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Grammar Points

Reading

Sight Translation

Grammar Exercise

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Grammar Point 1 動詞時態

比較現在「完成」、過去「完成」與未來「完成」概念上的不同

比較現在、過去、未來完成的不同

Now

Past Future

× × ×

I had done my homework I have done my homework. I will have done my

when my father came home. 我已經做完功課了。 homework when my father

爸爸回家前我就已經做完功課了。 comes home later.

爸爸晚上回家前我將已經做完功課。

I was not hungry when I came I am not hungry now. I will not be hungry because

I had eaten something. I have eaten something. I will have eaten something.

比較現在、過去、未來完成進行的不同

Now

Past Future

○＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞ ○＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞ ○＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞＞

I had been doing my I have been doing my I will have been doing my

homework 2 hours when my homework for 2 hours. homework for 2 hours when

Father came home. 我已經做了 2 小時的功課了。 Father comes home later.

爸爸回家前我已經做了 2 小時功課了。 爸爸晚上回家前我將已做 2小時功課了。

I had been learning English I have been learning English I will have been learning

for 4 years by the time I went for 15 years. English for 20 years by the

to junior high school. 我已經學了十五年的英文了。 time I am 30 years old.

國中前我就已經學了四年的英文。 三十歲時我將已經學了二十年

的英文了。

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Exercise 1: Read the letter and focus on the change of the verb forms.

閱讀下列文章，專注於動詞變化，並提出疑問。

Dear Mr. Johnson:

I would like to apply for the job of hotel office manager at the Paradise Hotel.

I come from Mexico City, where my family owns a hotel. I had worked in the family

business part-time for over six years when I studied hotel and restaurant management at the

National University of Mexico. I came to the U.S. in 1998 because I wanted to continue my

education and learn about managing larger hotels. Since I came to the U.S., I have worked

in several American hotels. Over the years my English has improved a lot. I am fluent in

both Spanish and English, and this is a plus in the hotel business. I also have been studying

French by myself for years and can speak it fairly well. I have been a U.S. citizen for the

past two years.

I received my bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois in 2002 and my master's

degree from Northwestern University in 2004. For the past few years, I have been working

at the Town and Country Hotel. As you can see from my resume, I have had a lot of

experience in various aspects of the hotel business. Now that I have my degree in business

administration, I am ready to assume more responsibilities.

If you have already filled the manager's position, I would like you to consider me for

any other position at your hotel. I have always loved the hotel business, and I know I can be

an asset to your hotel and You will have felt satisfied with my performance by the time you

are working on your annual report at the end of this year.

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting with you soon.

Sincerely,

Daniel Mendoza

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Exercise 2

Find and correct the mistakes. If the sentence is correct, write C.

挑出錯誤並訂正，沒有錯誤寫 C。

1. She found a job last week. C

2. I couldn't answer the phone when it rang because I took a shower.

3. I worked when the fire started.

4. How long do you live in this city?

5. They were getting married five years ago.

6. When he came to the U.S., he had never studied English before.

7. By the time he got divorced, he has been married for ten years.

8. She was finding her dictionary in the library yesterday.

9. When she comes back to Taiwan next year, she has left her parents for 3 years.

10. My sister has wanted to be a doctor ever since she has been a little girl.

11. My grandparents were living in Germany when World War II started.

12. I was working as a computer programmer for five years. I love this job.

13. My sister is a nurse. She had been a nurse for ten years.

14. When we finished dinner, we were washing the dishes.

15. An accident was happened in front of my house early this morning.

16. Last year when the landlord raised my rent, I decided to move.

17. I wasn't injured in the car accident because I had been wearing my seat belt.

18. By the time my sister came to the U.S., our father had already died.

19. We had been driven for three hours when we had a flat tire.

20. When he came to the U.S., he has never met any American before.

21. Fifteen hundred people were died on the Titanic.

22. Have you ever traveled by ship? No, I never have.

23. When they came to the U. S. , they had seen the Statue of Liberty for the first time.

24. She was eating lunch while the phone rang.

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Grammar Point 2 情境助動詞

Exercise 1: 閱讀下列文章，專注於助動詞變化，並提出疑問。

Dear Pamela,

I'm at my wits' end about how to save my marriage. When

my husband, Bruce, and I got married three years ago,

everything was wonderful. But recently I've begun to think he

must not love me anymore because he works all day and then

goes out in the evenings to be with his friends. He never even

eats dinner with us any longer, and when I try to talk to him

about it, he shuts down and only says I ought to go to school to

learn housekeeping because the place looks like a pigsty.

A few weeks ago things all came to a head when I told the

kids they could get a puppy. Bruce already had a dog, but it was

sick, and incontinent. He was supposed to have her put to sleep

but kept refusing to do it. So one day I took her to the vet and had

her euthanized. When Bruce found out about it and then saw the

new dog, he lost his temper. I thought he might make a scene in

front of the kids, so I took them and spent the night at my

mother's.

Another thing is that he's very stingy. He told me I should

get a "real" job if I want more money. My mother says I should

file for divorce because Bruce can't possibly love me, the way

he's been acting. In fact, she says I never should have married

him in the first place. Pamela, I still love Bruce and want this

marriage to work, but he's acting like a jerk. What should I do?

Clueless in Cleveland

at my wits' end

無計可施

pigsty 豬窩

continent 節制的

(continent 大陸)

euthanize 安樂死

make a scene 出洋相

jerk 混球

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Dear Clueless,

Honey, I sympathize with your problems, but it takes two to

tango. Bruce may well be in the wrong, but you have to take some of

the responsibility for this mess. The first thing you've got to do is

stop relying on your mother. It sounds like she's been poking her

nose into places it doesn't belong. Regarding the dog problem, you

really blew it! You couldn't have been thinking very rationally or

sensitively if you had his dog put to sleep without his knowledge,

and you never should have allowed the children to get a new dog so

soon.

As for your housekeeping, Bruce may have a point. There's no

doubt the work of housewives (or house-husbands, for that matter)

is undervalued, but you may not be holding up your end of the

bargain. That's something you can fix.

As for the money situation, Bruce could be right again. You

might look for a part-time job—not because you don't already have

a "real" job but so that you can establish some financial

independence. Maybe you could find something to do at home, like

writing or telephone sales.

Above all, you must take control of your life. You and Bruce

obviously have got to find a way to talk about your problems. If

Bruce won't talk, you ought to find a counselor or some neutral

party (not your mother!) to act as referee, and then you need to

keep talking. I don't think you should file for divorce, at least not

until you've tried to work things out. Good luck, and hang in there!

Pamela

sympathize 同情

poke 戳、刺；探出

rational 理性的

bargain 預算

establish 建立

counselor 顧問

neutral 中立的

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Exercise 2:

Find and correct the mistakes. If the sentence is correct, write C.

