7/23/2019 Readings First http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/readings-first 1/32 READINGS – FIRST CERTIFICATE For each paragraph, choose the most suitable heading from the list which follows. There is one extra heading you do not need to use. A SICK WORKING ENVIRONMENT A. Sick buildings are usually modern. B. People may be suffering from mental illness. C. People may suffer eye-strain. D. Sick buildings make people sick. E. There is no escape. . The office !orker has become an industrial !orker. ". #t is hard to kno! if it is the people or the buildings that are sick. $. The air may be polluted. % &ike people' buildings get sick. (hen they do' the people inside them also get sick. They suffer from coughs' colds' !hee)es' skin rashes' sickness' tiredness' headaches' eye troubles. They !ork slo!ly and inefficiently. They stay a!ay from !ork. #n a typical case in a large &ondon office block' about *+ years old' staff complained about constant tiredness and lack of natural light. The complaints dragged on for years. A sur,ey in %/ found that 0 per cent of British office !orkers suffered sickness related to the buildings in !hich they !orked. Tiredness !as cited by +/ per cent' follo!ed by stuffy nose' dry throat and headaches. * The trouble is the difficulty of kno!ing !hether it is the people !ho are sick' or suffering from hysteria' or !hether something has gone seriously !rong !ith the place they !ork in. A professor of design analysis at Cornell 1ni,ersity gi,es the e2ample of a building in Anchorage' Alaska' !here three !omen' all hea,y smokers' de,eloped bronchitis. 3ne of them !as ad,ised to !ear a mask to !ork. The reaction of her colleagues led to an e,acuation of the building' an in,estigation by consultants !earing full protec-ti,e clothing' ne!spaper reports' and many la!yers. 4o cause !as e,er found. 3n the other hand' he also cites the e2ample of the head5uarters of the 1S En,ironmental Protection Agency !here /0 people fell ill. The outbreak !as traced to 6PC' a chemical produced by the interaction bet!een adhesi,e and foam backing on ne! carpets. 7
For each paragraph, choose the most suitable heading from the list which follows.
There is one extra heading you do not need to use.
A SICK WORKING ENVIRONMENT
A. Sick buildings are usually modern.
B. People may be suffering from mental illness.
C. People may suffer eye-strain.
D. Sick buildings make people sick.
E. There is no escape.
. The office !orker has become an industrial !orker.
". #t is hard to kno! if it is the people or the buildings that are sick.
$. The air may be polluted.
%
&ike people' buildings get sick. (hen they do' the people inside them also get sick.They suffer from coughs' colds' !hee)es' skin rashes' sickness' tiredness'headaches' eye troubles. They !ork slo!ly and inefficiently. They stay a!ay from!ork. #n a typical case in a large &ondon office block' about *+ years old' staffcomplained about constant tiredness and lack of natural light. The complaintsdragged on for years. A sur,ey in %/ found that 0 per cent of British office!orkers suffered sickness related to the buildings in !hich they !orked. Tiredness!as cited by +/ per cent' follo!ed by stuffy nose' dry throat and headaches.
*
The trouble is the difficulty of kno!ing !hether it is the people !ho are sick' or
suffering from hysteria' or !hether something has gone seriously !rong !ith theplace they !ork in. A professor of design analysis at Cornell 1ni,ersity gi,es thee2ample of a building in Anchorage' Alaska' !here three !omen' all hea,ysmokers' de,eloped bronchitis. 3ne of them !as ad,ised to !ear a mask to !ork.The reaction of her colleagues led to an e,acuation of the building' an in,estigationby consultants !earing full protec-ti,e clothing' ne!spaper reports' and manyla!yers. 4o cause !as e,er found. 3n the other hand' he also cites the e2ample ofthe head5uarters of the 1S En,ironmental Protection Agency !here /0 people fellill. The outbreak !as traced to 6PC' a chemical produced by the interaction bet!eenadhesi,e and foam backing on ne! carpets.
The 1nited States #nstitute for 3ccupational $ealth in,estigates about +0 buildingsa year. These are mainly energy-efficient 8tight9 buildings !hich sa,e money byusing recycled !armed air rather than cold air from outside. They are usually open-plan or 8deep9 offices' !here daylight has been replaced by artificial lighting.Thirdly' they are offices dominated' of course' by the data processor.
