipasedoes?Whichpartofthecellwillbemostaffectedbyadefectintheenzymenamedphospholipase?
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FattyAcids,NutritionandHealth:
Itstimeforyourannualphysicalexamination…Supposethatyouwerevisitingyourdoctorforanannualphysicalexamination.Whileyouwereinthewaitingroom,youpickedupandbegantoreadapamphletaboutdietaryfats(lipids)andtheirimpactsonhealth.Thepamphletseemedimportant,soyoukeptit(nextpage).
So,thedoctorsaysyourcholesterolistoohigh…Whenyouwerefinallycalledbacktoaroom,yourdoctorsaidthatastandardanalysisofyourbloodshowedthatyourtotalcholesterollevelwas250mg/dL(adL=deciliter,or1/10ofaliter,100mL).He/sheexplainedthatatotalcholesterollevelof240mg/dLoraboveisconsideredhighandisariskfactorforcoronaryarterydisease(CAD).
Incontinuingconversationswithyourphysician,youlearnedthatasageneralrulecholesterolisnotalways“bad.”Infact,cholesterolisanecessarycomponentofcellmembranesandisavitalpartofnormalmetabolicprocesses,includingformationofothersteroids.Inadditiontolookingattotalcholesterolconcentrationinyourblood,yourdoctoremphasizedthatitisimportanttotakenoticeofhighdensitylipoprotein(HDL)cholesterolandlowdensitylipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol,whichmakeupmajorfractionsofthetotalcholesterolandmaybemoreaccurateindicatorsofCADrisk.
YourLDLfractionwasfoundtobe195mg/dLwhichisconsideredveryhigh.
AfterseeingyourveryhighLDLnumber,yourphysicianwentontosaythattheroleofLDLsistocarrycholesterolaroundinthebloodstreamanddeposititwhereitisneeded.Unfortunately,ifthelevelofLDLsbecomestoohightheycanalsodepositthecholesterolinarteries,forming“plaques”andcloggingthearteries.Ontheotherhand,HDLsareresponsibleforcarryingexcesscholesterolawayfromthearteriestotheliverwhereitcanbemetabolizedor“reprocessed”forotherpurposes.So,withthisinmind,cholesterolboundinLDLsisoftencalled“badcholesterol”andcholesterolboundinHDLsiscalled“goodcholesterol”.InordertoavoidCAD,theaveragepersonshouldattempttoraisethelevelofHDLsintheirbloodandlowerthelevelofLDLs,althoughbothareneededatsomelevelintheblood.
Atthispoint,yourdoctorstronglyurgedyoutoexerciseregularlyandwatchyourdietbecauseconsumptionoffatscanhaveaprofoundeffectoncholesterollevelsinthebody.However,itturnsoutthatitisprobablythetypesoffat,notthetotalamountoffatthatyoueatthatmaydetermineincidenceofCAD.Infact,a2001studybyFrankHuandcolleaguesattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthshowedthatdifferentpartsoftheworldwithsimilartotalfatintakehadverydifferentamountsofdeathfromCAD.IndividualsincountrieswherethefatseatenweremainlyintheformofsaturatedfatsandtransfatshadmuchhigherincidencesofdeathfromCADthanindividualsincountrieswherethefatsweremainlyconsumedintheformofpolyunsaturatedfatscontainingomega-3fattyacids.Ingeneral,thestudyshowedthatconsumptionofsaturatedfatsandtransfatstendedtoincreaseLDLcholesterolwhileconsumptionofpolyunsaturatedfatstendedtobothdecreaseLDLcholesterolandincreaseHDLcholesterol.
UsefulLinks:
MoreexplanationabouttransfatsfromtheFDAhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm109832.htm#unhide
Understandingcholesterolnumberswebsitehttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/guide/understanding-numbers
Governmentinformationaboutreadingnutritionlabelshttp://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm078889.htm
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Pamphlet: Fatty Acids and Nutrition
True lipids (triglycerides)
• composed of a glycerol molecule covalently bound to three fatty acid side chains
• hydrophobic molecules, meaning they are non-polar and don’t mix with water
• a group of triglycerides is called a fat
Saturated fats
• solid at room temperature (think of fat on an uncooked steak)
• hydrocarbon chains in fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double covalent bonds
• maximum number of hydrogens are covalently bound to the carbons, thereby “saturating” them
• animal fats such as lard and butter are usually high in saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fats
• liquid (oils) at room temperature • hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids have at least
one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) carbon-carbon double covalent bonds
• double bonds cause bends in the molecules and also leave them “unsaturated” with hydrogens
• unsaturated fats are found in plant oils such as olive or canola oil
Saturated Fatty Acid
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
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Dietary fatty acids
• fatty acids are a necessary component of a complete diet • fatty acids are found in foods such as fatty meats, plant oils
and dairy products • certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (called essential fatty
acids) cannot be synthesized by the human body and must come from the diet
• one such essential fatty acid is linoleic acid which can be found in foods such as sunflower oil and almonds
• both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids can be found in plant oils
• in cis fatty acids, the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule.
• Almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis isomers
Trans fats
• are triglycerides that contain trans fatty acids • Trans means “across” so… • a trans fatty acid is an unsaturated one in which the
hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule
• produced by the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated vegetable oils
• hydrogenation decreases the number of carbon-carbon double covalent bonds in the molecules and creates what are known as “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” vegetable oils
• trans configuration gives the fatty acids chemical properties more similar to saturated fatty acids (such as lack of bends in the molecules) and can also lead to some accumulation of “bad” types of cholesterol when consumed
• trans fats are found in any hydrogenated oils, so margarines and shortening made from vegetable oils are major sources
• since they are made from plant oils, these were once touted as being much healthier than saturated animal fats
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
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Questionstotestcomprehension:
• NamesomespecificfoodsthatmightleadtoincreasedLDLcholesterolinthebloodstream.
• Whatdothesefoodscontainthatcouldcausethis?
• Lookatthefoodlabelsfromthecoursewebsiteandanswerthefollowingquestions:
http://bsc2005mattcarrigan.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/food-labels5.pdfo Howmuchtransfatisinoneservingofthefoodinfigure(a)
o Whatingredientisthesourceofthetransfatinthefoodshowninfigure(a)?
o Estimatehowmuchtransfatistheentirepackageshowninfigure(b).
• Whatisthereasonbehindhydrogenatingvegetableoils?Whateffectdoesthehydrogenation
processhaveontheirchemicalandphysicalproperties?
• Drawbothacisisomerandatransisomerofapolyunsaturatedfattyacid.Whichwouldbeproducedbythehydrogenationprocess?
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Lecture#9:Lipidspart2
LecturePrep: readsectiononlipids(Chapter3.3),and Cardiovasculardisorders(chapter32.3),and http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/
Whatkindofbiomoleculeischolesterol:carbohydrate,protein,nucleicacid,orlipid?Drawthestructureofcholesterol:Whatchemicalpropertydoescholesterolsharewithtriglyceridesandphospholipids?WhatdoesHDLandLDLstandfor?WhatisthefunctionofHDLs?WhatisthefunctionofLDLs?Listfourthingsthatyourbodyusescholesterolfor.Whatisthedifferencebetweenastrokeandheartattack?
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LectureReview:
Whatisthefunctionofbile?Whatsimilaritiesexistbetweenbile,soapandphospholipids?Ifyoudonotneedagallbladderinordertolive,whydowehaveone?WhattwothingsdoesyourbodyneedtomakeVitaminD. Howdomammalswithfur(whichisalmostallofthemexcepthumans)getenoughUVtomakeVitaminD?WhydoesyourbodyneedVitaminD–describespecificallywhatVitaminDdoes. Explainwhyhumans,unlikeallotherprimates,havelittlebodyhair.Doyouexpecttheskinofmosthairymammalstobedarkorlight?Explainwhy.Allhumans,includingthoseinEurope,Asia,AustraliaandtheAmericas,descendedfromhumanslivinginAfrica-whatskincolordidtheseancestralhumanshave?Whatbiologicaladvantagesweregainedbyhumanswhoseskinchangedcolor. Whydoyousupposehydrophobicmolecules(likethesteroidsandcorticosteroidsmadefromcholesterol)areusedtocontrolsomanyprocessesinthebody,fromsexualmaturation,musclegrowth,electrolytebalance,theimmunesystem,inflammation,andmetabolism?[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26813/]
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Completethetablebelow:First,listineachboxlifestyleschangesthatleadtothedesignatedeffect.Thenidentifyhowtheselifestylechoicesaffectplaqueformationonarterywalls.
Effect:increasesHDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?