挑出錯誤並訂正，沒有錯誤寫 C。

1. I must go to school last week, but I didn’t.

2. When he heard the good news about his scholarship, he must have been very excited.

3. You should see the movie with us last week. We had a great time.

4. When your son graduated from college last year, you must had to be proud.

5. Why did you take the bus to work this morning? You could drive your car.

6. He looked so tired when he got home from work. He must have a hard day today.

7. I might go to the University of Illinois then, but I went to Truman College instead.

8. My wife is angry because I was late. I should call her to tell her I was going to be late.

9. Everyone left the party early. They must not have had a very good time.

10. I didn't have time to call you yesterday because I must have had to work all day yesterday.

11. Last night, he should be telling his mother the truth about his car accident, but he lied.

12. Thanks for helping me find a job. I shouldn’t have found it without your help.

13. Her husband is coming back from the U.S., so she had to leave early to pick him up.

14. I should study English harder when I was in junior high school, but I didn’t.

15. I had to work last Saturday, so I cannot go to the party.

16. There wasn't enough food at the party. The host should have bought more food.

17. I couldn’t have called you last night because I lost your phone number.

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Exercise 3: Translation

1. 昨天我以為我爸爸會帶我去看電影。

_______________________________________________________________

2. 我以前能跑得很快。

_______________________________________________________________

3. 我剛剛很有可能跑得比冠軍還快的。

_______________________________________________________________

4. 開學了。我該用功點了。

_______________________________________________________________

5. 我上學期真該用功讀書的。

_______________________________________________________________

6. 我今天可能會遲到。

_______________________________________________________________

7. Mary昨天不可能生病的。我昨晚在街上看到她。

_______________________________________________________________

8. 某人必定動了我的電腦。

_______________________________________________________________

9. 我找不到我的書。我的書必定被拿走了。

_______________________________________________________________

10. 我真不該對我媽媽說那樣的話。

_______________________________________________________________

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Grammar Point 3 被動語態

Exercise 1: Underline all the passive voice in the article.

將所有的被動語氣的動詞或者形容詞畫底線。

Circles of Mystery

1. In an age when everything can supposedly be explained by science

and rational thought, many of us yearn for the opposite. We don't

want everything to be explained. We want to be puzzled, baffled,

and intrigued. We seek mystery.

2. Consider, for example, the mysterious crop circles that have

appeared around the world in the last fifteen years or so. These

formations have been reported in more than twenty countries,

including the United States, Canada, and Australia, but the vast

majority have been found in grain fields in southern England.

These circles—large, flat patterns which are often circular but

appear in other geometric figures—are caused by a force which

flattens the grain but does not destroy it. Since the initial discov-

ery of the circles, more and more individuals have gotten excited

by their existence and have sought explanations. What are they?

How were they made, and by whom?

3. Explanations abound. According to one theory, electrically

charged particles get picked up by spinning air currents and flatten

the crops below them in a sort of whirlwind. Another explanation

holds that the circles are formed by the interaction of mysterious

yearn 渴求

baffled 困惑的

intrigued 被迷住的

geometric 幾何的

flatten 變扁

abound 充滿

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forces involved in the testing of new "star wars" weapons, a theory

that has been rejected by many scientists. Some observers maintain

that the circles have been made by spirit creatures such as fairies.

Perhaps the most intriguing explanation is that the circles are

anti-facts or messages that have been left by extraterrestrials

visiting our planet.

extraterrestrial

ET

4. A non-mysterious explanation comes from the testimony of David

Chorley and Douglas Bower, two British painters who claim to

have made the English crop circles over a period of several years

by using wooden planks and wire. Chorley and Bower say they

made the circles as a joke. Supposedly, people in other countries

have been inspired by the efforts of Chorley and Bower to make

more circles in copycat fashion. However, Pat Delgado, a retired

engineer who got attracted to the investigation by the mysterious

allure of the circles, says, "These two gents may have hoaxed

some of the circles, but the phenomenon is still there, and we will

carry on research." Delgado is being supported by many others

who don't want to believe that the origin of the circles has such a

prosaic explanation.

5. In fact, maybe the fascination with the circles is best expressed by

Joan Creighton, a researcher in UFOs, who said, "We all have an

inner sense that there is a mystery behind the universe. We like

mysteries. It's great fun.

testimony 證詞

allure 誘惑

hoax 哄騙

prosaic 乏味的

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Exercise 2: Present or Past Participle as Adjective

填入適當的分詞形容詞

1. The (terrify) ________________ villagers ran for their lives when the volcano erupted.

2. I elbowed my way through the (crowd) ________________ room.

3. That (annoy) ________________ buzz is coming from the fluorescent light.

4. The teacher gave us a (challenge) ________________ assignment, but we enjoy doing

it.

5. The (injure) ________________ woman was put into an ambulance.

6. No one appreciates a (spoil) ________________ child.

7. We had a (thrill) ________________but hair-(raise) ________________ experience on

our backpacking trip into the wilderness.

8. I still have five more (require) ________________ courses to take.

9. The equator is the (divide) ________________ line between the Northern and Southern

hemispheres.

10. We all expect our (elect) ________________ president to be honest.

11. The psychologist spoke to us about some of the (amaze) ________________

coincidences in the lives of twins living apart from each other from birth.

12. The thief tried to pry open the (lock) ________________ door.

13. (Experience) ________________ travelers pack lightly. They carry little more than

necessities.

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Grammar Point 4 動名詞

Exercise 1: Underline all the Verbal Noun in the article.

將所有的動名詞畫底線，並理解理由及含意。

Modern Life

1. I want to begin this evening by asking all of you: How many of

you live your life by the clock? Are you guilty of any or all of the

following: Speeding? Skipping a meal? Frequenting fast-food

restaurants? Ordering meals over the phone? Getting angry in a

traffic jam? Honking your horn if that terrible person in the car

ahead of you waits more than two seconds to resume driving when

the light changes to green? Becoming impatient if some idiot in

the supermarket is moving his cart too slowly? Dividing up your

day into small blocks, like half hours or even quarter hours?

Carrying around a daily planner in which you've got everything

scheduled, including parties and entertainment, for the next several

weeks?

2. I, too, used to be guilty of overscheduling my life and charging

through everything I did, but fortunately I saw the light. My

having changed my basic relationship with time is probably the

best thing I ever did. I'm an anthropologist, and about six years ago

I did some field work on group relationships among the Navajo

people in Arizona and New Mexico. My work included spending

time with Navajo elders, observing their activities, and recording

many of the things they said. One thing I learned very quickly was

that the notion of hurrying is basically foreign to the Navajo.

frequent 經常做

charge 衝鋒

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3. I was assigned to an elderly man named Mr. Begay. I would spend

my days with him and watch what he did. I loved being allowed to

participate in Navajo culture, but at first I was irritated by Mr.

Begay's taking so long to do things, and I'm sure he was amused at

my becoming so impatient with him. Gradually, though, I started

slowing down and entering into the Navajo lifestyle. For many

Navajos, starting and finishing things at prescribed times is

basically alien. Accomplishing something takes as long as it takes.

Eventually I started looking at things in a new way, and today I'd

say that my having been given this opportunity to see how another

culture deals with time probably taught me more than any other

single thing.