6
(hat goes !rong: or a start' the !hole place can be at the !rong temperature'usually too !arm. A four degree rise abo,e a comfortable *0C can half producti,ity.#t is almost certainly too dry' !ith a relati,e humidity belo! 60 per cent' resultingin stuffy and stale air. E5ually certainly' the air is dirty; too many people stillsmoke' and smoke containing ammonia' formaldehyde' phenols and hydrogencyanide is breathed by nonsmokers. "ases are gi,en off by synthetic carpets andfurniture. 3)one is produced by malfunctioning photocopiers.
+
The lighting may be all !rong. &o!-fre5uency fluorescent lights produce a flicker!hich the eye cannot see but the brain can. #t causes an2iety and headaches.<edical studies ha,e sho!n that headaches are less fre5uent on higher floors !hichrecei,e more natural light. $eadaches fall by half !hen high-fre5uency lights areintroduced. #f you !anted a building not to !ork in' it !ould be air-conditioned'dusty' date from the mid-se,enties' ha,e tinted and sealed !indo!s' and housebatteries of clerical !orkers.
=
The trouble may lie less in the building itself' and more in the design of the
!orkplace and the >obs that people are e2pected to do. The office !orker hasbecome more like a factory !orker' tied to a !ork station in an assembly line. ?oucan introduce full spectrum lighting and you can litter the office !ith spider plantsto eat the carbon mono2ide' but the central problem remains. The modern officehas been built to house machines' not people.
/
The ne! technology creates a prison' and people go 8prison cra)y9. An occupationalhealth specialist says; 8#f you are trying to get the best out of your e5uipment' thenthe easiest thing is to chain your operator to the chair. E,erything in the !orkingen,ironment is geared to keeping people !orking. @estaurants are close by. ?ou
can carry out food' People e,en come round selling sand!iches at the !ork station.But you are !ringing the sponge dry' allo!ing it no time to reco,er.
For each paragraph, choose the most suitable heading from the list which follows.There is one extra heading you do not need to use.
STEROIDS AND ATHLETICS
A. Athletes are becoming dependent on drugs.
B. E,en the most successful athletes may use drugs.
C. Athletes appear to accept the situation.
D. The issue is complicated.
E. There remains the problem of !here to stop.
. @ules !ere broken first in areas other than drugs.
". A !ide ,ariety of drugs is used.
$. The sports authorities may turn a blind eye.
#. E2perts suggest that the matter should be left to indi,idual choice.
%.
#n %' the Tour de rance suffered from an all-too-common sporting scandal' one!hich confirmed to some cynical outsiders that the demands made on professionalcyclists force them to become pedalling chemistry sets. After the %/th stage' PedroDelgado !as found to ha,e a drug called Probenecid in his sample. Probenecidhelps the kidneys to clear uric acid from the system. #t can also mask steroids.Delgado !as sa,ed the stigma of dis5ualification because the drug !as not on the
banned list of the #nternational Cycling 1nion. Eight days after the end of the Tour'the drug !as banned.
*.
% !as in fact the year !hen the steroid superstars finally came out into theopen after years of gossip and suspicion. #t !as the year !hen Ben ohnson !asstripped of his %00-metre title. This !as not a Bulgarian !eightlifter' but an athlete!ho commanded the attention of the !orld. #t took another eight months beforeohnson finally admitted' in front of a tele,ised Canadian en5uiry' that he had takendrugs in the full kno!ledge that it !as against the rules.
The situation is not a simple one of indi,idual athletes' helped by coaches anddoctors' taking pills and in>ections. @ather' it is a ,ery comple2 matter at the root of !hich lie nationalism and greed.
6.
Professor @omano Tordelli !as for %+ years responsible for #talian middle distancerunners. #n %/' he claimed that famous athletes' such as Alberto Co,a' former3lympic %0'000-metre champion' had been blood-doped. $e !ent on to say thattaking steroids had been under the control of the go,erning organi)ation. Anin,estigation did sho! that the #talian ederation had indeed purchased substantial5uantities of anabolic steroids. These' it !as said' !ere for e2perimental purposes.There !as no official in5uiry.