Effect:increasesHDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?
Effect:decreasesHDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?
Effect:decreasesLDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?
ExplainhowtofindoutyourHDLandLDLlevels. Doyouthinksocietyshouldallowprofessionalathletestousesteroids(orotherperformanceenhancingdrugs)iftheywantsinceitonlyaffectstheirbody.Isthisanydifferentthanallowingcoalminers,firefighters,orsoldierstogotoworkwithoutthepropersafetygear?Shouldpeoplebeexpected(orallowed)toputtheirhealthatriskinordertobemoresuccessfulintheircareers?Howdoyouthinkthisappliesto“studydrugs”likeRitalinorAdderallthatstudentsmighttaketoimprovetheirconcentration? Doyouthinktheuseofperformanceenhancingdrugsbycollegeandprofessionalathletescontributestounrealisticbody-imageopinionsinteenagersandyoungadults?Doyouthinkmagazinesandmoviesthatcelebrate“beautiful”peoplecontributetounrealisticbody-imageopinionsinteenagersandyoungadults?
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Lecture#10:fromAristotletoDarwin,andtheCentralDogmaofbiology
LecturePrep: read OverviewofTheoryofEvolution(chapter15.2) watchthisTEDtalk:mindingyourmitochondria(linkoncoursewebsiteunder“coolscience”)
prepareforupcomingexam!Giveafewexamplesofdietaryrequirementsotherthanlipids,carbohydrates,andproteins.LectureReview:
Youprobablywouldnotbesurprisedtoseethatfamilymembersoftenlooksimilar.Whydotheylooksimilar?“Becausetheyarerelated,”isthecommonanswer…butnoteverythingthatlookssimilarisrelated,andnoteverythingthatisrelatedlookssimilar.Giveafewexamplesofthingsthatlooksimilar,butwherethissimilarityisnotbecausetheyarerelated.Iftheexamplesyougavearenotrelated,thanwhatreasoncanyouofferforwhytheylooksimilar?Giveafewexamplesofthingsthatarerelated,butlookverydissimilar.Whatmakesyoubelievetheyarerelatediftheylooksodissimilar?ExplaintheCentralDogmaofModernBiology?
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Whatsignificantsimilaritiesaresharedbyalllivingthings?Whatmakesyouthinkthesesimilaritiesarenotmerelycoincidences,ortheoptimal(oronly)waytobe?Explainwhatismeantbythe“chickenortheegg”paradoxasitrelatestotheCentralDogmaofModernBiology?ExplaintheRNAworldhypothesisandhowitresolvesthe“chickenortheegg”paradoxthatplaguesourunderstandingoftheoriginoflife?WhatevidencesupportstheRNAworldhypothesis?(Inotherwords,whatpeculiarobservationsareexplainedbytheRNAworldhypothesis?)IftheRNAworldhypothesisistrueandlifecanexistwithonlyRNA(withoutDNAorproteins),whatmightbesomereasonsforwhywedon’tweseeanylife-formstodaythatareonlyRNA?Hint:thinkaboutwhytheabacususedtobecommon,butisnotanymore.
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ReadingList-BSC2005Unit2:MovingfromMitosis&MeiosistoGenetics&Evolution
textbook:Biology(12thEd)byMader&Windelspecht: Ch11 Mendel,Geneticsreview Ch5 Cellularreproduction:mitosis&meiosis Ch.14 DNABiotechnology Ch15–19 Evolution Ch30 HumanEvolution Ch43 Behavior:Nature(Genetics)vsNurture,andtheAffectonFitnessStudylecturenotes! Knowdetailsofexamplesdiscussedinclass Makealistofallthetraitswecoveredinclass Quizyourself:whatisthedominancerelationshipforeachtrait? Whenyougetawordproblem,whatsymbols/letterswillyouuse? Whatcategory(epistasis,co-dominance,etc)isthisexample?
Readbookthebook!Practice:testyourselfusingthequestionsattheendofeachchapterandonthecoursewebsite.
Understandvocabularyandexamplesforeachofconceptslistedbelow:Mitosisvs.meiosis
Diploidvs.haploidDaughtercellsGermcells,gametesCrossingover/recombinationChromosomes&Independentassortment
Mendeliangenetics: Particulatetheoryvs.blendingtheory Completedominance(andrecessive) GenotypeandPhenotype;“genotypicratio”vs.“phenotypicratio” Allelevs.gene HomozygousandHeterozygous Monohybridcross–heterozygousforonetrait:AaxAa RatioofGenotypes(genotypicratio) RatioofPhenotypes(phenotypicratio) Dihybridcross–heterozygousfortwotraits:AaBbxAaBb RatioofGenotypes(genotypicratio) RatioofPhenotypes(phenotypicratio)(continuedonnextpage)
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Post-Mendeliangenetics: Co-dominanceandincompletedominance(vs.complete“Mendelian”dominance) Multipleallelesforasinglegene:e.g.A,BandOallelesforbloodtype(nottheRh+/Rh-) Pleiotropy Epistasis Polygenicinheritance Impactofenvironmentonphenotypicexpression
Sex-linkedrecessive Autosomalrecessiveinheritance AutosomaldominantinheritanceEvolution
Artificialvs.NaturalSelectionDarwinianvs.LamarckianevolutionImpactofenvironmentonallelefrequencies
Microevolutionvs.MacroevolutionDirectionalvs.Stabilizingvs.DisruptiveSelectionSympatricvs.Allopatricspeciation
Prezygoticvs.Postzygoticmechanismsforreproductiveisolation Causesofmassextinction
Evidencesupportingevolution:
Comparisonofmodernlife(homologousstructures,includingmolecular/DNAhomologies) Fossilrecordindicatesprogressivechangethroughtime Biogeography:patternsofspeciesarenotrandombutarrangedbygeographicproximity Convergentevolutioninsimilarecosystems Directobservationofmicroevolutionduringhistoricaltimes.
Ageoftheearth(4.5billionyearsago)andapproximatetimewhenmajorbiologicaleventsoccurred:Earliestevidenceof“simple”,prokaryoticlifeonearth(about3.5–4.0billionyearsago)Earliestevidenceofeukaryoticlife(about2billionyearsago)Allmajorgroupsofanimalsfirstappear(about0.5billionyearsago=500millionyearsago)Firstmammalsanddinosaursappear(about0.25billionyearsago=250millionyearsago)Dinosaursbecomeextinct(about0.07billionyearsago=70millionyearsago)Humanancestors(hominins)firstleftAfrica(about0.001billionyearsago=1millionyearsago)
Labs:
#5 Cellcycle(Mitosis,Meiosis)andCancer#6 Genotypes,Phenotypes,MitosisandMeiosis#7 Biotech:bloodtypes,howtointerpretDNAfingerprintsfromgels
#8 homologous,analogousandvestigialstructures Anatomyisrelatedtoenvironmentaladaptations(dentalformulaanddiet) Sexualdimorphisms
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Lecture11-IntroductiontoMendelianGeneticsLecturePrep: readChapter11;reviewmitosisandmeiosisandcrossingoverInthefiguresbelow,athinlinedesignatesDNAinheritedfromoneparent,andathicklinedesignatesDNAinheritedfromanotherparent.
Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesmitosis? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesmeiosis? Whichoftheprocessesshownabovegeneratesgermcells(gametes)withhalfthenumberof
chromosomesastheparentcell? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesthetypeofcelldivisionbywhichafertilizedegg
growsintoanadult? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveisusedbyyourliverorskintocreateidenticalcellsin
ordertoreplacecellsthathavedied? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveinvolvesrecombinationofthegenesfromeachparent? Howmanydaughtercellsareproducedbymeiosis? Arethedaughtercellsproducedbymeiosisgeneticallyidentical? Giveoneexampleofahaploidcell. Explainthebenefitofcrossingover(geneticrecombination):
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LectureReview:
Definethefollowingterms:
TruebreedingplantParentalgenerationF1generationF2generationgene
allele
genotype
phenotype heterozygous homozygous genotypicratio
phenotypicratio
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GiveafewexamplesofphenotypesMendelobservedinpeaplants,andthealternateformsthatphenotypecantake: Example: colorofpeaseed-yelloworgreenHowmanyallelesdothesepeaplantshaveforeachgenethatcontrolsaphenotype? Whydon’tpeaplantshavemoreorlessalleles?Providestwoexamplesofahomozygousgenotype: Canaphenotypebeheterozygous?Ifyourphenotypeisdominant,yourgenotypecouldbe(listallthatarepossible)is (pickanylettersyouwishtosymbolizethealleles)Ifyourphenotypeisrecessive,yourgenotypecouldbe(listallthatarepossible)is (pickanylettersyouwishtosymbolizethealleles)Explainwhyaphenotypeproducedbyarecessiveallele(likegreencoloredpeas)mightbemorecommonthanthephenotypeproducedbythedominantallele(yellowcoloredpea).[Youmightalsoconsiderwhyatraitproducedbythedominantallele,suchaspolydactylism,islesscommonthanthetraitproducedbytherecessiveallele].PRACTICEPROBLEMS:“Theformationofgametes”–
http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/gametes.htmPRACTICEPROBLEMS:“MonohybridCrosses”–inamonohybridcross,wearecrossingtwoindividualswhoarebothheterozygotes(hybrid)forone(mono)gene.