4. I remember going to pueblo dances later on and being amused by

tourists who were impatient for the dancing to begin. I'd hear

irritated voices saying things like, "When are they going to start

the dance? It was supposed to start at 11:50. If they don't hurry,

we're going to miss our lunch reservation."

5. But at those pueblo dances, Native Americans start dancing when

they're ready to start. Things take as long as they take. Now it

wouldn't be a bad idea if we in the mainstream culture gave some

thought to adopting part of that lifestyle. Too many of us want

everything to be instantaneous: fast food, micro-wavable meals,

instant money from automatic tellers, instant credit. When things

don't go according to schedule, we feel stress, and stress can kill

us. And it keeps us from enjoying things as we experience them.

Let's take a break, a leisurely break－a long leisurely break.

irritate 激怒

instantaneous

立即的

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Grammar Point 5 不定詞

Exercise 1: Underline all the Infinitive in the article.

將所有的不定詞畫底線，並理解理由及含意。

I Meant to Call

1. The clock radio boomed on at 8:30 and jarred Carolyn Reynolds

awake. It was Saturday, and as Carolyn rolled over, she caught a

glimpse of heavy thunderheads in the sky outside. It looked like it

was going to be another rainy, sleepy days. However, she needed

to go to work later, and she'd arranged for the office to be opened

by one of the security people so that she could use the computer to

work on the annual report. The report was supposed to have been

completed three days ago. Carolyn snuggled back down under the

covers. To sleep for a few more minutes wouldn't hurt, would it?

2. When Carolyn woke up again, the clock read 10:35. She'd better

get up if she was going to get anything done. She went into the

kitchen and glanced at the mail that had been lying on the counter

for more than a week. It was a letter from her mother, who lived in

a nursing home. The letter was actually three weeks old; Carolyn

hadn't spoken to her mother recently, and she was sure her mother

was expecting her to have called by now. She really should give

her mother a call, though—perhaps when she came back from

work tonight.

3. When Carolyn arrived home at 6:30 that evening, she was

drained. The message light on her answering machine was

blinking, but Carolyn thought she'd listen to the messages later.

Feeling too tired to cook, Carolyn called and ordered some

Chinese food to be delivered. She went to bed early.

4. The next day Carolyn got up at nine and spent a leisurely hour

reading the Sunday paper. She'd arranged to meet her friend for

brunch. The brunch was delicious and Carolyn felt good, so she

jar 搖動；軋軋作響

glimpse 一瞥

security 保安

snuggle 依偎

drain 排掉；耗盡

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decided to stop at a shopping mall to get her mother a birthday

present. Her mother's seventy-fifth birthday had actually occurred

a month previously, but they had agreed that it wasn't important to

celebrate the precise day; the important thing was the thought, no

matter when the gift came. Her mother had said, "Honey, I'm long

past the age when I expect to be fussed over for a silly birthday or

to be given a birthday party.”

5. When walking into her apartment, Carolyn noticed that the red

phone message light was still blinking. She had forgotten to

listen to her messages the evening before. She pressed the play

button and heard the first message:

Honey, this is Mom. I just wanted to tell you that I'm

going into the hospital for a couple of days. I just

haven't been feeling well these last two weeks.

Maybe you could give me a call later if you have

time. My number at the hospital is 688-9294.

6. The machine beeped, and then the second message came on.

Carolyn, this is Doctor Stephenson. Please give me a

call right away at 688-9299.

7. Carolyn's heart was racing now, and she quickly dialed the

number. The phone was answered by an aide and it took several

minutes for Dr. Stephenson’s voice to be heard on the other end.

8. "Hello, Dr. Stephenson. This is Carolyn Reynolds. I got a

message on my machine this morning from my mother. She said

she was going to the hospital. Then I got your message. Is

everything OK? She's all right, isn't she?"

9. "Ms. Reynolds, I'm sorry to have to be the one to tell you this,

but I have some very sad news. Your mother passed away this

morning at 11:15."

fuss 使煩惱

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Exercise 1: Complete the traffic report with gerund or infinitive forms of the given verbs.

將下列交通報告 填入適當的名詞形態

You’ll have a hot and heavy commute this afternoon, folks. Interstate 5 is blocked

for two miles north and south of 80th Street, so I suggest __________________ (take) an

alternate route if possible. Construction on the Factoria interchange has caused cars

__________________ (slow), so use caution there. Repairs on the Evergreen Point Bridge

are expected __________________ (complete) by today, but the bridge is still closed. The

Highway Department issued a statement apologizing for __________________ (cause)

inconvenience to motorists for such a long time, but the repairs are taking longer than

planned. They are expected __________________ (finish) by 0500 A.M. Tuesday. An

accident involving an overturned van in the left lane on the 509 freeway isn’t expected

__________________ (clean) for at least half an hour, so avoid __________________

(use) the 509 northbound. You can improve your commute by __________________ (take)

Highway 99, where traffic is smooth and relatively light.

Exercise 2: 以所有格加動名詞的模式完成下列句子。

1. I saw your “Slow Down!” show a few weeks ago, and I wanted to ask your advice

about ________________________ together. I remember ________________________

(families / eat meals) (you / say)

you thought it was a good idea for families to do that.

2. Yes, I certainly do. Do you have any meals together now?

3. No, we don’t. ________________________ different schedules makes that really different.

(Everybody / have)

4. Well, I understand the difficulty, but I’d say that ________________________ at least

(a family / get together)

once each day is crucial for their relationship. Isn’t there one meal when you could do that.

5. Well, possibly, but I know what our teenagers would say—they’d resent

________________________ to “control their lives,” as they put it.

(we / try)

6. I don’t think ________________________ _________________________________ once

(you / insist on) (the family / sit down together)

each day is unreasonable. Just tell the kids this is the way things are going to be. I’d

recommend ________________________ a different person to be responsible for dinner

(you / assign)

each night—you and your husband included, of course.

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Grammar Point 6 連接詞 I

Exercise 1: 專注於連接詞，並理解理由及含意。

What Does the Expert Say?

World Review (WR) recently spoke with Dr. Krishna Das, an expert

on crime and violence, particularly as they relate to the structure of

families. Here is the first part of the interview.

WR: Dr. Das, people used to say that violence was just an American

problem, but today we see it wherever we look. Aren't crime

and violence just American problems anymore?

Das: No, not at all. Violence exists nearly everywhere in the world,

and it's spreading; it's more prevalent today than it was even

ten years ago. While it used to be fashionable to say it was

strictly an American problem, that is no longer true, if it ever

was true.

WR: Why is this happening? What are the causes?

Das: Well, there are many complex causes. One, of course, is the

shortage of jobs. If people are employed in meaningful work

activities, they are much less likely to be involved in crime.

Some say the easy availability of guns is another. And there's

evidence to suggest that television promotes violence because

there's so much of it on TV and because certain people who

watch it—children especially—apparently can't tell the

difference between reality and the situations they see on TV

programs.

WR: Yes, we've heard a lot about the pervasive violence on TV,

although we could say the same thing about movies, couldn't

we? Aren't they just as violent as certain TV shows?

