Reading Skill (AA)

TATA CARA MENTERJEMAHKAN‘THE ENGINEERING TEXT BOOKS’

Oleh:

ABRIANTO AKUAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK METALURGIFAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL ACHMAD YANIBANDUNG

2007

Copyright © 2007 by Abrianto AkuanTeknik Metalurgi-UNJANI

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TATA CARA MENTERJEMAHKAN‘THE ENGINEERING TEXT BOOKS’

Target: Reading skill of English text books (Keahlian Membaca).

Requirements:

1. Vocabulary (Kosa Kata).

2. English noun phrase (Susunan Kelompok Kata).

3. Sentences patterns (Susunan Kalimat).

……..etc

Example:

--------------S-------------- ......P... --------------O----------------The famous metal industry employs some experience expert from4 3 2 1 5 6 8 7 9

---------------west Germany.11 10

Industri logam terkenal itu memperkerjakan beberapa tenaga ahlidari Jerman Barat.--------S---------- …..P….. --------------O---------------------

P

Text

Paragraph P

SentenceS

S

SS

S

SS

S

Word W

WW W

W W

W W


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The metal industry produces printing machines of high quality.3 2 1 4 6 5 7 9 8

Industri logam itu menghasilkan mesin-mesin cetak yangberkualitas tinggi.

A. ENGLISH NOUN PHRASE.

Definition: Noun phrase/clusters adalah kelompok kata yang kata

intinya atau kata yang diterangkannya adalah kata

benda.

Example:

M..M ....H… …..…….M………..A new book in the library …..1 3 2 4 6 5

Sebuah buku baru di perpustakaan itu…….

Note: H = Head word (kata yang diterangkan/kata intinya)M = Modifier (kata penerang/kata yang menerangkan)

A-I. Position of noun modifier.

Letak noun modifier atau letak kata yang menerangkan

kata benda dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu: front position

modifier (modifier yang letaknya didepan kata benda dan back

position modifier (modifier yang letaknya dibelakang kata benda

(noun).


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Example :

M.....M…....M…. ….H……… ………..….M………………………D…..Adj……Adj… ....N……… …….prep-group………………A terrible natural disaster after the second word war …..1 4 3 2 5 9 8 7 6..…front modifier….….I…………..back modifier…………….

Suatu bencana alam (yang) mengerikan setelah perang duniakedua itu…….

A-I.1. Noun Cluster with Front Position Modifier.

Kelompok kata (kata intinya adalah kata benda) dengan

modifier yang letaknya didepan ini meliputi: Determinant (D),

Noun (N), Verb(V), dan Adjective (Adj).

Example :

----------------- M --------------------- HM……….M…………….M……………….M…… N

1. An outstanding Indonesian metallurgical engineering …..1 5 4 3 2

Seorang insinyur metalurgi Indonesia (yang) terkemuka…

D-1 N2. Several experienced metal industry managers ......

1 5 4 3 2

Beberapa manajer industri logam (yang) berpengalaman…

D-2 N3. The difficult English test items .....

5 4 3 2 1

Soal-soal bahasa Inggris (yang) sulit itu…….


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D-2 N4. This well planned political activity …..

5 4 3 2 1

Kegiatan politik yang direncanakan dengan baik ini……

Langkah-langkah penomoran (penerjemahan):

1. Tentukan Determinannya (D-1 atau D-2), jika menggunakan D-

1 maka determinan tersebut diterjemahkan sebagai nomor 1

dan selanjutnya ke head word kemudian mengurut ke kiri.

2. Jika menggunakan D-2 maka Head word diterjemahkan dengan

nomor 1 selanjutnya penomoran urut ke modifiernya disebelah

head word.

English Determinant:

D-1: D-2:

A :sebuah, seorang, suatu The :itu / iniAn

That :ituA little :sedikit ThoseA few

This :iniSome :beberapa TheseSeveral

Many :banyakMuchA lot of

A number of :sejumlahEach :masing-masingEvery :setiapAll :semuaCardinal numbers (1,2,3,…)


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Example:

N1. The dangerous chemical industry pollution …...