http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/mono.htmPRACTICEPROBLEMS:“DihybridCrosses”–inadihybridcross,wearecrossingtwoindividualswhoarebothheterozygotes(hybrid)fortwo(di)differentgenes:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross.
http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/dihy.htmwarning...the"hints"demonstratehowtosolvetheseproblemsthehardway;Irecommendusingthe“productrule,”asillustratedinclass,andonpage469ofthetextbook(yetanotherexampleofthe“productrule”methodcanbeseenoncetheanswertothegeneticsextracreditproblemispostedonthecoursewebsite).Nonetheless,youcanusetheproblemsabovetotestyourself.
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Lecture#12-GeneticsLecturePrep: readCh11LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele) Incompletedominance Codominance Multiplealleles Onegenecontrolswhetheraparticularspeciesofsnakehasadiamondpatternonitsbackandalsowhetherithasastripeonitsbelly.Youbreedasnakewithdiamondsonitsback(butnostripesonitsbelly)withanothersnakethathasstripesonitsbelly(butnodiamondsonitsback).Alloftheiroffspringhavebothdiamondsandstripes!Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?
Whatarethegenotypesoftheparentsandtheoffspring?(youcanuseanysymbolsyouwishtodesignatethegenotypeofeachparent,andthegenotypeoftheoffspring)
Aretheparentshomozygous?Aretheoffspringhomozygous?
Ifyouweretobreedtwooftheoffspringwitheachother,whatphenotypicratiowouldyouexpect?
…andwhatgenotypicratiowouldyouexpect?
Whatifyoubreedoneoftheoffspringwithoneofitsparents(YUCK!)?
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Marylovesdairyproducts,andsuffersnoilleffectsfromeatingthem,butherhusbandJosephisabsolutelylactoseintolerant(evenalittlelactoseandhe’sgotterriblediarrhea).JosephandMaryhaveachildnamedJose’,andthischildcantoleratesomedairyproductsaslongasitisnottoomuch.Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?
Jose’goesontofatherachildwithawoman(whoisalsonamedMary,likeJose’smother,loversdairyproducts).WhatarethepossiblegenotypesofJose’andMary’schildren?
isthegenotypicratioexpectedforJose’andMary’schildren?
WhatistheprobabilitythatJose’andMaryfirstchildwillhavethesamephenotypethathehas?
IfJose’andMaryhavethreechildren,whatistheprobabilityallthreewillhavethesamephenotypeasMary?
PRACTICEPROBLEMS:IncompleteDominance–
http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/incom.htm
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Lecture#13-GeneticsLecturePrep: readCh11LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele) Pleiotropy
Epistasis
PolygenicinheritanceImaginethatthreedifferentgenescontrolthenumberofeyelashesapersonhas,andforeachgenetherearetwoalleles(onethatproducesaboutteneyelashes,whiletheotheralleleproducesaboutfiveeyelashes).Brianhasthemaximumnumberofeyelashespossible,andhemateswithJulia,whohasthefewestnumberofeyelashespossible.Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?
Whatarethegenotypesoftheparentsandtheoffspring?(youcanuseanysymbolsyouwishtodesignatethegenotypeofeachparent,andthegenotypeoftheoffspring)
Aretheparentshomozygous?Aretheoffspringhomozygous?
WhatphenotypicratiowouldyouexpectintheoffspringproducedbyBrianandJulia? WhatgenotypicratiowouldyouexpectintheoffspringproducedbyBrianandJulia?
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Adulthumanshaveawideandcontinuousrangeofshoesizes,butmostmenarenearsize10,andmostwomenarenearsize7.5.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?Someindividualsarebornwithouttheabilitytosmell.Alloftheseindividualsalsohavereducedcapabilitytodetecttheflavorofmostfoods.Let’sassumetheinabilitytosmellisageneticdefectinasinglegene(notdevelopmentaldefect).Ifyoubelievetheabilityto‘detectflavor’isdistinctfrom‘smell‘(somearguesmellandflavordetectionarethesame),thenwhatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample? Assumingthistraitisgenetic,whatevidence(above)suggeststhistraitiscausedbyasinglegene? Howwouldyoudetermineifthiswasageneticdefectoradevelopmentalproblem?Approximately40%ofcatswithwhitefurandblueeyesaredeaf.Aninitialhintthatonegenecontrolledbothpigmentationanddeafnesscamefromtheobservationthatwhitecatswithoneblueeyeandoneyelloweyeweredeafonlyontheblue-eyedside.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?Phenylketonuria(PKU)isadiseaseinhumanscausedbyadeficiencyoftheenzymephenylalaninehydroxylase.Thisenzymeconvertstheessentialaminoacidphenylalaninetotyrosine.Adefectinthisgeneresults(ifuntreated)inmentalretardation,eczema(askindisorder),andpigmentdefectsthatmakeaffectedindividualslighterskinned.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?WalterLandauerandElizabethUphamobservedthatchickensthatexpressedthedominantalleleforfrizzlegeneproducedfeathersthatcurledoutwardratherthanlyingflatagainsttheirbodies(seephotototheright).Thesesamefowlsalsohaveabnormalbodytemperatures,highermetabolicandbloodflowrates,greaterdigestivecapacity,andalsolaidfewereggsthantheirwild-typecounterparts.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?
Ethanolismetabolizedintovinegarbyatwostep-process.Inthefirststep,ethanolisconvertedintoacetaldehydeanenzymecalledAlcoholdehydrogenase(let’sjustcallitenzymeA).Inthesecondstep,theacetaldehydeisconvertedintovinegarbyadifferentenzymecalledAldehydedehydrogenase(letsjustcallitenzymeB).Foreachofthetwoenzymes,A&B,thereexisttwoalleles,onethatencodesafunctionalenzyme(thedominantform,AorB)andonethatencodesamutatedandnon-functionalenzyme(therecessiveform,aorb).Considerindividualswiththefollowinggenotypes;iseachindividualabletoconvertethanolintovinegar?
AABB aaBB AaBb
Aabb aaBb aabb
Ifyoudefinethephenotypeofinterestastheabilitytometabolizeethanolintovinegar,thenwhatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?
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Lecture#14-GeneticsLecturePrep: readCh11LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele) Sex-linkedrecessiveinheritance Autosomalrecessiveinheritance AutosomaldominantinheritancePRACTICEPROBLEMS:Sex-linkedtraits–
http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/dragons.htm
http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/xlinked.htm
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Lecture#15-Evolutionpart#1LecturePrep: readChapter15-19,andcompletethegraphingexercisebelow
Thecommonfemalehouseflieslaysapproximately100eggsinherone-monthlife(columnEbelow).Howmanyofthose100eggsdoyouthinkwilllivelongenoughtoreproduce?________ Convertthisnumberofsurvivingfliesintoapercent(divideby100),andplaceitincolumnGbelow.Usethestartingdatafor“month0”andyourestimateofflysurvivalrate(columnG)tocompletethetable.Graphthetotalnumberoffliesineachgenerationonthegraphbelow(monthontheX-axis,total#offlies
fromeachgeneration,columnB,ontheY-axis–makesureyoulabelthenumbersontheY-axis)
A.month
B.Total#offlies
(males+females)alive
ineachgeneration
(columnH
fromprecedinggeneration)
C.#ofmaleflies
(C=1/2ofcolumnB)
D.#offemale
flies
(D=1/2ofcolumnB)
E.howmany
eggsdoeseachfemalelay?
F.totalnumberofeggsthatarelaidthisgeneration
(F=DxE)
G.percentageofthoseeggsthatlivelongenoughtoreproduce.
(yourown
estimate,usethesame%forallrows)
H.totalnumberofadultfliesreproducinginnextround
(H=FxG)
0 2 1 1 100
1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100
6 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 month
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2 -
1 -
9 – 8 – 7 – 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 –
Continuethelinebelowtoshowwhatyoupredictthehumanpopulationwillbein100years. Whatfactorswillaffecttheoverallsizeofthehumanpopulationin100years?