+.
(hy do !e ha,e these drug problems in sport: 3ne reason may lie in the longperiod !hen the 3lympic mo,ement !as supposed to e2ist for amateurs; the timeof 8shamateurism9. As far as money !as concerned' sportsmen broke the rules dayafter day. #t !as but a short step to breaking the rules o,er drugs. 3fficials !ho!alked about stadia !ith briefcases full of cash found no difficulty in bending therules on drug-testing. #t !as all good for a good cause; good meetings for thesponsors and for tele,ision' and good for the sport. Any!ay' e,eryone else !asdoing it.
=.
A ne! attitude has arisen. 3ne !riter in the 3bser,er ne!spaper' taking thee2ample of Delgado'obser,ed that none of the other %0 competitors protested at
Delgados drug-taking. 4one of them refused to race !ith him.
/.
The !riter concludes; 8The demands of the Tour make drugs essential and athletesshould make up their o!n minds on !hether or not to use them. <oreo,er' DrAndre! 4icholson' !riting in the ournal of <edical Ethics' suggests that 8theamount of unfairness introduced by drug-taking is no greater than that of runnersusing pacemakers or of a fe! athletes ha,ing access to ad,anced physiological andsports medicine laboratories !hile the ma>ority do not.9 Dr 4icholson also points outthat the effects on health ha,e been e2aggerated' and side-effects are mostlynegligible. The argument appears to be that if e,eryone takes drugs then the
5uestion of fairness has been settled.
.
But surely athletic achie,ement should depend on natural talent: 3r is that nai,e:And !here !ould the drug-taking stop: Should it mo,e do!n into the schools:Should !e create a chemical man: And if !e did' !ould his achie,ements behuman' or !ould they be those of a 8sporting9 Dr rankenstein:
For each paragraph, choose the most suitable heading from the list which follows.There is one extra heading you do not need to use.
LIVING WITH THE TROUBLES IN BELFAST
A. Boys riot out of boredom.
B. Successful children are disliked.
C. 4o communication bet!een Catholics and Protestants.
D. Belfast has many different problems.
E. People get used to the ,iolence.
. 4othing for little children to do.
". 4eed to keep children off the streets.
$. The troubles affect studies.
%.
or o,er t!enty years Belfast' the capital city of 4orthern #reland' !as di,ided' tornby riots' blasted by car bombs' patrolled by armoured cars. A !hole generation hasgro!n up in the city kno!ing nothing else but !hat the #rish call 8the troubles9. Theplace suffers not only from ,iolence' but from po,erty' lo! e2pectations' lack ofincenti,e' lack of a future.
*.
iolet Strain li,es in the Protestant Shankill area. She has fi,e children' aged from 7to %0. $er husband has been unemployed for four years. She says; 8Theres noplaygrounds. (hat do children do round here: They run !ild. The !ee ones' #mterrified to let them out !ith that road do!n there. #n the holidays all the schoolsare shut' e,en the play schools for the tiny ones. E,en the Sunday school shutsdo!n. <ostly the children go thro!ing stones. #ts the only sport they ha,e.9
7.
A Protestant lad' aged %+' e2plained; 8A lot of the time theres nothing to do. ?oureconfined. ?ou dont go any!here. This is one place to go and thats it. ?ou get abouthalf !ay up the Shankill @oad and theres Catholics. #f you go in there' you couldend up !ith a terrible beating. #n the long summer days' there is nothing to do. ?ouget bored. #f all your mates >oin' then you feel left out. &ast summer !e had a riotalmost e,ery day' !hene,er you felt like it. (ed go do!n the Shankill and startthro!ing. Theres been that many riots you forget them. (hen you go a!ay fromBelfast' you feel free.9
<ichelle <cnally is %= years old and li,es in the hard-line Catholic 4e! &odge area.She has li,ed in the same cramped terrace house all her life. $er father isunemployed and her mother is a cook at a local school. Armoured cars !ith soldiersregularly patrol the street. She is !aiting for her e2amination results. She says;
8The #rish Troubles !ere one of the options on our history syllabus' but ourteachers !ouldnt let us take it because they thought !ed lose marks for being
biased. So !e did the Arab-#sraeli conflict instead. # lo,ed it. #m really into that.#m more for the Palestinians; # think its so like here.