5 4 3 2 1

Polusi industri kimia (yang) berbahaya itu…..

2. A new foreign language teaching method .....1 6 5 4 3 2

Sebuah metoda mengajar bahasa asing (yang) baru…..

Exercise:

1. A famous old metal worker .....

2. The back painted new industry building …..

3. Some popular western rock music singers …..

4. A number of high quality casting machines …..

5. Some pure quality building materials …..

6. Five ambitious metallurgy department students …..

Noun Cluster with Intensifier:

Intensifier elements:

Rather : Agak

Very : Sangat

Too : Terlalu

Most : Paling

Noun cluster yang mengandung unsur intensifier, maka nomor

terjemahan meloncat ke unsur intensifier dulu kemudian

dilanjutkan pada kata selanjutnya seperti pembahasan

sebelumnya.


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Example:

N1. A rather expensive thick metallurgy book …..

1 5 6 4 3 2

Sebuah buku metalurgi tebal (yang) agak mahal…..

2. A number of very expensive luxurious cars …..1 4 5 3 2

Sejumlah mobil-mobil mewah (yang) sangat mahal…..

3. The too difficult oral English test questions .....7 5 6 4 3 2 1

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan test Inggris lisan (yang) terlalu sulititu…..

4. The most critical chemical industry problem …..6 4 5 3 2 1

Masalah industri kimia (yang) paling kritis itu…..

5. The most terrible bloody natural disaster .....6 4 5 3 2 1

Bencana alam berdarah (yang) paling mengerikan itu…..

6. These too complex modern data processing .....6 4 5 3 2 1

Pemprosesan data modern (yang) terlalu rumit ini…..

7. Several very dangerous planned political activity …..1 5 6 4 3 2

Beberapa kegiatan politik yang direncanakan (terencana)sangat berbahaya…..

8. A number of rather high quality war cars .....1 5 6 4 3 2

Sejumlah kendaraan-kendaraan perang berkualitas agaktinggi…..


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Exercise:

1. A number of very difficult mathematic test items .....

2. The most economical modern public transportation means …..

3. Some rather popular young Indonesian film stars …..

4. The too complicated car industry process …..

5. The most outstanding textile industry manager …..

6. Some very brilliant Indonesian metallurgist candidates …..

A-I.2. Noun Cluster with Back Position Modifier.

Kelompok kata (kata intinya adalah kata benda) dengan

modifier yang letaknya dibelakang ini, terdiri atas: Preposition

Group (Prep-Group), Participle Group (Part-Group), dan

Subardinator Group (S-Group).

A-I.2.1. Noun Cluster with Preposition Group.

Preposition Group (Prep-Group) adalah kelompok kata yang

dimulai dengan preposisi atau kata depan. Kata depan tersebut

diterjemahkan dengan penomoran lanjutan sebagai jembatan

(penghubung).

Example:

H ------ M ---------

N ---Prep-Group----1. Some diligent student in the big library …..

1 3 2 4 7 6 5

Beberapa mahasiswa rajin di perpustakaan (yang) besaritu…..

N ------Prep-Group-----2. The metal industry development after the great war …..

4 3 2 1 5 8 7 6

Perkembangan industri logam setelah perang besar itu…..


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3. An educational activity without a good preparation .....1 3 2 4 5 7 6

Suatu kegiatan pendidikan tanpa suatu persiapan (yang)baik…..