Das: Yes, sometimes, but there are some key differences. For one

thing, movies have gotten so expensive that people are seeing

prevalent 風行的

apparently 顯然

pervasive 瀰漫的

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fewer of them. And since we usually watch television in our

own living rooms at home, it seems like a "normal" rather than

a special activity, part of the daily range of things we do. If we

see enough violent acts on TV, we may become desensitized to

the violence. But when we go out to see a film, we may

unconsciously regard what we're seeing on the screen as

somewhat out of the ordinary. If we see someone shoot

someone else in a film, we tend on some level to recognize this

as a kind of "performance" as we would a theatrical play.

Another reason that movies contribute less to violence is that

the film ratings establish some control over what children can

see—provided that they are enforced.

WR: OK. But even if it's true that TV watching causes violence,

what can we do about it?

Das: I think we will have to accept the notion that we can't have

total freedom in everything. You may remember that in the

early nineties, the U.S. government suggested that TV

networks in America must "clean up their act" and that, unless

they do it themselves, the government will have to do it for

them.

WR: What would that mean—cleaning up their act?

Das: A clearly defined code of decency would have to be

established for TV programs. Networks and producers would

have to agree not to show material that violated the code, at

least during the hours when children are likely to be watching.

But that leads me to a second major cause of social violence

today: the breakdown of family structure. In fact, I've run out

of time. We'll have to save the discussion of that for the next

interview.

desensitize 使痲木

decency 高尚

violate 違反

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Grammar Point 7 連接詞 II

Exercise 1: 找出文章中的連接詞，並理解理由及含意。

What Does the Expert Say?

WR: When we left off the last interview, Dr. Das, you were about

to talk about the breakdown of family structure as a factor in

violence.

Das: Yes. As I was saying, restricting the amount of violence

shown on TV is only the beginning. The real key is to

strengthen the role of parents. They should be able to limit

the amount of television their children watch and to control

what they see. They even need to be able to say to their chil-

dren, "We're not watching any TV at all this evening."

But far more important is their need simply to be with their

children more. Even in many well-off families, both parents

have to work just to make ends meet. Sadly, because of this,

many parents find it difficult or impossible to have close

involvement with their children. Seldom do they have enough

time for all the things they want and need to do. When work-

ing parents come home from work, they are usually tired;

rarely do they have enough energy to play with their children,

read to them, that sort of thing. They often use TV as a

babysitter, unfortunately. This is understandable because

someone has to do the chores. But what happens? They put

the children in front of the television set, perhaps not even

supervising what they are watching.

WR: But this is a colossal problem, isn't it? How can we address

it?

Das: Yes, it's certainly a difficult issue, though solving it is not

impossible. There are a number of things that could be done

for starters. At the top of the list is the need for workplace day

restrict 限制

strengthen 強化

involvement 涉及

colossal 巨大的

address 提出；對付

- 20 -

care, where parents could see their young children

periodically during the workday. Day care personnel would be

licensed, supervised professionals who would guide the

children in meaningful activities in a caring environment.

Second on the list is the need to reduce the workweek so that

parents would have more time to spend with their children and

with each other. Maybe we could cut it down to thirty-five or

thirty-two hours. And not only should we reduce the

workweek, but we should also encourage and expand the use

of flextime.

WR: How would flex-time help the situation?

Das: By allowing employees to work shifts that reflect the demands

of their families' schedules so that one parent could always be

available when children need care. In these ways, perhaps, we

would give people some crucial extra time to spend with their

families. It could help tremendously.

WR: This all sounds good, but wouldn't it take a lot of money?

Das: Clearly, but that seems a small price to pay. We must

strengthen the family structure. Only then will we be able to

reduce the level of crime and violence.

WR: Well, Dr. Das, you've provided much food for thought. Thank

you for your comments. Perhaps we can discuss other

solutions in a future interview.

Das: Yes, thank you. I would like that.

- 21 -

Grammar Point 8 其他連接用詞

Exercise 1: 找出文章中的連接用詞，並理解理由及含意。

Would You Give up Your Car?

1. On October 1, 1908, Henry Ford introduced the Model T to the

world, setting in motion the process of making the car available

"to the multitude." The rest is history. Ford, of course, didn't

invent the car, but he did popularize it. In fact, today cars are so

popular and define our world so much that it's worth taking a look

at what they have done for us and to us. Besides looking at the

car's effects, we can also speculate on what we can do to control

the car instead of letting it control us.

2. First, cars have vastly increased our mobility. A thirty-mile trip

that in the nineteenth century would have taken two days by horse

and carriage or three or four days on foot can today be made in an

hour or less. Along with mobility, however, comes stress. The car

is available to nearly everyone, and monstrous traffic jams are

created as a result. We get nervous or angry if the car ahead of us

isn't moving or if someone cuts in front of us. This causes stress,

and too much stress can even kill.

3. Second, cars have allowed people the freedom to live far from

their workplaces. And when we go shopping, we don't have to buy

enough supplies to last a month or two, for it's easy just to stop at

the supermarket on the way home to get food for supper. On the

other hand. the car has its negatives. Despite giving us freedom, it

has also contributed to the decline of community. Instead of taking

public transportation to work and interacting with other

multitude 大眾

speculate 推測

monstrous 可怕的

- 22 -

passengers, many of us ride alone in our autos. Moreover, we used

to buy things at local stores where we knew the proprietors, but

today we largely trade with strangers at vast, impersonal

commercial centers. In addition, modern neighborhoods are hardly

neighborhoods in the old sense of a place where people come into

daily contact with each other; instead, they are locations accessible

above all to the automobile and are thus controlled by it.

Consequently, the concept of the neighborhood has been

weakened.

4. Finally, we know the car industry has created jobs, industries, and

companies: rubber, steel, electronics. Jobs aren't everything,

though; there is a downside. For one thing, the economy is

dependent on the automobile, perhaps too dependent. In recent

years, for example, certain car manufacturers have moved their

factories for increased profits. However, the towns housing the

original factories have been devastated by increased unem-

ployment. And we must not forget that, in addition to dominating

the economy, the automobile is the source of much air pollution.

5. Clearly, the effect of the car on human society has been momen-

tous. But we can't now "uninvent" cars or abolish them. They are

far too necessary and beneficial to our world. Nevertheless, we

must get control of the car, develop new fuel sources, and reduce

air pollution. These are the challenges that face us.

impersonal 無人情味

的

accessible 易進入的

devastate 蹂躪

abolish 廢除

- 23 -

Exercise 2: 依照下方舉例說明完成下列句子。

Example: Using the two ideas of to study and to pass or to fail the exam.

(注意如何用各種不同的表達來組合”有沒有讀書”及”有沒有通過考試”的想法，注意標點符號的使用。)

1. _______________ I did not study, I failed the exam.

2. _______________ I studied, I failed the exam.

3. I did not study; _______________ I failed the exam.

= I did not study. _______________, I failed the exam.

= I did not study. I _______________ failed the exam.

= I did not study. I failed the exam _______________.

4. I did not study; _______________ I passed the exam.

= I did not study. _______________ I passed the exam.