+.
8<ost round here dont do e2ams' they all lea,e school and >oy-ride. Theres t!o inour street go to a grammar school. A lot dont talk to me' they think #m a snobbecause # go to grammar school. 4o one round here really takes an interest inschool. E,en in primary school they !ould fight !ith their teacher. # got pushed outin front of a car last term - he didnt e,en kno! me - there !ere these fello!' about%6 years old' messing about. The back !heel ran o,er my leg. They said in hospital# !as lucky. $ad it been the front !heel' my leg !ould ha,e been amputated.
=.
81sually girls are safer' less likely to get beaten up. # cant stand anyone gettingbeaten up and all. #t really hurts me' seeing it. There !as shooting last night. # !assitting in bed and a bottle came o,er. (e all stayed in. #f no one came out theycouldnt fight !ith anyone' There !ere t!o petrol bombs - it !asnt e,en a monthago' so it !as -the police didnt do anything about it. E,erybody >ust goes on. #tdoesnt annoy us' the only thing that frightens us is that theyd actually come inand burn us out' but its >ust a part of life.
/.
8Theres nothing' absolutely nothing to do. #f there !ere discos or youth clubs #think it !ould help - it !ould stop them hanging about on street corners. #n thepark across the !ay theres fights e,ery night bet!een the kids. Theres a line thatdi,ides the park into Catholic and Protestant areas. #ts so funny - a park' you!ouldnt belie,e it. People kno! !here not to go. #ts >ust funny' you kno!.9
or each paragraph' choose the most suitable heading from the list !hich follo!s.There is one e2tra heading !hich you do not need to use.
GARBAGE
A. "etting rid of !aste is a huge problem.
B. "arbage no longer >ust dumped.
C. Smell unbearable.
D. 4e! regulations introduced.
E. 4e! !rapping materials.
. <an makes rubbish.
". Difficulties for the householder.
$. <any e2amples of problems caused by !aste.
%
1ni,ersally' to be human is to be a garbage-dispenser' and summer is the season of stink. The garbage champion of the !orld is the 1nited States !hich holds the leadby a narro! margin o,er Australia. Americans ha,e a garbage pile of /+0 kilo fore,ery man' !oman and child in the country against /70 kilo for Australian. The!aste dumped by the a,erage "erman or apanese is about one half of thatamount.
*
Bet!een %=0 and %+' the amount of American rubbish dumped e,ery yearalmost doubled' and it is still on the increase. People in 4e! ?ork produce almostt!ice as much !aste per person as Parisians' and in California they produce enoughto fill the Dodgers baseball stadium e,ery nine days - its a big stadium. About 0per cent of American garbage lies buried under thin layers of earth at landfill sites.<any of these ha,e no! been filled' and closed' in the past ten years.
7
arious scandals ha,e made Americans a!are of their garbage problem' and thedangers inherent in it. By and large' the a,erage American has a lo! tolerance fordirt. $e doesnt like it. #n %/' there !as the saga of the &ong #sland garbagebarge !hich sailed to Beli)e and back seeking desperately a dumping ground for itsodiferous cargo; e,entually the 7'000 tons of solid !aste ended up in a Brooklynincinerator. #n the summer of %' medical !aste - needles' syringes and plasticsstarted turning up on beaches up and do!n the east coast. #n addition there ha,ebeen the estimates that %00'000 sea mammals and countless fish die each yeararound American shores because of internal damage caused by s!allo!ing plastic.Such scandals ha,e gi,en rise to organisations such as C@AP - Citi)ens @eactingagainst Pollution. C@AP fights against the opening of ne! landfills.
(hat does one do about all this garbage: Americans ha,e come to take it ,eryseriously indeed. <unicipalities no! ha,e garbage police !ith the po!er to impose+00 fines on offenders. There has been a rubbish re,olution. Americans spend alot of time testing cans !ith magnets to see if they contain iron' and ripping the
!a2 paper out of cereal packets.