English Prepositions:

In : di, dalam, padaOn : diatas, padaAt : di, padaTo : ke, kepada, untuk, buatOf : dari,... (lebih banyak tidak -

diterjemahkan)For : untuk, buat, bagiFrom : dariBelow : dibawahUnder : dibawahBehind : dibelakangBy : oleh, denganBeyond : diluar, melebihiWith : denganWithout : tanpaAfter : setelah, sesudahBefore : sebelumBetween : diantara (dua)Among : diantara (minimal tiga)Through : melaluiNear : dekatInto : kedalamBeside : disampingInside : didalam, dekat, kecualiOutside : diluarIn front of : didepanAbout : tentang, mengenaiTogether with : bersamaRound : mengelilingiTowards : menuju (kedepan)Backward : menuju (kebelakang)Across : seberangOver : atasOff : keluarOut of : luarUp : diatasAbove : diatas, lebih dariInstead of : dari pada


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Exercise:

1. The most difficult items in that final examination .....

2. A number of foreign experts with very high salary …..

3. The bloody great war after the long political conflict …..

4. A set of very high quality electronic tools from an industrial

country …..

5. Several growing chemical industries near a very large

industrial area …..

6. Many complicated English test items beyond the general

student ability …..

A-I.2.2. Noun Cluster with Participle Group.

Participle Group (Part-Group) adalah kelompok kata yang

dimulai dengan participle (bentuk lampau). Participle terdiri atas:

Verb+ing (present participle) dan Verb+ed2/en (past participle).

Selanjutnya participle tersebut diterjemahkan dengan penomoran

lanjutan sebagai jembatan (penghubung) dan antara head word

(noun) dengan participle harus ditambahkan kata ‘yang’.

Example:

H ------------------- M----------------------

N -----Part-Group--------- -Prep-Group-1. The big metal industry producing high quality cars for export…

4 3 2 1 5 8 7 6 9 10

Industri logam besar ‘yang’ menghasilkan mobil-mobilberkualitas tinggi untuk ekspor…..


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N ---Part-Group----- --Prep-Group--2. Some brilliant students finishing their study in a short time …..

1 3 2 4 6 5 7 8 10 9

Beberapa siswa cerdas ’yang’ menyelesaikan studinya dalamsuatu waktu singkat…..

3. Two atomic bombs destroying two big city in East Asia .....1 3 2 4 7 6 5 8 10 9

Dua buah bom atom yang menghancurkan dua buah kotabesar di Asia Timur…..

3 2 1 4 5 9 8 74. The brave journalist coming back from the dangerous battle

6 10 14 13 12 11field in the middle east countries …...

Wartawan pemberani yang pulang dari medan perangberbahaya di negara-negara timur tengah…..

1 4 5 3 2 6 7 9 85. A very dangerous modern disease killing a lot of young victims

10 11 13 12in some developed counties .....

Suatu penyakit modern sangat berbahaya yang membunuhbanyak korban muda di beberapa negara-negaraberkembang…..

1 3 2 4 6 5 7 86. A number of metallurgical student finishing their study in an

10 9 11 13 12outstanding university having adequate facility …...

Sejumlah siswa metalurgi yang menyelesaikan studinya disuatu universitas terkemuka yang memiliki fasilitas cukupmemadai…..


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1 4 3 2 5 7 87. A set of automatic electronic tools controlling very complex

6 9 10 12 11 13 15 14process happening in metal industry producing racing cars .....

Seperangkat alat-alat elektronik otomatis yang mengontrolproses sangat rumit yang terjadi di sebuah industri logamyang memproduksi mobil-mobil balap…..

- 2 1 3 - 5 4 6 78. The wise manager of the growing industry employing a lot of

9 8 10 12 11skillful workers of academy graduates .....

Manajer bijaksana dari industri yang sedang berkembang yangmemperkerjakan sejumlah pekerja-pekerja ahli lulusanakademi…..

Exercise:

1. A number of metal industries established before the first worldwar by some expert holding university certificates .....

2. Several metallurgical engineers employed by the famousforeign company giving very high salary for their expertise …..

3. The complex industrial process controlled by a new computerperforming a very high accuracy in its work …..

4. A number of expert holding university certificates given byoutstanding university approved by national board ofeducation…

5. Some very vital projects finished in a short time by a team ofvery experienced engineers having excellent reputation …..