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
year
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LectureReview:Whilewatchingthemovie“TheEvidenceforEvolution,”answerthequestionsbelow.ThemovieisavailableonthecourseCANVASsite:clickon“Pages”inthesidebar,then“videosforclass”TheRecordintheRocks1.Namethreethingsthatcanfossilize.2.Lookatthehorse-likeskeletons.Howaretheychanging?(i.e.,size,numberoftoes,wayofwalking,
presenceofhooves)3.Scientificevidencesuggeststhatthecontinentslookedverydifferent350millionyearsago(mya).Briefly
describeinwhatways.EvidencefromLivingThings4.Definewhathomologousstructuresare.Givethreeexamples.5.Whatisdivergentevolution?6.Definewhatanalogousstructuresare.7.Giveoneexampleofavestigialstructure.8.Accordingtothevideo,howcanweexplainthefactthattherearelargeflightlessbirdsonlyinthe
southernhemisphere?
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TheTheoryofEvolution9.Whatdidthetheoryofacquiredcharacteristicsstated?Whoformulatedthisincorrecttheory?10.Whoformulatedthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection?11.Whenindividualsreproduce,theygeneratemanymoreoffspringthanneededtoreplacetheparents.
Whataresomeofthereasonswhyearthisnotoverrunwiththeresultantprogeny?12.Ifcharacteristicsareinherited,thoseindividualswhoreproduceareabletopassontheirtraitstothe
nextgeneration.Thisisreferredtoas…13.WhatdidDarwinmeanwhenhesaidthatthereisa“struggleforexistence”?Howcanthisinfluence
whichtraitsaccumulateinanygivenpopulation?14.Whatisdefinedasnaturalselection?15.Defineconvergentevolutionandgiveatleasttwoexamples.16.Whyisthenumberoflightanddarkpepperedmothschanginginapopulation?Isthecolor
characteristicgeneticallydetermined?VariationandEvolution17.Whatisthedefinitionofaspecies?18.Whencanwesaywehaveanewspecies(speciationhasoccurred)?19.Howcanyoutellwhensomeorganismsareanewspecies,versusvariantsfromthesamespecies?20.Whatisartificialselection?Namesomespeciesthatmaychange(orhavebeenproduced)dueto
artificialselection?21.Howcannewtraitsappearinapopulation?Giveanexplanationatthemolecularlevel.22.Isitpossibletoinducemutationsinordertocreatenewtraits?Whichexampleisshowninthevideo?
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Lecture#16-Evolutionpart#2-Microevolution LecturePrep:
Aregrizzlybearsandpolarbearsthesamespecies?Howwouldyoudeterminethat?
http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-06-02/climate-change-species-are-increasingly-hybridizing-survive
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124115253
Reviewpages280–285ofyourtextbook,andcompletethe“MechanismsofMicroevolution”exerciseonnexttwopages.
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MechanismsofMicroevolution.Reviewpages280–285ofyourbookforthisexercise.Thepurposeofthisactivityistoanalyzeahypotheticalsituationanddeterminethemechanismofmicroevolutioninvolved.Ineachofthefollowingscenarios,thereisatleastonemechanismofmicroevolutionoccurring,butpossiblymore.Howmanycanyouidentify?
Wordbank: mutation nonrandommating directionalselection sympatricspeciation geneticdrift naturalselection disruptiveselection allopatricspeciation geneflow artificialselection stabilizingselection
1.Atypeofshortgroundclovergrowsinaremotemeadownearthetopofamountain.Themeadowissmall,withonlyenoughspaceforabout100cloverplantstogrow.ADNAreplicationerroroccursduringoogenesisinoneoftheseclovers.ThiserrorchangestheDNAsequenceofaplantgrowthgene(g),therebyproducinganeggwithanewallele(G).Thiseggissuccessfullyfertilizedbyawildtype(g)pollen,givingrisetoaheterozygoteclover(Gg).BecauseoftheGallele,theGgheterozygoteinitiatesgerminationfasterthantheggclovers.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?2.Becausetheheterozygote(Gg)clovergerminatesfasterthanitsneighboringclovers,itistallerandgetsmoresunlightthanitsshadedneighboringclovers.Theadditionalsunlightenablesthe‘Gg’clovertoproducemorepollenthanitsneighbors,andoverthecourseofafewgrowingseasons,theGallelebecomesmorecommon.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?3.Afewyearspass,andastheGallelebecomesincreasinglycommon,afewGGgenotypesareproduced.Asitturnsout,theGalleleexhibitsincompletedominance,sotheGGgenotypegrowsevenfaster(andthereforetaller)thantheGggenotype.Overthenextfewgrowingseasons,theGGgenotypebecomesevenmorecommonthantheGggenotype.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?
Usethespacebelowtomakeabargraphthatillustratestheinitialgenotypefrequencyofthepopulationafterscenario#1.
Usethespacebelowtomakeabargraphthatillustratesthenewgenotypefrequencyofthepopulationafterscenario#3.
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4.Awanderingherdofgoatpassthroughthemeadow.Thegoatslikeeatingthecloverflowers,buttendtoeatthetallestflowersinthepatch.Inthefewdaysthegoatsareinthismeadow,theyeatalmostallthetallflowers.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?Predictwhatclovergenotypewouldbemostfitifthegoatsreturnedtothismeadowregularly:Usethegraphtotherighttomakeabargraphthatillustrateswhatyouexpectgenotypefrequencywouldlooklikeifscenario#3and#4persistedformanygenerations.
5.Theshortgroundcloverisnormallypollinatedbyabeetlethatlivesontheground.Thisbeetledoesnotoftencrawluptothetallestflowers(perhapsbecauseitwouldbemoreeasilyeatenbybirds).However,asthetallGGplantsbecomemorecommon,butterfliesbegintopollinatetheGGplants(thebutterfliesrarelypollinatetheshortggplants,perhapsbecausetheflowersontheshortplantsaremoredifficultforthebutterfliestoreach).Fortunatelyfortheclovers,thereisenoughpollenandpollinatorstoensurethatnearlyeveryeggissuccessfullyfertilized,regardlessoftheplants’heightandpollinator.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?Suggestapossibleexplanationforwhybirdsmighteatthebeetlesbutnotthebutterflies.Usethegraphtotherighttomakeabargraphthatillustrateswhatyouexpectthegenotypefrequencywouldlooklikeifscenario#5persistedformanygenerations.(assumetheherdofwanderinggoatsdoesnotreturntothismeadow).
6.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthetallerplantseatenbygoatsinscenario4hadalreadybeenpollinatedandproducedseedswithaprotectiveoutercoating.Therefore,thegoatsatetheseseedsalongwiththeflowers,andthenwanderedmanymilesaway,depositingseedsastheywent.Becausethegoatsatealmostonlythetallflowers,mostoftheseedsintheirpoopwastheGGgenotype.Someseedsweredepositedinaremotemeadowwhereonlyshort(gg)cloversweregrowingwhileotherseedsweredepositedinawindy,rockymountainpasswherenoclovershadpreviouslyexisted.Thebutterfliesandbeetlesthatpollinatethiscloverdon’tusuallyvisitrocky,windyareas,sotheclovergrowingintherockyareasbecamedependentonthewindtopollinateitsflowers.Variousallelesofanothergene(Horh)affectthesizeandweightofthepollen,whichthenaffectshoweasilythepollenisspreadbythewind.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?
7.Withinafewyears,thecloversonthemountainpassgrewintoalushcloverpatch;butinoneparticularlyhardwinter,99%ofthecloversfrozeanddied.Itturnsoutthatoneclover(anditsfewdescendants)hadamutationthatshiftedenergystoragefrompredominantlystarchtoarelatedapolysaccharidecalledinulin,andtheinulinpreventedtheseplantsfromfreezing.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolved?
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Lecture#16-Evolutionpart#2–Microevolution LectureReview:Classifythefollowingscenariosasexamplesofeitherartificialornaturalselectionbyplacingtheletterforeachscenariointotheappropriateboxbelow.
ScenariosA.Rattlesnakesblendinwiththeirwoodedsurroundings.B.Desertplants,suchascacti,areadaptedtostorewaterduringdryconditions.C.Avariationthatincreasesthespeedofarodentincreasesitschancesofescapingpredatorsand
reproducing.D.AdogbreederwantstheagilityofabordercollieandthecoloringofanAustralianshepherd,sohe
breedsthetwo.E.Agardenerchosestheseedsfromarosethatproduceslargerflowerstoplant.F.Brusselsprouts,kohlrabi,andChinesecabbagearedomesticatedplantsthatalldescendedfromthe
sameancestor. ArtificialSelection
NaturalSelection
Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Eachtermisusedonlyonce.