= I did not study. I _______________ passed the exam.

= I did not study. I passed the exam _______________.

5. I studied; _______________ I failed the exam.

= I studied. _______________ I failed the exam.

= I studied. I _______________ I failed the exam.

= I studied. I failed the exam _______________.

6. _______________ I did not study, I passed the exam.

7. I did not study, _______________ I failed the exam.

8. _______________ I study for the test, I will pass the test.

9. _______________ I study for the test, I will not pass the exam.

10. I must study; _______________ I will not pass the exam.

11. _______________ I study, I won’t pass the exam.

12. I will probably fail the test _______________ I study or not.

13. I failed the exam, _______________ I didn’t study.

14. I studied hard, _______________ I failed the exam.

15. You’d better study, _______________ you will fail the exam.

- 24 -

Grammar Point 9 分詞構句

Exercise 1: 找出文章中的分詞構句，並理解理由及含意。

Millions and Millions

1. Today the population of Planet Earth is more than five and a half billion,

an increase of one and a half billion in only eighteen years. There are more

of us every minute, and the more people there are, of course, the greater

the strain on the world's resources. By the year 2020, the world's

population is expected to exceed eight billion. Observing that population

always increases geometrically while the food supply increases

arithmetically, nineteenth-century economist Thomas Malthus gave us an

early warning of the problem we now face. There will never be any more

water on the earth's surface than there is now, but there will be more

people. Using new methods of farming and newly developed higher-yield

crops, farmers have been able to increase the amount of available food, but

this can't go on forever. Can they continuously expand the food supply to

match the population growth? It doesn't seem likely.

2. How did we arrive at this situation? There are two principal forces

operating: a vast increase in the number of people, caused in part by

advances in medicine and health; and the revolution of rising expectations.

Having wiped out smallpox, scientists now contemplate the elimination

of polio and other diseases. Infant mortality rates, while still tragically

high in many nations, have been declining worldwide. People are living

much longer than they used to; in many nations the life expectancy is

seventy-five years and rising.

3. Meanwhile, the increasing trend toward a world economy has made more

and more products available to more and more people, straining the

world's resources. It is reasonable, a natural consequence of a rising

strain 緊繃

principal

主要的

contemplate

沉思

- 25 -

standard of living, for people to want what others have. Eventually,

however, this desire will have to be controlled. The population will

continue to increase, but the amount and number of natural resources

won't.

4. What can we do to solve the problem? Should we (1) colonize other

planets? (2) Let "nature take its course" by allowing wars to reduce the

number of people? (3) Create a world government that controls the world

food supply and forcibly limits the number of children a couple can have?

These measures seem fanciful; isn't there a more realistic or humane

solution? Some say that, to prevent a future disaster, we must achieve Zero

Population Growth (ZPG), everywhere on the planet. How would it work?

Having reached childbearing age, parents would limit themselves to no

more than two children－the replacement level. This procedure would

supposedly cause population to eventually stabilize and later decline. But

could this really happen? And wouldn't it violate the sincere beliefs,

legitimate rights, and religious liberty of many people?

5. A real-life example illustrates the situation. Faced with an increasingly

large population, now nearing 1.2 billion, the government of China has for

some time had a policy of permitting only one child per family. The effect

has been a slower rate of population growth than in the past.

6. However, the Chinese solution may not be every country's solution. If

presented with proposals to adopt the Chinese program in their own

nations, many people might object violently, considering such measures

harsh and immoral. It seems clear, though, that to prevent major war,

outbreaks of disease, and increased poverty, all nations eventually have to

address the problem of population growth, the most serious worldwide

dilemma today.

colonize 殖民

childbearing

分娩

stabilize 安定

violate 違反

legitimate

正統的

illustrate

實例說明

harsh 嚴峻的

dilemma 困境

- 26 -

Exercise 2: 找出不正確的分詞構句並加以訂正

1. Giving the options of doing nothing or of controlling population growth, we must choose

the latter.

2. To observe that population and food supply grow at different rates, Malthus warned us of a

problem.

3. Preventing unrest, governments everywhere must ensure full employment.

4. Recognized that overpopulation was a problem, the Chinese government took action.

5. Established a policy of limiting births, Chinese government officials now have to enforce it.

6. Leaders of governments throughout the world must do something comprehensive having

prevented a major disaster.

7. If carrying out right, the adoption of ZPG would cause the population to decrease.

8. Being sponsored a needy child in the Third World, we make the world a little better.

Exercise 3: 將下列的句子以分詞構句完成

1. We are given the choice between disaster and some kind of restriction on our right to have

as many children as we want. We may have to choose the latter.

→ ______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. The world’s population grew slowly between the years 500 and 1700. It then began to

accelerate. → _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Farmers all over the world clear more and more land for farms every year. They

unfortunately destroy animal habitats.

→ ______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. We have witnessed two devastating conflicts in this century. We must do everything in our

power to prevent future world wars.

→ ______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

- 27 -

Grammar Point 10 形容詞子句

Exercise 1: 將形容詞子句畫底線並理解含意

What Type Are You?

1. Are you a person who acts on the world, or are you someone who

lets the world act on you? Today I'm going to tell you about

various categories that have been developed to classify people.

My hope is that you'll be able to learn something about yourself.

2. Let's start with the most familiar of the traditional types, the

extrovert and the introvert. Many people think that an extrovert

is a person who is courageous, outgoing, and not at all shy. They

believe that an introvert is someone who is shy, retiring, and

fearful. These are misconceptions. Actually, psychologists define

an extrovert as a person who needs the company of others to

become energized, while an introvert is the kind of person who

needs to be alone to become energized. Let me illustrate with

some examples.

3. Samantha is actually a shy person whom others probably wouldn't

consider extroverted. However, Samantha opens up in situations

in which she starts to feel appreciated and relaxed. At a large party

where she doesn't know many people, she's shy at first, but when

the number of guests thins down, Samantha comes alive. She likes

to talk once she finds a group she feels comfortable with, and

when she opens up, she's the kind of person others find interesting

and stimulating. By eleven o'clock in the evening, she's just

category 範疇

extrovert 外向

introvert 內向

misconception 誤解

stimulating 激勵的

- 28 -

getting warmed up. The later it gets, the more animated and

activated she starts to feel. Samantha needs others to help energize

her, which is why she is to be considered an extrovert.

4. Bill, on the other hand, is someone whom everyone considers

bold, outgoing, the antithesis of shy. Bill goes to a party and has a

good time for a while, but he usually stays only for a short time,

for he's a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment.

He often finds the conversation around him interesting, but he is

just as likely to be remembering a time when he was hiking alone

in the mountains or strolling in solitude along the ocean shore. He

needs to be alone to reenergize, which is why he is to be regarded

as an introvert. By 9:30, Bill is tired and has had enough of the

party. He wants to go home and settle down with a good book.