6. A number of broken machines repaired by some skillfultechnicians paid with high salary by the company …..

7. The modern casting method developed by an outstandingprofessor metallurgy giving lectures in some universitycompleted with adequate fasility …..


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A-I.2.3. Noun Cluster with Subordinator Group.

Subordinator Group (S-Group) adalah kelompok kata yang

dimulai dengan subordinator. English subordinator terdiri atas :

‘Who’ (preceded by person), ‘That’ (preceded by person or non

person) dan ‘Which’ (preceded by non person). Selanjutnya

subordinator tersebut diterjemahkan dengan penomoran lanjutan

sebagai jembatan (penghubung) dan diterjemahkan dengan arti

‘yang’.

Example :

H ----------------- M-------------------

N -----------S-Group--------------------1. The famous metallurgist who creates the new casting method

- 2 1 3 4 - 7 6 5

--Prep-Group--know by the world …..

8 9 11 10

Ahli metalurgi terkenal ‘yang’ menciptakan metodepengecoran baru yang diketahui dunia itu…..

N ---S-Group------- ----Prep-Group-------- 2 1 3 4 5 6 - 8

2. The brilliant students that get scholarship from the foreign

------------ ----------Part-Group--------company operating in our country …..

7 9 10 12 11

Beberapa siswa cerdas ’yang’ mendapatkan beasiswa dariperusahaan asing yang beroperasi di Negara kita…..

1 3 2 4 5 7 6 83. Some metal industries that produce industrial product needed

by several Asian countries .....9 10 12 11

Beberapa industri logam yang menghasilkan produk industriyang diperlukan oleh beberapa Negara-negara Asia…..


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Exercise:

1. A number of petroleum companies which employ a lot of

engineer having valuable experience in their field .....

2. The most critical problem caused by some chemical industries

that discard their waste to the big river by the people living

nearby the river …..

3. The famous university completed with excellent library by wide

experienced librarians who hold university degree …..

4. A number of scientist who follow a yearly meeting discussing

the problem of metal industry faced by some car industry

managers …..

5. Several educational activities prepared before the long holiday

by a number of very creative students of an outstanding

university …..

6. The complex process happening in the electronic industry that

produces electronic tools of very high quality exported to

neighboring countries …..

Langkah-langkah menentukan Head word:Penandaan awal dari noun clusters (prep-group, part-group, s-group) dimulai dari ujung kalimat kea rah kiri, maka kata sebelumback position modifier terakhir itu adalah head word. Disebelahkiri head word adalah noun cluster yang posisinya didepan (frontposition modifier).


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B. BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS.

B-I. Pattern I: Subject + Predicate

Subject, unsurnya: Noun atau Noun Cluster dan predicate,

unsurnya: Intransitive Verb (tak memerlukan object) serta

diantara subject-predicate, dilarang diterjemahkan ada kata

‘yang’.

Example:

S P- 2 1 3 4 8 7 6 5 9

1. The steel rods exposed into the damp open air corrode.

Batang-batang baja yang dibiarkan diudara terbuka yang

lembab itu, berkarat.

2. Some blocks of iron heated in the blast furnace of the metalindustry melt.

Beberapa blok besi yang dipanaskan dalam tanur tinggiindustri logam itu, meleleh.

3. The great war destroying a lot of vital building in that countryends.

Perang besar yang menghancurkan bangunan-bangunan vital(penting) dinegara itu, berakhir.

4. The yearly seminar conducted by some experts on metallurgydevelops

Seminar tahunan yang diselenggarakan oleh beberapa ahlidalam metalurgi, berkembang.


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B-II. Pattern II: Subject + Predicate + Object

Example:

- 2 1 3 4 6 7 51. The famous university completed with very excellent facility

8 9 10 12 11 13 14 15produces graduate having high quality needed by every

17 16modern industry.

Universitas terkenal yang dilengkapi dengan fasilitas (yang)

sangat hebat, menghasilkan lulusan yang mempunyai mutu

tinggi yang diperlukan oleh setiap industri modern.