Alllivingorganismsusesimilarbiomolecules,suchas_____,RNA,ATPandproteins.Thisleadsscientiststoconcludethatalllifedescendedfromacommonancestorthatalsousedthese_____.Organismsalsousethesamegeneticcode(UniversalCodonChart)tospecifywhich_____isencodedbyaparticular3-nucleicacidcodonwhenbuildingproteins.Thus,differencesbetweenspeciesexistmainlyduetosmalldifferencebetweenthe_____eachoneproducesanduses.
A.RNAB.DNAC.proteinsD.aminoacidE.biomolecules
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Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.
Structuresthatareanatomicalllysimilarbecausetheywereinheritedfromacommonancestorarecalled____structures.
Forexample,theforearmsofabat,bird,whaleandcatallcontainthesame____ofbones,buteachservesadifferent____.
Someinheritedstructuresarenolongernecessaryandlosetheiroriginalfunction,inwhichcasetheyareconsidered_____structures.Thepresenceofthesenon-functionalstructuresimpliesdescentfromanancestorthatoncehadafunctionalform.
Oppositely,____structuresarethosethatservethesamefunctionintwoorganisms,butareanatomicallydifferentanddon’tshareacommonancestry.
Thepresenceof____structures,notanalogousstructures,isevidencethatorganismsarerelated.
Scientistsconcludethatalllifedescendedfromacommonancestorbecausetheyshare_____biomoleculessuchasDNA,RNAandproteins.
A.analagousB.functionC.homologousD.arrangementE.vestigial
Classifythefollowingexamplesaseitherhomologousoranalogousstructuresbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.
examplesA.Cactusesandspurgeshaveconvergent(similarbutindependent)adaptationstohotclimates.B.Forearmsofchickens,whales,andhumans.C.Insectwingsandbatwings.D.Structuresthatarerelatedtoeachotherbecauseofdescentfromacommonancestor.E.Toeofahorseandwingofabat.F.Arisebecauseofadaptationstothesametypeofenvironment.G.Structureswiththesamefunctionbutdifferentevolutionaryancestry.
HomologousStructures
Analogousstructures
Explainhowvestigialtraitsandhomologoustraits(includingbothanatomicalandbiochemicalfeatures)supportthetheoryofevolution.
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Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.
A.Britishlandsnailshavetwoverydifferentphenotypesastheyarebothadaptedtodifferenthabitats.
B.Individualfincheswithinonepopulationoccupydifferentnichesandeventuallyevolvetohavedifferentbeaksizes.
C.Verylargeandverysmallnewbornsaremorelikelytosufferserioushealthproblems.
D.Chloroquineisnolongereffectiveagainstmalariabecauseithasevolvedresistanceagainstit.
E.Anewfluvaccineisneededeveryyear.
F.Birdclutchsizeconsistingof4-5eggsaremorelikelytohatchthanlargerorsmallerclutches.
Disruptiveselection Stabilizingselection Directionalselection
Usethespacebeloweachgraphtoillustratehowtheinitialpopulationdistributionthatisshownwouldchangeafterundergoingdisruptive,stabilizing,ordirectionalselection.Thex-axisrepresentsthephenotypeofthepopulationbeingmeasured,suchasthesizeofananimal(smallanimalsontheleft,mediumsizedanimalsinthemiddle,andlargeranimalsontheright).They-axisisthefrequencyofeachphenotypeinthepopulation(i.e.thenumberofindividualsinthepopulationthataresmall,mediumorlarge).InitialPopulationDistributions:
smalllargesmalllargesmalllargesize size sizeNewPopulationDistributionAfterSelection:
Disruptiveselection stabilizingselection directionalselection
smalllargesmalllargesmalllargesize size size
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Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.
Sicklecellisa_____geneticallyinheriteddisorderthataffects_____moleculesthatcarryoxygenintheblood.
Individualsthatare_____havethesicklecelldisease,whileindividualsthatbelongtotheothertwogenotypesdonot.
Individualsthatcarryanalleleforsicklecellalsocarryaresistancetomalaria,asthesickleshaped_____lack_____andmalarialparasitesdie.
Therefore,individualsthatare_____carryanadvantage,astheyareresistanttomalariaanddonothavesicklecelldisease.
A.autosomaldominant
B.homozygousdominant
C.heterozygous
D.homozygousrecessive
E.autosomalrecessive
F.hemoglobin
G.whitebloodcells
H.redbloodcells
I.calcium
J.potassium
Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.
Aprocesswheresmallmeasurablechangesoccurfromgenerationtogenerationiscalled_____.
Aprocesswherelargechangesoccuroverlongperiodsoftimeiscalled_____.Thisprocessrequires_____,orthesplittingofonespeciesintotwoormorenewspecies,tooccur.
The_____describesaspeciesasgroupsoforganismsthatinterbreed,haveashared_____,andarereproductivelyisolatedfromallotherspecies.
Onelimitationofthiswayofdefiningspeciesisthatitappliesonlyto_____organisms.
A.asexuallyreproducing
B.biologicalspeciesconcept
C.extinct
D.genepool
E.macroevolution
F.microevolution
G.naturalselection
H.sexuallyreproducing
I.speciation
Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.
ExamplesofreproductivebarriersA.F2fitness
B.habitatisolation
C.gameteisolation
D.zygotemortality
E.hybridsterility
F.behavioralisolation
G.temporalisolation
H.mechanicalisolation
Postzygoticisolatingmechanisms
Prezygoticisolatingmechanisms
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Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.
Inordertomate,maleblue-footedboobiesmustdisplayanelaboratecourtshipdance.Thisisanexampleof_____.
Becausesugarmaplesandredmaplesoccupydifferenthabitats,theydonotexchangepollen,eventhoughtheyliveinthesamelocations.Thisisanexampleof_____.
Maleinsectsofaspecieshavereproductivegenitaliathatmakeitimpossibletoreproducewithfemalesofothercloselyrelatedorganisms.Thisisanexampleof_____.
Twospeciesoftermitesliveinthesamelocationbutdon’tmatebecausetheyhavedifferentbreedingseasons.Thisisanexampleof_____.
Pollenofonespeciesofflowerisnotabletosurvivethejourneytoreachtheeggproducedinembryosacofaflowerofanotherspecies,sotheycannotreproducetogether.Thisisanexampleof_____.
A.behavioralisolation
B.habitatisolation
C.mechanicalisolation
D.gameteisolation
E.hybridsterility
F.temporalisolation
Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.
Examples
A.Speciationthatisbasedongeographicseparation.
B.Organismsindifferentlocationsaresubjecttodifferentselectivepressuresandevolveintodifferentspecies.
C.Organismsarereproductivelyisolatedbypostzygoticmechanismsandevolveintodifferentspecies.
D.Speciationthatdoesnotrequiregeographicisolation.
E.Breadwheatevolvedfromtwospeciesofwheatwithdifferentnumbersofchromosomes.
Allopatricspeciation
Sympatricspeciation
Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.
Rapidanddramatic_____isasignificantcauseofextinction.
The_____changedglobalweatherpatternsandtheamountofshorelineandinteriorland,leadingtothePermianmassextinctionof_____andterrestrialorganisms250millionyearsago.
HighlevelsofiridiumandalargecraterintheGulfofMexicoindicatetheimpactofagiant_____duringtheCretaciousperiod66millionyearsago.Thisimpactwouldlikelyhavecausedlargeenvironmentalchangesincludingaprolongedglobalwinter,andisbelievedtohavecontributedtoamassextinctionthatkilledofthe_____.
Thereappearstobeanon-goingmassextinctioncausedby_____.
A.driftingofcontinents
B.environmentalchange
C.dinosaurs
D.meteorite
E.human-inducedenvironmentalchanges
F.marine
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Lecture#17-Evolutionpart#3–HumanevolutionLectureprep:readCh30(HumanEvolution)
WatchtheTEDtalk:DebunkingthePaleodiet–byChristinaWarinnerThereisalinkunderthe“coolscience”tabonthecoursewebsite.
ComparethistalktotheTEDtalkwewatchedearlier(Mindingyourmitochondria).Isthereanythingwecanconcludefromthesetwotalks?
LectureReview:preparefortheunit#2exam!