5. There's a third category many of us may fall into: that of the

ambivert. Mary, who is energized sometimes by others and

sometimes by being alone, is a good example. There are times

when Mary is like Samantha. She gets activated by the stimulation

of others and becomes quite outgoing. But there are other times

when Mary is much more like Bill. On certain Friday nights, for

example, after a long, hard workweek, Mary likes nothing better

than to spend a quiet evening at home, reading or working on her

own projects. Many of us, perhaps even the majority, are probably

ambiverts.

antithesis 對照

replenishment 補充

- 29 -

Grammar Point 11 非限定的形容詞子句

Exercise 1: 將非限定形容詞子句以逗號跟主要子句分隔，並理解含意。

1. Most people have never heard of Tim Berners-Lee. He is not rich or famous like Bill Gates.

2. Berners-Lee who works in a small office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is the

creator of the World Wide Web. The creation of the Web is so important that some people

compare Berners-Lee to Johann Gutenberg who invented printing by moveable type in the

fifteenth century.

3. Berners-Lee was born in England in 1955. His parents who helped design the world's first

commercially available computer gave him a great love of mathematics and learning.

4. In 1980, Berners-Lee went to work at CERN which is a physics laboratory in Geneva,

Switzerland where he had a lot of material to learn quickly. He had a poor memory for facts

and wanted to find a way to keep track of things he couldn't remember. He devised a

software program that allowed him to create a document that had links to other documents.

He continued to develop his idea through the 1980s. He wanted to find a way to connect the

knowledge and creativity of people all over the world.

5. In 1991, his project became known as the World Wide Web. The number of Internet users

started to grow quickly. However, Berners-Lee is not completely happy with the way the

Web has developed. He thinks it has become a passive tool for so many people, not the tool

for creativity that he had imagined.

6. In 1999, Berners-Lee published a book called Weaving the Web in which he answers

questions he is often asked: "What were you thinking when you invented the Web?" "What

do you think of it now?" "Where is the Web going to take us in the future?"

- 30 -

Grammar Point 12 名詞子句

Exercise 1: 將文章中的名詞子句畫底線並理解含意。

Joint National Service

Jim: Zeya, thank you for doing this interview. Do you mind if I record your answers?

Zeya: No, I don't mind at all. Go right ahead.

Jim: OK. Zeya, you're one of the very first participants in the program, so here's kind of an

obvious first question: Tell me what you think of National Service.

Zeya: I think it's a wonderful program. It's given me something worthwhile to do, and it's

helped me figure out what my career is going to be.

Jim: Do you believe that citizens owe their country something?

Zeya: I do, yes. The country has given all of us a lot. In return, we all need to do whatever

we can for the country.

Jim: What are you doing in your National Service assignment?

Zeya: I'm working in a literacy program. I teach people who aren't completely literate how

they could learn to read and write.

Jim: Are the people you work with immigrants?

Zeya: Some of them are, but others are people who were born in this country. Actually, I'm

assigned to work with whoever needs literacy training.

Jim: Tell me what made you decide to join the National Service Program.

Zeya: Well, I graduated from high school a year ago, and I was going to go right on to

college. But after thirteen years of school, I realized I was tired. What became really

- 31 -

clear to me was the fact that I just wasn't ready for serious study. The National Service

Program had just been approved, so I applied and was accepted.

Jim: What do you like about your job?

Zeya: Well, corny as it may sound, the fact that I'm helping others, fulfills me. For instance,

I've been working with a forty-seven-year-old lady from Laos; she and her husband

came to this country five years ago. She never really learned to read and write, so I

was assigned to do whatever I could to help her. She's made great progress.

Jim: It's admirable that you're helping others, but there must be something else in it for you,

some long-term benefits.

Zeya: Oh yes, definitely. By the time I finish my assignment in two years, I'll have earned

$5,000 that I can apply to my college education.

Jim: So you do intend to go to college, then?

Zeya: Yes. I don't know where I'm going, but I do know I'll be majoring in education.

Jim: Great. Zeya, do you think this program is for everyone?

Zeya: Well, I don't know if everyone would be interested, but I do think that just about

anyone could benefit from it. Whoever isn't going right on to college from high school

ought to give it serious consideration.

Jim: Well, Zeya, thank you again for doing this interview, and good luck in the future.

Zeya: My pleasure.

- 32 -

Grammar Point 13 假設語氣

Exercise 1: 將文章中的假設語氣畫底線並理解含意。

Intuition

It was a sweltering day. Thain and Aurora were driving down Maple

Street, looking for a yard sale, when they spotted the old man. Waving at

them with a halfhearted gesture, he looked as if he hadn't eaten for days.

"Let’s pull over to give that old man a ride. He's going to faint if he

doesn't get out of this sun."

"Thain, I wish you would stop taking pity on every weirdo you see.

He's probably an ax murderer. I bet he'll kill us and steal the car if we

pick him up."

"I don't think so. He looks harmless to me—just a poor old guy. He's

acting as if he's sick."

"But Sweetie, we have to get to that yard sale. There won't be anything

worth buying if we don't get there soon."

"My male intuition is telling me we ought to stop."

"If I had a nickel for all the times we've done things because of your

male intuition, I would be a rich woman. Aren't females supposed to have

the intuition, anyway? OK. I just hope we don't end up in the newspaper

headlines. I can see it all now: YOUNG MARRIED COUPLE

MUTILATED BY SERIAL KILLER!"

They pulled up to the curb in front of the old man. "Need some help,

sir?" Thain asked.

The old man smiled. "Yes, thank you. Could you take me to a

pharmacy? I'm diabetic and I've run out of medicine. I'm on a trip around

the country, but I keep forgetting to buy enough insulin. If I don't take my

medicine regularly, I go into shock.... If only I weren't so forgetful."

They found a pharmacy and got the insulin. Back in the car, the old

intuition 直覺

sweltering 悶熱的

halfhearted

不熱切的

curb 路邊

pharmacy 藥房

- 33 -

man said, "Now, if you can just take me to the bus station, I'll be on my

way." Aurora frowned. Thain said, "Sure. We can do that." At the bus

station, they helped the old man out of the car. "Can you tell me your

names and your address? When I get back home, I'll send you a token of

my appreciation." They gave him their names and address, said good-bye,

and proceeded to the yard sale.

As Aurora had predicted, all of the good merchandise had been sold.

"I wish we had been able to get here in time to buy that chest of drawers,"

she said, "but I'm glad we stopped for the old guy. He did need our help.

I'll be surprised if we ever hear from him, though. You don't really believe

all that about his taking a trip around the country, do you?"

In a few days they had forgotten about the incident. Three months later

they returned from a short vacation, and Aurora was going through the

pile of mail that had accumulated in their absence. She opened a long

envelope with no return address.

"What in the world? Thain, come here and look at this!" There was a

letter inside, neatly typed.

Merchandise

商品

accumulate 累積

enclose 封入

gratitude 感激

flutter 飄動

Dear Thain and Aurora,

I finished my trip around the country and had a marvelous time. I’m now

back at home and shan’t be traveling anymore, I don’t think. I met some

wonderful people in my travels, the two of you among them.