+
#n most American states it is no! the la! to separate your !aste; for e2ample' asfar as bottles are concerned' you must separate the coloured from the clear' andthe bro!n from the green. The 4e! ?ork Times ran a front page story about a!orking class family' the (ilkersons of (oodbury' 4e! ersey.The (ilkersons mustseparate their !aste into %% separate containers. As The Times obser,ed' puttingout the trash is not as easy as it used to be. The (ilkersons ha,e se,en rubbishbags outside their home' and not an item' not a paper to!el' is discarded !ithoutthinking !hich bin to put it in.
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The biggest recent item of change has been to biodegradable plastics. #ncreasingly'plastic food packaging is banned' unless it is degradable. The old polyethelenecontainers might sur,i,e 600 years or more. The ne! degradable ones begin tocrumble after only three to four !eeks e2posure to sunlight; although sunlight isusually in short supply on garbage dumps and landfills. The latest idea is to makeplastics !ith added cornstarch that !ill be eaten by bacteria. #n theory' the plasticdisintegrates into pieces small enough to be eaten by micro-organisms.
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#n the bad old days' before the clean air acts of the early si2ties' most garbage !asincinerated or burnt in open dumps. 4o!' ho!e,er' most of it is used to reco,erenergy or is recycled. or the 1SA' such a change in attitude is an achie,ement'although the problem of creating garbage' as opposed to its disposal' remains.
Choose the answers you think fit best according to the text.
BRITISH MANAGEMENT
According to an article in <anagement Today' the British manager still stops !ork for tea.The rench managing director of 4o,otel' the hotel group' tells !hat happened at his first
management meeting !hen he took o,er its English operation in %%;
The meeting !as in the afternoon' and it got to about 7.70 and e,eryone started looking attheir !atches. # didnFt kno! !hat !as going on. # turned to my secretary' !ho !as English'and she said that they probably !anted to break for tea. # couldnFt understand it. #n rance!e >ust carry on until !e ha,e finished. 4o! !e al!ays break for tea.
# am not sure ho! many English managers no! break for tea. 4ot that many' # imagine.T!enty years ago it !as commonplace. # !ill ne,er forget a Canadian sales director' pink!ith fury' telling me at that time ho! he had been offered tea and biscuits at three in theafternoon in 4orthampton; # come three thousand miles' and take three ta2is and a damnsteam engine into the sticks' and # !anna do business' and this guy gi,es me a Gnice cup ofChina tea and a biccyF. (hat #S he: <ind you' this !as the same man !ho in @ome told his
#talian agent that the Colosseum !ould make a nice parking lot.
#t is not so much the cup of tea as the pint of bitter that managers from outside Britain find abar to efficiency. #n the article' a "erman manager tells ho! !hen he first took o,er a >ob inBritain' he disco,ered that at lunchtime and especially on ridays' the ma>ority of hismanagement team left for the pub. $e says; # stopped that right a!ay. 4o! they are notallo!ed off the premises. #t didnFt make me ,ery popular at the time but it is not good forefficiency. There is no !ay !e !ould do that in "ermany. 4o !ay.
According to European managers the British are still too concerned !ith class and status. A"erman says; People say that the class system is a hindrance to progress and then t!o!eeks later you o,erhear them discussing a colleague and saying' G(ell' he is not ,ery !ell-spoken' is he:F And another says; The class gaps translate into big gulfs in the pay league'
too. #n "ermany' # might earn three times more than my secretary. $ere it is fi,e times.
Some criticisms are rather like those le,elled at apanese management. or e2ample' talkingabout status' a Dutch manager says; A director is "od here. They respect him and thinkthat he is right e,en !hen he is !rong. #tFs 5uite difficult to ha,e an open con,ersation.People !ill not say G# disagreeF.
Too great an interest in money is also criticised. A Dutch manager says; <y first impressionon coming to Britain !as that profit seemed to be the most important thing. And arenchman points out the difference bet!een the 1H and rance; #n rance there is nopressure on the bottom line.
The rench manager also points out a difference in educational standards; #n rance all the
secretaries' or personal assistants as !e call them' !ould ha,e degrees. ?ou !ouldnFtconsider recruiting one !ithout a degree. So' that means you can delegate much more to thesecretaries in rance. #n the 1H you cannot do that so much.