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ReadingList-Unit3:
DiversityofLifeandEcologyTextbook:Biology(12thEd)byMader&Windelspecht:
DiversityofLife:Chapter20 Viruses,Bacteria,andArchaeaChapter21 ProtistansChapter22 FungiChapter23–27 PlantsChapter28&29 Animals
EcologyChapter43 BehavioralEcologyChapter44 PopulationEcology Chapter45 CommunityandEcosystemEcologyChapter46 MajorEcosystemsoftheBiosphereChapter47 ConservationofBiodiversity
Labs:#11 InvertebrateDiversity#13 PlantDiversity#14 Ecology
PostersondisplayinthehallsofBuildingXTheexamwillplaceapproximatelyequalemphasisontheDiversityofLife(Chapters20–29)andEcology(Chapters43–47).LectureswillemphasizethemainpointsoftheDiversityofLife(Chapters20–29),butonlysomeoftheconceptsaboutEcology(Chapters43–47).Studentsarethereforeadvisedtospendsignificantamountoftimestudyingboththelecturematerial,andthematerialfromthebook.Theportfoliohighlightsimportantaspectsofallchapters,includingmaterialnotcoveredextensivelyinlecture.Miscellaneous:Ageoftheearth(4.5billionyearsago)andapproximatetimewhenmajorbiologicaleventsoccurred:
Earliestevidenceof“simple”,prokaryoticlifeonearth(about3.5–4.0billionyearsago)Earliestevidenceofeukaryoticlife(about2billionyearsago)Allmajorgroupsofanimalsfirstappear(about0.5billionyearsago=500millionyearsago)Firstmammalsanddinosaursappear(about0.25billionyearsago=250millionyearsago)Dinosaursbecomeextinct(about0.07billionyearsago=70millionyearsago)Humanancestors(hominins)firstleftAfrica(about0.001billionyearsago=1millionyearsago)
Studylecturenotes… and… readthebook!Knowdetailsabouteachexamplediscussedinclass.Reviewtheportfolioandlabexercises.Studythefigures(andphylogenetictrees)inthebookandportfolio.Practice:testyourselfusingthequestionsattheendofeachchapterandonthecoursewebsite.
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Lecture#18-OverviewofLife’sDiversityLecturePrep: ReviewChapter1 LectureReview:1.DrawaphylogenetictreethatrepresentstherelationshipamongthemajorDomains[andeukaryoticKingdoms]oflife: Archaea,Bacteria,Eukarya[Protista,Plantae,Fungi,Animalia]2.Whatfeaturesdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother?3.Doyouthinkvirusesqualifyas“livingorganisms”?4.Begincompletingthetableonthefollowingpage.Addmoretoitaftereachlecture.
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Canitevolve?
Doesithaveitsownribosomestomakeitsprotein?
Doesithaveaphospholipidcellmembrane?
Doesithaveacellwall?(never,usually,sometimes)Ifyes,whatisitmadeof?
Doesithaveamembraneboundnucleusandorganelles?
Howdoesitgetits“food”?Isitaphotoautotroph,chemoautoroph,orheterotroph?
Aretheyalwayssinglecells,ormulti-cellular,orsometimesboth?
Interestingexamplesanduniquefeatures
Viruses
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista:Algae
Protista:Protozoan
Plants
Fungi(fungus)
Animals
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Lecture#19-DomainEukarya,KingdomAnimalia,PhylumPorifera(Sponges)LecturePrep: readChapter28&29
Namefiveexamplesofanimals(themorediversethebetter).
Namefiveexamplesoflivingorganismsthatarenotanimals(themorediversethebetter).
Considertheexamplesofanimalsandnon-animalsyoujustmade(andothers),andthendescribeasmanydifferencesasyoucanbetweenthetwogroups.Vocabulary:
Truetissuesvscellular-leveloforganization
Protostomevsdeuterostome
Germlayers:endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm
Coelomvspseudocoelomvsacoelom
Radialvsbilateralsymmetery(andhowitrelatestocephalization)
Endothermvsectotherm
LectureReview:Drawaphylogenetictreethatrepresents: 1.TheninemajorPhylumwithinKingdomAnimalia 2.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother? 3.Whatfeature(s)distinguish(es)animalsfromfungi?
WhatDomain,KingdomandPhylumdospongesbelongto?Whyisamouthanimportantfeatureamonganimals?Whatdistinguishesbetweenprotostomesanddeuterostomes? Hint-toseeonetrait,lookhere:http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/urchins/rad_spir.html
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Drawapictureofasponge,labelingthethreetypesofcellsandthedirectionofwaterflow.Whyisaspongeconsideredananimalifitlackstruetissues?Doesaspongehaveamouth?Ifso,canitbiteyou?Ifnot,thenhowdoesaspongeeat?Doesaspongehaveaskeleton? Whatkindofbiomoleculeiscollagen,andwhatpurposedoesitserveinasponge? Whattwopurposesdospiculesserve?Whatarethethreeprimarycelltypesinasponge,andwhatroledoeseachserve?Describethreeimportantecologicalrolesthatspongesserve.Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow
Spongesare_____organismswitha_____leveloforganization,thereforeplacingthematthe_____oftheevolutionarytreeofanimals.
Thebodyofaspongeislinedwith_____thatuseflagellatocreatewatercurrentsthatflowthroughtheporesandoutthe_____.
Thesewatercurrentshelpthespongeobtainfood,asitisa(n)_____.
Spongesreproduceasexuallythrough_____andsexuallybyreleasingeggandspermintothewater.
Mostspongeshave_____madeof_____andfibersof_____toprovidesupport.
A. BaseB. BuddingC. CellularD. ChoanocytesE. EndoskeletonsF. ExoskeletonsG. FilterfeederH. MulticellularI. OsculumJ. SpiculesK. collagenL. unicellular
Labelthephylogenetictreeonthenextpagewiththedescriptionsineachofthethreeboxes.
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Usethefollowingphrasestolabelthemajorevolutionarychangesidentifiedbytheletters(A-J)inthetreeabove:
Originsofmulticellularity
Bilateralsymmetry
Radialsymmetry
Twogermlayers
Threegermlayers
Protostomes(mouthfirst)
Dueterostomes(mouthsecond)
Truetissues/germlayers
Pseudocoelom
Acoelom
LabeleachPhyluminthetreeaboveusingthefollowingterms:
Molluscs
Platyhelminthes(flatworms)
Annelids(segmentedworms)
Cnidarians
Porifera(sponges)
Nematodes(roundworms)
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates
Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththecorrectphylumabove:1.Hastwogermlayers,&doesnothaveaseparatemouth&anus.
2.Multicellular,butlackstruetissues.
3.Segmentedbody,jointedappendages&crunchyexoskeleton
(andthusgrowsbymoltingormetamorphosis)
4.Segmentedbody&growsbyaddingbodytissue.
5.Segmentedbody&hasdorsalrodandnervecord,pharyngeal
pouchesandpost-analtail.
6.Threemainbodyparts:visceralmass,foot,&mantlethatmay
becomeashell.
7.Hasapseudocoelomandgrowsbymolting.
8.Thelarvaearebilaterallysymmetrical,buttheadultisradially
symmetricalandhasnoheadorbrain.
9.Hasthreegermlayersbutnocoelom;doesnothavea
respiratoryorcirculatorysystemandusuallydoesnothavea
separatemouthandanus(althoughverylongonessometimes
havemultipleanuses).
Kingdom Animalia
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Lecture#20-DomainEukarya,KingdomAnimalia,PhylumChordatesLecturePrep: readChapter28&29 LectureReview:Whatarethefourdefiningcharacteristicsofachordate? Whatdoeseachofthesefourembryologicalstructuresbecomeasahumandevelops? Whatdoeseachofthesefourembryologicalstructuresbecomeasabonyfishydevelops?Whatcharacteristicsdohumanssharewiththemarineorganismsknownastunicates?Classifythefollowingcharacteristicsasdescribingeitherechinodermsorchordatesorboth.A.HavepostanaltailB.DeuterostomesC.Havefree-swimminglarvalstageD.ExhibitbilateralsymmetryasadultsE.HavedorsaltubularnervecordsF.Exhibitradialsymmetryasadults
G.ExhibitbilateralsymmetryatsomepointintheirlifecyclesH.Havenohead,brain,orsegmentationasadultsI.Includesanimalswithvertebrae(thevertebrates)J.HavepharyngealpouchesatsomepointindevelopmentK.Havenotocordsatsomepointintheirlifecycle
Both
Echinoderms Chordates
Usethefollowingchoicestocompletethesentencesbelow.Somechoicesmaybeusedmorethanonce.
A. Dorsaltubularnervecord
B. Four
C. Invertebrates
D. Notochord
E. Six
F. Tail
G. vertebrates
Allchordatespossess_____basiccharacteristics.