Thank you for your kindness to a forgetful old man. If you hadn’t come

along when you did and taken me to the pharmacy, I might have died. At the very

least, I would have become very ill. I wish that there had been time for us to get

to know one another. If I had been fortunate to have any children of my own, I

couldn’t have had any nicer ones than you two. At any rate, I am enclosing a

token of my gratitude. My warmest regards.

Quentin Wilkerson

Something fluttered out of a second sheet of folded paper. It was a check for $50,000.

- 34 -

Exercise 2: 填入適當的假設語氣

Today I had the afternoon off. On the spur of the moment, I decided to visit the zoo. I

hadn’t been there in years, and I guess it might have been an angry letter-to-the-editor about

zoo conditions that planted the idea in my head. My eyes were really opened.

The first thing I saw was the graffiti covering all the buildings near the entrance. The area

almost looked as though it __________________ (abandon). I wish people

__________________ (have) more respect for public buildings. After all, we taxpayers are

the ones who pay for them, ultimately. The next thing I noticed was that there was trash

everywhere; the place looked as if it __________________ (clean) for at least a month. I

wish there __________________ (be) more money to clean up the whole city, the zoo

included.

Anyway, I kept walking and looked at all the animal exhibits, or should I say animal

prisons. Aren’t zoos supposed to be enlightened places these days? Not our zoo! Take the

hippopotamus pond, for example. I could smell it from a hundred yards away. It’s no wonder

the pond stank; it appeared as though the water __________________ (change) for months.

Then I saw the monkeys in their cages. Poor creatures! They acted as if they

__________________ (give up) hope. Their cages were small and mostly filthy, and they just

sat there in a dispirited manner.

I pushed on and saw the other animals in their exhibits, and their situations were all pretty

much the same—especially the large animals like bears and cats. This sort of thing is so

unfair to the animals. I hope someone __________________ (do) something about this. At

any rate, today was really a day of learning. I just wish I __________________ (know) about

this sooner. I’m going to write my senators.

- 35 -

Grammar Point 14 其他假設語氣表達模式

Exercise 1: 將文章中的假設語氣畫底線並理解含意

Dear Pamela,

I've always been considered a "nice guy," but I guess you could

also call me "a soft touch." A year ago my wife's brother, Stan, was

in a desperate situation and needed a thousand dollars immediately

to pay off a loan he had defaulted on. He asked that we lend him the

money. At first I suggested that he go through the usual channels and

get a bank loan. He said he'd tried that and had been turned down. He

pressured my wife for a loan, and she pressured me. He assured us

that if we lent him the money, he would pay it back with interest. I

gave in and advanced him a thousand dollars from my own account,

but I shouldn't have. In fact, had I known what was going to happen,

I never would have said yes. We didn't put anything in writing, and

Stan hasn't paid us a cent. I am extremely angry about this, but

whenever I mention it to Carol, my wife, she says that Stan is going

through a rough time right now, and it's important that we keep peace

in the family. Pamela, what should I do?

Furious in Frankfort

soft touch

易說服的人

desperate

挺而走險的

default 拖欠

advance 預付

- 36 -

Dear Furious,

Sweetie, it's one thing to be a nice guy, but it's another to be a doormat. It

sounds like you let people take advantage of you. If so, I'd say it's time you

got some assertiveness training; without it, you'll just keep letting people

tell you what to do.

In my view you should have insisted that Stan sign a notarized

agreement spelling out the terms of repayment. It's too late for that now,

though, so I recommend that you arrange a meeting between yourself and

Stan. Leave Carol out of it. Perhaps you can call and ask Stan to meet you

for lunch at a restaurant. At the lunch meeting, tell him calmly but in no

uncertain terms that you're angry and that this thing has gone far enough.

Insist that he start making immediate repayments. Should he balk at what

you're saying or mention Carol, simply tell him that this is between you and

him, that you don't want family squabbles, and that there won't be any as

long as he makes the payments. Make it clear that he must make the

payments; if not, you'll take him to small claims court. It's essential that

Stan understand that you're serious; otherwise, he'll simply go on taking

advantage of you.

Tell Carol what you've done after you've met with Stan. You don't need to

get angry; just say that it was your money that was lent, that this is the way

things are going to be from now on, and that you'd rather you and she not

get into a fight about it.

Then look around for a course in assertiveness. With a little work, you can

learn not to let people walk all over you. Good luck, and be calm but

courageous!

Pamela

assertiveness

有主見

notarize 見證

balk 猶豫

squabble

口角

- 37 -

Exercise 2: 以正確的動詞模式完成下列的句子

Dad: Liz, the swim meet starts in an hour. It’s time we ________________ (leave).

Liz: Dad, can’t I just go by myself? I’d rather you and Mom ________________ (let) me

drive. I do have my license, you know.

Dad: Liz, it’s a dangerous world out there. What if you ________________ (get) an

accident?

Liz: Dad, I’m sixteen years old. It’s time you and Mom ________________ (start)

treating me like an adult.

Dad: You’re not an adult yet, Liz.

Liz: OK, maybe not, but you guys treat me as if I ________________ (be) a baby. It’s

embarrassing, always getting dropped off.

Dad: Hmm. All right. Do you really think you can handle it?

Liz: Of course, Dad.

Exercise 3: 以正確的動詞模式完成下列的句子

1. The aggressive person insists that she ___________________ (allow) to have her own

way.

2. The assertive person requests that her way ___________________ (consider).

3. For an aggressive person, it is essential that an argument ___________________ (win).

4. For an assertive person, it is important that an argument ___________________ (be) fair.

5. The aggressive person demands that everyone __________________ (adopt) his

viewpoint.

6. The assertive person asks that you ___________________ (give) consideration to his

viewpoint.

7. An aggressive person is likely to order that something ___________________ (do).

8. An assertive person is likely to suggest that a course of action _________________

(follow).

- 38 -

Grammar Point 15 容易混淆的文法

I. 有關假設語氣

1. 用 should 表達”萬一”

If I should fail, I will do it again. = If I should fail, I would do it again.

If it should rain tomorrow, the picnic will be cancelled.

2. 省略 If 的句型

Were I young, I would learn to ski. = If I were young, I would learn to ski.

Should it rain, they would not come. = If it should rain, they would not come.

3. 用 It is time 表達該是做某事的時候了

It is about time (that) we went home.

= It is about time (that) we should go home.

= It is about time for us to go home. (不用名詞子句時，不需考慮動詞的型。)

4. 不同的假設語氣的表達

Without your support, I couldn’t have done it.

= But for your support, I couldn’t have done it.

= But that you helped me, I couldn’t have done it. (此話表達當時的事時)

= Only that you helped me, I couldn’t have done it. (此話表達也是當時的事實)

= If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have done it.

5. 急迫性語氣的表達要視強調的重點為何而決定動詞的型

(1) The teacher insisted that Tom should be punished. (強調堅持某事該如何才對)

= The teacher insisted that Tom be punished.

(2) The teacher insisted that Tom was wrong. (強調過去的事實或經驗)

×The teacher insisted that Tom be wrong.

(3) It is important that everyone be on time for class.