2. Some small industries operating in the industrial area near thisbig city get support from the international bank centred in theU.S.

Beberapa industri kecil yang beroperasi di daerah industridekat kota besar ini memperoleh bantuan dari bankinternasional yang berpusat di A.S.

B-III. Pattern III: Subject + Predicate + Adverb

Example:

1 2 3 - 5 4 6 8 7 91. John who is the best student winning academic award studies

Regularly.10

John yang merupakan mahasiswa yang memenangkanhadiah/penghargaan akademik, belajar secara teratur.

- 2 1 3 4 - 7 6 52. The skillful workers working in the famous foreign company

work hard.8 9

Para pekerja trampil yang bekerja di perusahaan asingterkenal, bekerja dengan giat/keras.


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B-IV. Pattern IV: Subject (Noun/Noun Cluster)+Predicate

[Verb+Complement (Prep-Group)]

Example:

----------------------- S -------------------- -------------------------------------- N/NC ------------------ --V-- --------

1. Several experts working in this metal industry come from an-1 2 3 4 7 6 5 8 9 10

--- P --------------------------------Complement (Prep-Goup)-----industrial country in west Europe.

12 11 13 15 14

Beberapa tenaga ahli yang bekerja di industri logam ini datang(berasal) dari sebuah Negara industri di eropa barat.

2. A lot of people who hold university certificates work in some-1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9

foreign company located in Bandung.11 10 12 13 14

Banyak orang yang memegang (mempunyai) ijasah universitasbekerja pada beberapa perusahaan asing yang bertempat diBandung.

3. Metal industries in our country concentrate on the production ofcast iron for export.

Industri-industri logam di Negara kita berkonsentrasi padapembuatan besi cor untuk ekspor.

4. A lot of students studying in some university in Bandung comefrom some provinces which are far from this beautiful city.

Banyak mahasiswa yang bekerja di beberapa universitas diBandung berasal dari beberapa propinsi yang jauh dari kotacantik ini.

5. Some Indonesian students who are financed by the world bankgo to an outstanding college of technology located in Michigan.

Beberapa mahasiswa Indonesia yang dibiayai oleh bank duniapergi ke sebuah perguruan tinggi terkenal bidang teknologiyang bertempat di Michigan.


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B-V. Pattern V: Subject (Noun/Noun Cluster)+Predicate

[Verb+Direct Object (Noun/Noun Cluster)+

Object Complement (Noun/Noun Cluster/

Adjective)]

Example:

---- S --- ------------ P -----------------N/NC-- ---V--- --DO-- ----OC-----

1. The class appoints Robert as chairman.2 1 3 4 5 6

Kelas itu mengangkat Robert sebagai ketua.

2. A lot of experienced mechanical engineers consider the1 4 3 2 5 8

engineering material expensive.7 6 9

Banyak insinyur mesin berpengalaman menganggap bahanteknik itu mahal.

3. People call the students of this academy good industrialist1 2 - 3 4 6 5 9 8

candidates.7

Orang menamakan para mahasiswa dari akademi ini paracalon industriawan.

4. The wise manager of the publishing company makes theworkers of that company satisfied.

Manajer bijaksana dari perusahaan penerbitan itu membuatpara pekerja perusahaan itu puas.

5. The consumer of electronic goods in Indonesia consider theproduct of Gobel company excellent industrial product.

Para konsumen barang-barang elektronik di Indonesiamenganggap produk perusahaan Gobel, produk-produk yangsangat bagus.


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6. The senior metallurgist that has a lot of experience teachessome new metal workers having no experience modern castingmethod practiced in many countries.

Ahli metalurgi senior yang mempunyai banyak pengalaman,mengajar beberapa pekerja logam baru yang tidak memilikipengalaman metoda pengecoran modern yang diterapkan dibanyak negara.

7. The famous professor of mathematics in that famous universityshow the students that study in the big library some newbooks of statistics.