%. #n the middle of the afternoon
A. e,eryone checked their !atches.B. hinted that it !as teatime.C. took a break.D. noticed it !as 7.70.
Choose the answers you think fit best according to the text.
NOISE
The !orld ought to be a 5uieter place. Anti-noise has hit the marketplace. #t means' fore2ample' that refrigerators !ill no longer !hine' ,acuum cleaners no longer roar' and
!ashing machines no longer rumble. #t may e,en soon be possible to cancel out the lo!-fre5uency throb of the teenage stereo blasting its bass through the !all from the flat ne2tdoor. Already Toshiba has introduced a silent refrigerator. Built into the fridge is a systemthat silences the hum of the motor by firing anti-noise at it.
(hat is anti-noise: #t is the e2act opposite of a particular sound. #t peaks !hen the othersound dips' and dips !hen the other sound !a,e peaks. The anti-sound is fired at theun!anted sound through a loudspeaker. The t!o !a,es cancel each other out' like ripplesmeeting each other on a pond. The rest is silence.
There must' ho!e,er' be a perfect match' other!ise you end up !ith double the din. Thusanti-noise has had to !ait for the microprocessor in order to be effecti,e. The microprocessorcan monitor the un!anted sound and respond in milliseconds.
A typical acti,e noise cancellation system has been sold to a rail!ay company in the 1nitedStates. The company unloads grain from trains by using giant ,acuum tubes. These tubesproduce as much noise a >et taking off. After installing the system' the noise !as reduced tothe le,el of an air-conditionerFs hum. orty !ere installed' to the relief of Americans li,ingnear rail!ay unloading points.
#n the aircraft industry' acti,e noise cancellation is contributing to a re,i,al in propeller-dri,en passenger aircraft' !hich passengers disliked because of their noise. The first testflight !ith an anti-noise system took off in %. The system has no! mo,e on fromresearch to commercial de,elopment' !ith passengers likely to hear the benefits in a year ort!o.
#n the car industry' con,entional mufflers generate back-pressure' !hich forces the engine to!ork harder. An acti,e noise canceller remo,es the need for sound-absorbing chambers' andimpro,es fuel consumption by as much as si2 per cent. rom the point of ,ie! of sa,ing fuel'car makers are keen to install the technology.
#t !onFt be long before silent !ashing machines' fridges and ,acuum cleaners are in the $ighStreet shops. Electrolu2 has signed an agreement to manufacture the technology !hichshould be on the market by %6.
The trouble is' once you remo,e one noise' you become more a!are of all the others. $o!!ill !e be able to shut up the sparro!s at fi,e in the morning:
Choose the answers you think fit best according to the text.
OZONE
#n %*' Thomas <idgley' a scientist and engineer in America' found a !ay to usechlorofluorcarbons JCCsK as a refrigerant. They pro,ed to be a ,aluable compound' stable'
non-poisonous' non-corrosi,e' non-flammable.
Their lo! thermal conducti,ity made them ideal for coolants in refrigerators and air-conditioners. #n the Second (orld (ar' CCs !ere !idely used as cleaning sol,ents and inplastic foam for food and drink containers' and the insulation of buildings.
These are the products !hich' doubling in output e,ery ten years' ha,e contributed to thedestruction of the o)one layer' the thin ,eil in the stratosphere !hich protects animals andplants from disease and' possibly' e2tinction.
3ther man-made chemicals' apart from CCs' are eating o)one molecules. Among them arehalon gases used in fire e2tinguishers' aerosols' and refrigerators' and t!o compounds!idely used as sol,ents; methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Their combined
reaction on the o)one layer is de,astating' allo!ing ultra,iolet rays from the sun' kno!n as1-Bs' to bombard the earth.
1-Bs cause skin cancer. <edical >ournals in Australia say t!o-thirds of the population ali,etoday !ill de,elop some form of skin cancer. <ore than *+0'000 of the continentFs %= millioninhabitants !ill de,elop the deadliest of all' malignant melanoma.
1-Bs can damage the immune system and lea,e you open to infectious diseases. Theydamage your eyes' burning the cornea' in>uring the retina and generating cataracts. #nsouthern Chile' blindness has begun to strike humans' sheep' rabbits and horses. Theradiation kills off the plankton on !hich larger sea creatures depend' and in southern Chile a%* per cent reduction in plankton has been measured.