Theypossessa_____atsomepointintheirlifetime.
Chordatesthatare_____possessa_____,butitisneverreplacedbyaboneyvertebralcolumnasinthecasewith_____.
Chordatesalsopossessa_____thatisfilledwithfluid.
In_____,this_____isprotectedbythevertebrae.
Atsomepointintheirdevelopment,allchordatesmustalsopossesspharyngealpouchesandapostanal_____.
Whatarethemajorevolutionaryinnovationsinthehistoryofchordates,andwhatadvantagedoeseachinnovationprovide?Howare“lancelets”and“hagfish”differentfromatruefish?Howaretheysimilar?What’sthedifferencebetweenashark,aray-finned(bony)fish,andalobed-finfish? Whichareyoumostcloselyrelated?Whicharemostlycloselyrelated:seasquirt,seaanemone,seacucumber,seaurchin,andseasponge. Why?
75 ancestral chordate
tunicates lancelets jawless fishes cartilaginous
fishes bony fishes mammals
vertebrae mammary glands
(and hair)
reptiles & birds amphibians
amniotic egg
lobe-finned fishes
Chordates
lungs
limbs bony skeleton
jaws
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Lecture#21-DomainEukarya,KingdomFungiLecturePrep: readchapter22(Fungi) LectureReview:Whatfeature(s)distinguish(es)animalsfromfungi?PlacethefollowingitemsintotheappropriateKingdombelow
A.NoCellWallB.PhotosyntheticautotrophC.ChemoheterotrophicbyabsorptionD.ChemoheterotrophicbyingestionE.CellwallcomposedofpolysaccharidechitinF.Cellwallcomposedofpolysaccharidecellulose
Fungi
LandPlants Animals
Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.
Fungicontainanucleusandaretherefore_____organisms.
Fungilack_____andcannotproducetheirownfoodbyphotosynthesis;instead,manyserveasdecomposersintheenvironment.
Fungimustsecrete_____enzymesand_____fromtheirimmediateenvironment.
Theseorganismsdifferfromplantsandanimalsinmanyotherways,andcurrent_____evidencesuggeststhattheymaybethedescendantsofflagellatedprotists.
A.DNAB.absorbC.chloroplastsD.digestiveE.eukaryoticF.fossilG.mitochondriaH.photosyntheticI.prokaryotic
Describehowafungusobtainsitsorganicmolecules(usewordssuchasheterotrophic,autotrophic,saprotrophic,externalorinternaldigestion):Describewhatalichenis,andhowitobtainstheorganic(e.g.glucose)andinorganicmolecules(water,minerals)itneedstolive.
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Lecture#22(part1and2)-DomainEukarya,KingdomPlantaeLecturePrep: readChapters23-37 LectureReview:Drawaphylogenetictreethatrepresents: 1.AllthemajorPhylumwithinKingdomPlantae 2.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother? 3.Whatdistinguishesthemulticellular,photosyntheticorganismswithinKingdomPlantaefrom themulticellular,photosyntheticorganismswithinKingdomProtista(forexample,algae)?Whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenalgae(astrictlywaterplant)andall“landplants”? Bemorespecificthanjust“onelivesinthewaterplant,andtheotherlivesonland.”Plantslivepartoftheirlifeasasporophyteandpartoftheirlifeasagametophyte(thisisknownas“alternationofgenerations”).Whichofthesegenerationsishaploid,andwhichisdiploid? Whenyoulookatagiantoaktree,areyoulookingatthediploidorhaploid? Ifyouseemossgrowingonarockinaforest,areyoulookingatthediploidorhaploid? Describewhatthehaploidformofapinetreelookslike.Whatchemicalsareinyourlawnfertilizer,andwhydoplantsneedit(seetextpage383)?Whydoesavenusflytrap"eat"insects?Dogymnospermsproduceafruitthatcontainsseedswithin? Howdogymnospermsdispersetheirseeds? Howdoesthepollenfromagymnospermgettothefemalegametophyteinordertofertilizeit? Howispollinationinangiospermsdifferentfromthatingymnosperms?IstheDNAinthefleshypartofanangiosperm’sfruitthesameastheDNAintheseedsofthatfruit?Offeroneexplanationforwhygymnospermsandangiospermsaremorewidespreadthroughouttheworldthanferns.Offeranotherexplanationforwhyangiospermsaremorewidespreadthangymnosperms.Explainhowaplantgetswaterfromtherootsuptoitsleaves,andsugarfromphotosynthesisfromleavesdowntotheroots,withoutahearttopumpit.Watch“Episode3,Flowering”ofthePrivateLifeofPlantsdocumentaryandthinkaboutthefollowingthreequestions:
Howdoflowersattracttheattentionofpollinators?Howdoflowersenticepollinatorstovisitthem?Whichanimalsfunctionasflowerpollinators?
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1.UsethefollowingwordstolabelthemajorevolutionaryinnovationswithintheKingdomPlantae(designatedbytheblankboxesinthetree). A.Seeds B.Flowers C.EmbryoProtection D.Megaphylls E.VascularTissue F.Commongreenalgalancestor2.Circlethelandplants.3.Putacheckmarkabovethevascularplants.4.PutanXovertheplantsthatproduceseeds.
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Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.
Mossesarelow-lyingplantsthatlack_____forwatertransportation,butdohavestructurestoprevent_____.
Thelycophytesarethefirstplantswith_____.Theyalsocontaintinynarrowleavescalled_____.
Fernsarethefirstlandplantstohavebranching_____toincreasetherateof_____andthereforesize.
Plantsdeveloped_____toprotectembryosandprovidethemwithnourishmentduring_____.
Angiospermscontain_____toattractpollinatorsandproducefruitstocover_____.
A.desiccation
B.flowers
C.germination
D.megaphylls
E.microphylls
F.photosynthesis
G.seeds
H.vasculartissue
Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Somewordsmaybeusedmorethanonce.
The_____plants,alsoknowasthe_____,includeliverworts,hornworts,andmosses.
Lycophytesare_____plantswithroots,stems,andleavescalled_____.Examplesoflycophytesinclude_____.
Fernsaregroupsof_____plantswithlargeleavescalled_____orfronds.Examplesoffernsinclude_____androyalferns.
Treesandgardenplantsareexamplesof_____plants,calledsobecausetheyproduce_____thatcontainaprotectivecoatingandfoodforthedeveloping_____.
Plantswithnakedseesarecalled_____andfloweringplantsarecalled_____.
Examplesof_____includespines,conifersandredwoods,whileexamplesof_____includeoaktress,Spanishmoss,andcorn.
A.angiospermsB.embryoC.gymnospermsD.megaphyllsE.nonvascularF.seedsG.bryophytesH.groundpinesI.maidenhairJ.microphyllsK.seedL.vascular
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AngiospermsandGymnosperms:Fillintheblanksbelowusingoneofthetermsprovided(eachtermisusedonlyonce): Gametophyte gymnosperm angiosperms sporophyte fruitordryshell pollen megaspore antherInthealternationofgenerationsofaplantlifecycle,the isdiploid,whilethe ishaploid.Thesearemulticellularhaploidstructures;ingymnospermstheycontainonemalegamete,whileinangiospermstheycontaintwomalegametes: .Thesearemulticellular,haploidreproductivestructuresthatcontainaneggandareenclosedwithinthediploidovule: .Infloweringplants,pollenisproducedinthe .Theirnamemeans“covered”or“enclosed”seed: . What“covers”or“encloses”theseed? .In ,pollenisusuallydispersedbywind.Angiosperms:
1.Fillintheblanks,andthen,2.Putastar(*)nexttotheworddesignatingthestructurethatbecomestheseed.3.Puta“X"nexttotheworddesignatingthestructurethatbecomesafleshyfruitordryseedcovering.
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Lecture#23-DomainEukarya,KingdomProtistaLecturePrep: readchapter21(Protist) Doallprotistshaveanucleus? Doallprotistshaveachloroplast? Wheredoprotistslive?LectureReview: Doallprotistshaveamitochondria? Whatisendosymbiosis?
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Lecture#24-Prokayotes:DomainBacteriaandDomainArchaeaLecturePrep: readchapter20 DoBacteriaandArchaeabelongtothesameDomain? ArevirusesinthesameDomainasBacteriaorArchaea? WhyareArchaeaandBacteriabothcalledProkaryotes?LectureReview: Giveexamplesofprokaryotesanddescribetheirsymbioticinteractionswithhumans. Arethesesymbioticinteractionscommensalistic,mutualistic,orparasitic?