Profesor terkenal dalam bidang matematika di universitastermasyur menunjukkan para mahasiswa yang belajar diperpustakaan besar beberapa buku baru dalam bidangstatistik.

8. The wise manager of the company established last year makesthe skillful workers working in that big company diligent.

Manajer bijaksana perusahaan yang didirikan tahun lalumembuat para pekerja terampil yang bekerja di perusahaanbesar itu, rajin.

9. I give you advise.

Saya memberi mu nasehat.


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B-VI. Pattern VI: Subject (Noun/Noun Cluster)+Predicate

[Linking Verb+Subject Complement

(Noun/Noun Cluster)]

Example:

1. Machines are tools.1 2 3

Mesin adalah alat.

2. The printing machines imported from Japan are tools that have- 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9a great role for publishing company.

10 12 11 13 15 14

Mesin-mesin cetak yang diimpor dari Jepang adalah alat-alatyang mempunyai suatu peranan yang besar bagi perusahaan-perusahaan penerbitan.

3. John become a joker.1 2 3 4John menjadi seorang pelawak

4. John who is a university graduate remain the best joker until1 2 3 4 6 5 7 - 9 8 10

this year.12 11

John yang seorang lulusan universitas tetap menjadi pelawakterbaik hingga tahun ini.

5. The material used to make house hold tools is a corrosionresistant metal.Bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat alat-alat rumah tanggaadalah suatu logam yang tahan karat.

6. John who is the chairman of that student organization is thebest student respected by his friends.John yang ketua dari organisasi mahasiswa itu adalahmahasiswa terbaik yang dihormati oleh teman-tamannya.

7. Tom who has graduated from the metallurgy engineeringdepartent become the manager of the big metal industry inthis city.Tom yang telah lulus dari jurusan teknik metalurgi menjadimanajer industri logam di kota ini.


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B-VII. Pattern VIIA: Subject (Noun/Noun Cluster)+Predicate

[Linking Verb+Subject Complement

(Adjective)]

Example:

1. John become clever.1 2 3John menjadi pandai.

2. John who studies seriously become clever.1 2 3 4 5 6John yang belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh menjadi pandai.

3. The racing cars coated with stainless steel are strong.- 2 1 3 4 6 5 7 8Mobil-mobil balap yang dilapisi dengan baja tahan karat adalahkuat.

4. The students who passed the final exam seem happy.- 1 2 3 6 5 4 7 8Para mahasiswa yang lulus ujian akhir itu nampak bahagia.

5. The man that got a traffic accident turns pale.Orang yang mendapatkan kecelakaan lalu lintas itu berubahpucat.

6. The white bread with a lot of butter tastes nice.Roti putih dengan banyak mentega terasa enak.

7. Some applicants that have follwed the interview for goodvacancies seem pesimistic.Beberapa pelamar yang telah mengikuti wawancara untuklowongan kerja yang bagus nampak pesimis.


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B-VIII. Pattern VIIB: Subject (Noun/Noun Cluster)+Predicate

[Linking Verb+(Adverb/Prep-Group)]

Example:

1. Tom is here.1 2 3

Tom disini.

2. Tom who won the scholarship last year is in West Germany1 2 3 - 4 6 5 7 8 10 9now.11

Tom yang memenangkan beasiswa tahun lalu (adalah) diJerman Barat sekarang.

3. The machines which are broken remain in the workshop.- 1 2 (3) 4 5 6 8 7

Mesin-mesin yang rusak tetap ada di bengkel itu.

4. Several personel staff of the big steel industry giving interview1 3 2 4 - 7 6 5 8 9

are here now.10 11 12

Beberapa staf personil dari industri baja besar yangmemberikan wawancara ada disini sekarang.

5. The engineering material used in some industries producing- 2 1 3 4 5 6 7

cars is from an Asia country that has a very large iron mining8 9 10 11 13 12 14 15 16 20 21 19 18

area.17

Bahan teknik yang digunakan dibeberapa industri yangmenghasilkan mobil adalah dari sebuah Negara Asia yangmemiliki suatu daerah pertambangan besi yang sangat luas.