The scientists !ho kno! about the o)one layer are !orried. They gi,e three reasons for theirpessimism;
%. o)one depletion is no! general o,er the globe' and occurring t!ice as fast as had beenpredicted; according to reports' in the first t!o months of this year' parts of the o)one layershrank by *0 per cent' and le,els of chlorine' the o)one-eating chemical' !ere /0 timeshigher than normalL
*. depletion is no! being caused by the CCs released in the mid-%/0s' and so thechemicals being released no! !ill endanger our childrenL
7. no one kno!s !hat the cumulati,e effects of the depletion of the o)one layer !ill be' but
they do kno! that things from no! on are going to change ,ery 5uickly indeed.
%. (hich title !ould best suit the passage:
A. CCs; from Coolers to CancersB. The 3)one &ayerC. 1-B and Skin CancerD. (orries about the 3)one &ayer
Bill "ates' the head of <icrosoft' the creator of Basic' <SD3S' (indo!s and light Simulator'is the richest man in America. #f you li,ed to be /0' you !ould ha,e to make %00 million
dollars e,ery year of your life in order to come up !ith !hat "ates is currently !orth.2..................................... "ates himself dra!s a salary around 700'000' about a tenth ofthat claimed by AmericaFs best-paid company heads.
$e is a one-man band; he !orks %+-hour days and loses his temper easily. $e is addicted tocompetition' and to !inning. $e en>oys poker and fast cars. 3............................................
4............................................. By the time he !as %=' he had already set up a company'and !as making money from computing. <aths !as his strong sub>ect' important because itshares !ith programming the same !ays of thinking. "ates !as paid to debug the localmainframe' and he also offered a data-processing ser,ice to local authorities.
(hen the first PC appeared on the co,er of Popular Computer in anuary %/+' "ates' then
%' phoned the manufacturer. $e claimed he had a ,ersion of Basic for the 00microprocessor and !as ready to do business. (orking night and day' "ates and a friends5uee)ed the language into 6H !ith enough space left o,er to run a programme.5............................................ The coding certainly re5uired a high le,el of ingenuity.
Things !ere done so 5uickly that a bootstrap loader had to be !ritten on the flight to deli,erthe completed tape. 6............................................... "ates ne,er forgot ho! his Basic!as immediately pirated by computer companies all o,er the !orld. $e became a ,ery sharpbusinessman indeed' un!illing to gi,e anyone a free ride.
A typical e2ample of the "ates techni5ue can be demonstrated by his relationship !ith #B<.#B< split !ith <icrosoft and produced its o!n ,ersion of 3SM* to compete !ith (indo!s.7.............................................. (hen 3SM* had to be (indo!s-compatible to stand a
chance of sur,i,al' <icrosoft released (indo!s 7.% and made other changes so that #B<Fsproduct !as compatible only !ith last yearFs model.
8............................................. They !ear T-shirts and anoraks' eat pi))as and read sci-fi'but they kno! more than the difference bet!een @3< and @A<' and they shall inherit theearth.
A. #t !as a task so difficult that many claimed it !as impossible.
B. Abo,e all' he is a technical !hi) kid.
C. #tFs a hard life competing against the ne! technicians.
D. By a miracle' the tape !orked !hen it !as loaded.
E. #B< is company !hose management !ere tied to old technology.
. 3f course' that !ealth is largely the result of <icrosoftFs
astronomical share price.
". "ates started early.
$. But <icrosoft makes money on e,ery copy of 3SM* that #B< sells.
Choose the sentences which best fit the numbered gaps.
3@"A4#SED C@#<E
Big crime' like big business' seems to be much the same !orld- !ide. #t is all about moneyand' ultimately' breaking peopleFs legs' !hether in America' @ussia or apan.
Throughout America the <afia is a po!erful business entity' absorbing one per cent of the"4P of the !orldFs largest economy. #t depri,es the 1S go,ernment of an estimated 70billion in lost ta2es. 1.............................................. #t o!ns sections of the trucking'garment and construction industry in 4e! ?ork and other cities. #t also controls the tradeunions !hose members !ork in these companies.