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Lecture#25-Prokayotes:DomainBacteriaandDomainArchaeaLecturePrep:
Review the Questions below before listening to the following radio interview (answer the questions as you listen): http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/09/06/2013/do-your-gut-bacteria-influence-your-metabolism.html
What question did Dr. Gordon address by doing a fecal transplant from human twins into mice? How much of an individual’s weight and metabolism is influenced by their gut bacteria. What journal was this study published in? Science Is the community of bacteria in your gut the same as the community in my gut? No What trait was conferred by gut bacteria onto their host? (host = the organism the bacteria live in) Leanness What is the name (genus) of the type of gut bacteria that confer this trait? Bacteroides What kind of symbiotic relationship exists between humans and these bacterial invaders? Mutualistic How does standard mouse chow differ from the “modern human diet”? Standard mouse chow is low in fat, high in plant fiber Human diet is usually high in saturated fat, low in fruit and vegetables What does Dr. Gordon mean by “job vacancies”? There is an ecological niche to be filled. These job vacancies cannot be filled unless ____________________________________________.
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(the right diet is consumed) In this study, obesity is associated with ___________________________________________. less diverse gut microbiota (bacteria) Why isn’t there an epidemic of leanness among people? Diet, diet, diet: Most people aren’t eating a healthy diet that promotes invasion by the good Bacteroi des bacteria The researchers noticed that some kinds gut bacteria were correlated with low weight and high metabolism, but how did the researchers demonstrate that gut bacteria caused these changes in weight and metabolism, rather than the gut bacteria and weight both being caused by something else? (“correlation does not mean causation”) The researchers alter the bacteria in the guts of otherwise identical mice by performing a fecal transplant and determine if this causes a change in weight/metabolism. What are some of the next steps the researchers plan to address? What is the impact of age, culture, etc on bacterial invaders? How can current dietary patterns be modified to promote good bacteria? Why is the field of gut bacteria research growing so rapidly now? Draw a schematic (cartoon) to summarize the various experimental trials in Dr. Gordon’s study.
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LectureReview: Describethenitrogencycleandhowprokaryotescontributetoit. Howdoesfertilizerrun-offaffecttheenvironment?
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Lecture#26-EcologyLecturePrep: readChapters43-47 ReviewpostersondisplayinthehallwayofBuildingX WatchTEDtalk-themathematicsofweightlossbyRubenMeerman:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGKLpYtZ19QLectureReview:1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenacommunityandanecosystem?2.GiveanexampleofaMDCandofaLDC.
IsthepopulationgrowthhighorlowforMDC?
IsthepopulationgrowthhighorlowforLDC?
IsthestandardoflivinghighorlowforMDC?
IsthestandardoflivinghighorlowforLDC?
3.LabeleachofthefollowingascharacteristicofLess-developedCountries(LDC)orMore-developedCountries(MDC):
Overpopulationisobvious
Growthrateupwardsof1.5%
Overuseofresourcesisobvious
Growthratearound0.2%
4.Whatfactorsotherthanpopulationsizecontributestotheenvironmentalimpactofhumansocieties?5.Bioticpotentialishowquicklyapopulationcanincreaseovertime. Listfivecharacteristicsofapopulationthatinfluencebioticpotential.6.Populationgrowthislimitedbydensity-independentanddensitydependentfactors. Giveanexampleofeach(andspecifyifitisdensity-independentordensitydependent).7.Distinguishbetweenanopportunisticpopulationandanequilibriumpopulation. Provideanexampleofeach,andexplainbrieflywhatisdifferentbetweenthetwo.
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Selectallofthefollowingfactorsthataremostlikelytoinfluencebioticpotentialabundanceofresourceshowofteneachindividualreproducesusualnumberofoffspringperreproductionchancesofsurvivealuntilageofreproductionageatwhichreproductionbeginswasteproductionbodycompositiondurationoftimebetweenpost-reproductionanddeathfeedingpattern
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Classifyeachofthefollowingscenariosbasedonwhetherthecontributingfactorsaredensity-dependentordensity-independent:
Bioticfactorssuchascompetition,predation,parasitism
Therearefewernestingsitesthanpairsofwoodpecksthatneednests.Asaresult,somewoodpeckersdonohavesuccesfulclutches
Abioticfactorssuchasweatherornaturaldisasters
Competitiondrivespartofadeerpopulationtostarvation
Atornadodestroyshalfofthetreesinaforest
Aninsectpopulationistoolargeforalltofindsufficientcamouflagewithinaflowerpatch,somanybecomesubjecttopredation.
Aslynxpopulationsincrease,harepopulationsdecrease.Asharepopulationsdecrease,lynxpopulationsdecrease,causingashiftingriseinharepopulationsagain.
Selectallofthefollowingfactorsthatincreaseaspeciesvulnerabilitytoextinction:
RestrictedgeographicrangeorExtensivegeographicrange
BroadhabitattoleranceorNarrowhabitattolerance
SmalllocalpopulationorLargelocalpopulation
increasedresourceusebyhumans
increasedhumanactivityinpreviouslyunsettledareas
tendtoexhibitequilibriumlifehistorypatterns
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Chapter1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenspeciescompositionandspeciesdiversity?2.Whatisapioneerspecies?
Isapioneerspecieslikelytobefastgrowingorslowgrowing?
Isapioneerspecieslikelytohaveasmallbodyorlargebody?
Isapioneerspecieslikelytobeshort-livedorlong-lived?
Isapioneerspecieslikelytoquicktomaturequickly,orslowly?
Isapioneerspecieslikelytoproducefewoffspring,ormany?
3.Whatisthecompetitiveexclusionprinciple,andhowdoesitrelatetoanecologicalniche?4.Whatisakeystonespeciesandwhatisanexotic/invasivespecies?5.The“ecologicalpyramid”describestherelationshipbetweenincreasingtrophiclevelsandenergyflow.
Describethisrelationship.Hint:Howisthecarryingcapacityoftheearthforhumansaffectedbythedifferencebetweenavegetarianvscarnivorousdiet?
6.Whyarechemicalslikecarbon,nitrogenandphosphorous(C,N,P)importantforlife? Whatarethemajorreservoirsofeach?7.Doesenergyflowinalinearorcircularfashion? Whataboutchemicalslike(C,N,andP)…dotheyflowinlinearorcircularfashion?8.Nametwoofthethreemostproductive(intermsofprimaryproductivity)ecosystems. Whatfactorstendtoinfluencetheproductivityofecosystems?
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Chapter1.Listthreeresourcesthateveryorganismneedstolive.2.Givethreeexamplesofbothrenewableresourcesandnon-renewableresources.3.Describebothbeneficialanddetrimentalenvironmentalconsequenceofdams.4.AccordingtotheUSFishandWildlifeService,asof2010thereare530animalspeciesand795plant
speciesintheUSthatareindangerofextinction.Whatarethreeoftheprimaryfactorsthatcontributetothisthreattobiodiversity?
5.Whichtrophiclevelwillhavethehighestconcentrationoftoxinsduetobiologicalmagnification?6.Describethree“direct”valuesofbiodiversity,andthree“indirect”valuesofbiodiversity.7.Listthreethingsyoucandotomakeyourlifestylemoresustainable(yes...thisisagoodtestquestion).
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Selectallofthefollowingfarmingpracticesthatareharmfultotheenvironment:
Plantingafewgeneticvarietiesoramonoculture
Plantingseveraldifferentvarietiesofcropsadaptedtothearea’sclimate
Heavyuseoffertilizers,pesticides,andherbicides
Usingbiologicalcontrolstoeliminatepestsandweeds
Generousirrigationtothepointwhereaquifersarereduced
employingtechniquesandpracticesthatreducewaterconsumption
Excessivefuelconsumptiontorunirrigationpumpsandlargefarmingmachines
Usingbiofuelsandsolarenergytoassistinenergyconsumptionneededforfarmingpractices
Selectallofthefollowingthatarethreatstobiodiversity:Habitatloss
Deforestationassociatedwiththesprawlofurbanareas
Introductionofexoticspecies
Disease
Migrationtootherareas
Interspeciescompetition
Waterandairpollution
Poachingandoverhunting
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Selectallofthefollowingthathelpmakeruralsocietiesmoresustainable:
Plantalienspecies
Removealltreestomakemoreroomforcashcrops
Usechemicalpesticidesandherbicidestokeepcropshealthy
Plantavarietyofspeciestoreducedependenceontraditionalcrops
Maintainandrestorewetlands
Useintegratedpestmanagement,whichutilizesbiologicalcontrolsmorethanchemicalmethods
Supportlocalbusinessbyshoppinglocally
Plantmultipurposetreesandcovercrops
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