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Tentukan pola kalimat berikut:

1. Some blocks of iron heated until 1000oCentigrade expand.Beberapa balok besi yang dipanaskan, memuai.

2. The new industry supported by the government producesindustrial products that have high quality.Industri baru yang dibantu oleh pemerintah memproduksiproduk-produk (hasil-hasil) industri yang mempunyai kualitastinggi.

3. The yearly conference that discusses metal industrydevelopment ends.Konferensi tahunan yang membicarakan perkembanganindustri logam, berakhir.

4. A set of electronic tools used in the big industry producingdrilling machines of high quality function well.Satu set alat-alat elektronik yang digunakan pada industribesar yang memproduksi mesin-mesin bor berkualitas tinggiberfungsi dengan baik.

5. The chief director of the publishing company observes thefactory product exported to African countries.Direktur pimpinan dari perusahaan penerbitan memperhatikanhasil pabrik yang diekspor ke Negara-negara Afrika.

6. The monthly scientific seminar conducted by the student ofindustrial engineering department in this college runs well.Seminar ilmiah bulanan yang diselenggarakan oleh mahasiswadari jurusan teknik industri di sekolah tinggi ini berjalandengan baik.

7. One of the basic needs for the development of steel industry isengineering materials that have high quality.Satu dari keperluan-keperluan dasar untuk perkembanganindustri logam adalah bahan-bahan teknik yang mempunyaikualitas tinggi.

8. Some metal casting industries which employ a lot of workersget support from the famous industrial country in Europe.Beberapa industri pengecoran logam yang memperkerjakanbanyak pekerja memperoleh bantuan dari negara industriterkenal di Eropa.


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9. The price of essential commodities exported to some Asiancountries having big population increases.Harga dari barang dagangan dasar yang diekspor ke babarapanegara Asia yang mempunyai penduduk besar, bertambah.

10. The melting metal heated in the blast furnace flows into themould cavities.Logam (yang) meleleh yang dipanaskan dalam tanur tinggimengalir ke dalam lubang-lubang cetakan.

11.A number of metal sheets exposed into the damp open aircorrode.Sejumlah lembaran logam yang dibiarkan di udara terbuka(yang) lembab itu, berkarat.

12. The most outstanding popular singer from West Europe is inour country now.Penyanyi popular paling terkemuka dari Eropa Barat ada diNegara kita sekarang.

13. A lot of young people who are brilliant go to some famouscolleges of economics in the United States.Banyak orang muda yang pandai pergi ke beberapa sekolahtinggi terkenal dalam bidang ekonomi di Amerika Serikat.

14. Water pollution caused by industrial waste disposed fromchemical industries needs serious attention from all sides.Pencemaran air yang disebabkan oleh limbah industri yangdibuang dari industri kimia memerlukan perhatian yang seriusdari semua pihak.

15.Many young graduates of this academy work in some foreigncompanies operating in that industrial area.Banyak lulusan muda dari akademi bekerja di beberapaperusahaan asing yang beroperasi di daerah industri itu.

16. The yearly conference that discusses the difficult industrialproblems faced by Asian countries developing chemicalindustries end.Konferensi tahuanan yang membicarakan masalah-masalahindustri (yang) sulit yang dihadapi oleh Negara-negara Asiayang mengembangkan industri-industri kimia, berakhir.


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17.The wise director of the growing university gives the newstudents having very high spirit a directing speech on how tostudy in university.Direktur bijaksana dari universitas yang sedang tumbuh itumemberi para mahasiswa baru yang mempunyai semangatsangat tinggi suatu pidato petunjuk bagaimana cara belajar diuniversitas.

18. Modern computer is the most helpul tool for people who workin statistics for industrial development.Komputer moderen merupakan alat paling berguna untukorang yang bekerja dengan statistik bagi perkembanganindustri.