It is important that we were finally told the news.

× It is important that we be finally told the news.

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(4) lest (唯恐、萬一) = in case 常與 should 連用以表達急迫性語氣

He soon left in order not to meet me.

He soon left in case he should see me.

He soon left lest he should see me. = He soon left lest he see me.

II. 易混淆的動詞

1. lie lay lain lying (躺；位於)

lie lied lied lying (說謊)

lay laid laid laying (放置；舖設；下蛋)

2. rob robbed robbed robbing (搶劫)

steal stole stolen stealing (偷竊)

burgle burgled burgled burgling (闖空門)

hijack hijacked hijacked hijacking (強奪)

3. rise rose risen rising (升起；起身；上揚)

raise raised raised raised (舉起；養育；募款)

arise arose arisen arising (發生；出現)

rouse roused roused rousing (喚醒；叫醒)

arouse aroused aroused arousing (喚醒；引發；激發)

III. 奇怪的助動詞

1. would rather (寧願) I would rather not go there with her.

2. had better (最好) You had better be a good boy at home.

3. Need (需要) You needn’t have come here so early.

4. dare (膽敢) Dare he say so? I dared not say so to my father.

IV. 主詞及動詞的一致性

1. 看起來複數但其實是單數的主詞

Twenty years is a long time.

A million dollars is a lot of money.

Many a boy is in the playground now. = Many boys are in the playground now.

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More than one person is in the hall.

News (politics/ economics/ mathematics/ linguistics) doesn’t interest me at all.

2. 看起來單數但其實是複數的主詞

The police have arrested the suspect.

Poultry are raised everywhere in the countryside.

The crew are working hard to row the boat.

People nowadays spend a lot of money on electric appliances.

3. 單數表整體，複數表個體的字

class / family / audience / committee

His family is an extended one. Four generations live together.

His family are all teacher.

4. (1) The + Adj. + 單數動詞 (表抽象意義)

The good is an important part of human nature.

(2) The + Adj. + 複數動詞 (表全體)

The rich are not always happy.

5. 以下片語視所接的名詞決定用單數動詞或複數動詞：

All of / Most of / Half of / Part of / Some of / The rest of / The majority of / A lot of /

Lots of / Plenty of 單數名詞用單數動詞，複數名詞複數動詞。

例如：All of the money is used to help poor people.

All of the donations of money are used to help poor people.

6. 下列表達由 B 決定動詞為單數動詞或複數動詞

A or B + 動詞…

Either A or B + 動詞…

Neither A nor B + 動詞…

Not only A but (also) B + 動詞…

(1) Either May or May’s parents come to school every year.

(2) Either May’s parents or May comes to school every year.

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7. 下列表達由 A 決定動詞為單數動詞或複數動詞 (*介系詞片語可改變在句子中的位置)

A with B + 動詞…

A as well as B + 動詞…

A no less than B + 動詞…

(1) The basketball team with all its players was sold to the corporate.

(2) All the basketball players with its team were sold to the corporate.

V. 特殊的表達

1. (Much) To one’s + 表達情緒的名詞… (非常令人…的是…)

Much to my surprise, Mary passed the test.

To my delight, Mary eventually passed the test.

類似的用法還有: To my satisfaction, To my worry, To my relief, To my disappointment…

2. Adj./Adv./N. + as + N. + V.… = Although + N. + V…,…

(1) Perfectly as the work was done, he still couldn’t get his colleagues’ trust.

= Although the work was perfectly done, he still couldn’t get his colleagues’ trust.

(2) Hard as John worked, he was never successful in his life.

= Although John worked hard, he was never successful in his life.

(3) President as he is, he still lives a very simple life.

= Although he is a president, he still lives a very simple life.

3. 假設語氣省略 if 並倒裝。

(1) If I were a bird, I would travel around the world.

= Were I a bird, I would travel around the world.

(2) If it should rain tomorrow, I will call off my plan.

= Should it rain tomorrow, I will call off my plan.

(3) If they had listened to their parents, they wouldn’t have done such a terrible thing.

= Had they listened to their parents, they wouldn’t have done such a terrible thing.

4. I couldn’t help bursting into cry. (我忍不住哭了出來。)

= I couldn’t help but burst into cry.

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5. I couldn’t but tell him the truth. (我能做的唯有告訴他實情。)

6. I didn’t marry Mary because she had a lot of money.

(我不是因為 Mary 有錢才跟她結婚。)

7. The students didn’t stop talking until the teacher got into the classroom.

= Not until the teacher got into the classroom did the students stop talking.

(學生們直到老師進入教室才停止說話。)

VI. 用 but/ as/ than 當關係代名詞

1. (1) There is no mother but loves her own children. (沒有不愛自己子女的母親)

= There is no mother that doesn’t love her own children.

(2) There were few people but were hurt. (只有少數的人沒有受傷)

= There were few people that were not hurt.

2. Don’t give children more money than is needed.

= Don’t give children money that is more than they need.

3. (1) Read only such books as you can understand.

= Read only those books that you can understand.

(2) Such people as know him praise him.

= Those people who know him praise him.

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文法書單字列表 (按照出現順序)

at my wits' end 無計可施

pigsty豬窩

continent 節制的 (continent 大陸)

to euthanize 安樂死

to make a scene 出洋相

jerk 混球

to sympathize 同情

to poke 戳、刺；探出

rational 理性的

bargain 預算

to establish 建立

counselor 顧問

neutral 中立的

to yearn 渴求

baffled 困惑的

intrigued 被迷住的

geometric 幾何的

to flatten 變扁

to abound 充滿

extraterrestrial ET 外星人

testimony證詞

to allure誘惑

to hoax 哄騙

prosaic 乏味的

frequent 經常做

to charge 衝鋒

to irritate 激怒

instantaneous 立即的

to jar 搖動；軋軋作響

to glimpse 一瞥

security保安

to snuggle 依偎

to drain 排掉；耗盡

to fuss 使煩惱

prevalent 風行的

apparently顯然

pervasive 瀰漫的

to desensitize 使痲木

decency高尚

to violate 違反

to restrict 限制

to strengthen 強化

involvement 涉及

colossal 巨大的

to address 提出；對付

multitude 大眾

to speculate 推測

monstrous 可怕的

impersonal 無人情味的

accessible 易進入的

to strain 緊繃

principal 主要的

to contemplate 沉思

to colonize 殖民

childbearing 分娩

to stabilize 安定

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to violate 違反

legitimate 正統的

to illustrate 實例說明

harsh 嚴峻的

dilemma 困境

category範疇

extrovert 外向

introvert 內向

misconception 誤解

stimulating 激勵的

antithesis 對照

replenishment 補充

intuition 直覺

sweltering 悶熱的

halfhearted 不熱切的

curb 路邊(石塊)

pharmacy藥房

merchandise 商品

to accumulate 累積

to enclose 封入

gratitude 感激

to flutter 飄動

soft touch 易說服的人

desperate 挺而走險的

default 拖欠

advance 預付

assertiveness 有主見

notarize 見證

balk猶豫

squabble 口角