19. Computer that have high capacity play a very important rolein many fields of work.Komputer yang mempunyai kapasitas tinggi memainkan suatuperanan sangat penting di banyak lapangan-lapanganpekerjaan.

20. Indonesian people consider industrial product produced by thebiggest automotive industry in our country.Orang Indonesia menganggap produk industri yang dihasilkanoleh industri otomotif terbesar di negara kita.


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Terjemahkanlah:

COMPUTER

Computers are electronic machines for processing data.Data are pieces of items of information that have been properlyprepared so that the machine can work with them. Processingmeans: handling or manipulating the material that has beenpresented to the machine in such ways as performing calculations,classifying information or making comparisons. A computer ismade of millions of electronic devices that can store the data orswitch them though complex circuits with different functions atincredible speeds.

In only a short time, computer profoundly changed the wayin which many kinds of work are done. Indeed, they have createdwhole new areas of work that did not exist prior to theirdevelopment. We have all heard of computers plotting the courseof rockets, preparing bank statements, predicting elections,forecasting weather and so forth. Computers do many tasks foruse that would be extremely difficult if we did not have them.Computers take routine tasks and do them in a fraction of thetime it would take a man or even a team of men to do them.

Many people imagine that a computer is very large addingmachine. Certainly a computer can function in that way, but this isa very restricted view of the nature of a computer. The messageof a familiar advertisement is that machine should work, but menshould think. This is the basic philosophy of computer science,even in the advanced states of computer technology.

Despite the scientific basis of computers, many people areawed by the way they function. This is probably due to the factthat computers perform very complex operations in very a veryshort time seconds or even fractions of a second. In the modernworld, people are often impressed with speed.

Devices such as traffic lights and telephones are a part ofmodern life. In a sense they are computers too. All computershave several features in common, regardless of make or design.Information is presented to the machine, the machine acts on it,and a result is then returned. The pieces of information, or data,that are presented to the machine are called the input. Theinternal operations of the machine are called processing. Theresult that is returned is called the output.


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WELDING

There are a number of methods of joining metal articlestogether, depending on type of metal and the strength of the jointwhich is required. Soldering gives a satisfactory joint for lightarticles of steel, copper or brass, but the strength of a solderedjoint is rather less than a joint which is brazed, riveted or welded.These methods of joining metal are normally adopted for strongpermanent joints.

The simplest method of welding two pieces of metaltogether is known as pressure welding. The end of metal areheated to a white heat for iron, the welding temperature should beabout 1300oC in a flame. At this temperature the metal becomesplastic. The ends are then pressed or hammered together, and thejoint is smoothed off. Care must be taken to ensure that thesurfaces are thoroughly clean first, for dirt will weaken the weld.Moreover, the heating of iron or steel to high temperature causesoxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces.For this reason, a flux is applied to the heated metal. At weldingheat, the flux melts, and the oxide particles are dissolved in ittogether with any other impurities which may be present. Themetal surfaces are pressed together, and the flux squeezed outfrom the centre of the weld. A number of different types of weldmay be used, but for fairly thick bars of metal, a V-shaped weldshould normally be employed. It is rather stronger than theordinary butt weld.

The heat for fusion welding is generated in several ways,depending on the sort of metal which is being welded and on itsshape. An extremely hot flame can be produced from an oxy-acetylene torch. For certain welds an electric arc is used. In thismethod, an electric current is passed across two electrodes, andthe metal surfaces are frequently they are metallic. The work itselfconstitutes one of then and the other is an insulated filler rod. Anarc is struck between the two, and the heat which is generatedmelts the melts the metal at the weld. A different method isusually employed for welding sheets or plates of metal together.This is known as spot welding. Two sheets or plates are placedtogether with a slight overlap, and a current is passed betweenthe electrodes. At welding temperature, a strong pressure isapplied to the metal sheets. The oxide film, and any impuritieswhich are trapped between the sheets, are squeezed out, and theweld is made.

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