The American <afia are not alone; glasnost has re,ealed that they ha,e their e2act @ussiancounterparts' perhaps not 5uite so glit)y' but still doing !ell. The <osco! correspondent ofThe #ndependent ne!spaper describes one of them; Hno!n as the 1ncle' he is /7. $e mademillions of roubles by running underground te2tile factories all o,er the So,iet 1nion and
could ha,e retired long ago. 2................................... The 1ncle !as a political prisoner inone of StalinFs labour camps in the Thirties. But he 5uickly realised that common criminalsgot better treatment' so he !ent o,er to them. $e met all kinds of ,illains in the camps andlearnt their skills. $e last came out of >ail in %+7. The police ha,e not been able to nail himsince.
$e has a good' three-roomed flat !hich is large and lu2urious by <osco! standards. Theouter door is reinforced !ith double metal plates. 3.....................................$e dislikesostentation but he cannot resist fashion. $e !ears his clothes !ell because daily tennis hasleft him looking an agile and !ell-kept ++.
&ike the classic mafia godfather' the 1ncle is a family man' loyal to his !ife' !ho' though *+years his >unior' is no longer pretty. $is daughter has a pampered life and spends hours in
front of a mirror. 4........................................... They fear e,en to brush the daughterFshand by accident. The 1ncle has been kno!n to hire hit men.
There is one important difference bet!een the American and @ussian mobs; the @ussianmafia are more interested in the consumer goods that people in the (est take for granted.5............................................... 3ne businessman had to arrange for three cars packed!ith colleagues to meet him and protect him !hen he arri,ed in <osco! from Paris !ith asmall computer for his firm.
&ike carrying samo,ars to Samarkand' such business !ould not interest the apanese mafia'the yaku)a. apan has 0'000 yaku)a' !hich' according to the Economist' is *0 times themembership of AmericaFs mafia. The rackets are the same; drugs' e2tortion' protection'gambling and prostitution. But the system is different; it is apanese' and ,ery orderly.
Crime in apan' like e,erything else' is done in orderly' organised groups.6....................................... #nstant trouble' probably fatal' !ould come to the intruder !hotried to collect protection money from an already protected street market. 4o pickpocket!ould dare operate in a shopping centre protected by the yaku)a.
The apanese mafia are glorified as the modern e5ui,alent of the samurai. Such glorificationis found also in America and @ussia. 7..........................................
A. "angs ha,e their o!n pitches' their o!n lines of business.
B. 3rganised crime is multinational.
C. #nside' chandeliers light up the mahogany furniture' the porcelain' the
Choose the sentences which best fit the numbered gaps.
DANGER AT SEA
Catastrophes at sea and in the air make grim headlines; they represent a greatdeal of sorro! for the families of the dead and in>ured. (hy do they occur:1..................... Pyromaniacs light fires' as in the case of the ferry' Scandina,ianStar' sailing from 4or!ay to Denmark. #n the !eek follo!ing that tragedy' there!ere t!o other cases of fires on board ferries; on one plying bet!een (ales and#reland' and on another bet!een Portsmouth and Cherbourg. #n both of them' aman died.
Clearly' fire is a commonplace ha)ard' and a ,ery dangerous one' at sea. Talkingafter the Scandina,ian Star had been to!ed into the small port of &ysekil' aS!edish police spokesman made it clear ho! a!ful if had been. $e said; The tollfrom the bla)e that engulfed the ferry south of 3slo f>ord is still officially /+ deadand =0 missing. 2..................................... People tried to sa,e themsel,es in thecabins and they are lying in big piles and itFs difficult to figure out ho! many thereare. There are a lot of children.
3............................................ 3n board the Scandina,ian Star' a fireman saidthe ferry had only one system to pump and spray !ater on to the flames and thatpumping and spraying had to be done alternately. 3n a !ider scale' ne!spapersreported once again on the !orld-!ide system of flagging-out !hich means thatships are not registered in the countries !here they operate' and !here theregulations are strict and e2pensi,e' but in places like Panama and Cyprus and theBahamas' !here they are la2 and cheap. The Scandina,ian Star' although Danish-o!ned' !as registered in the Bahamas.
3ne of the more outrageous cases came to light in 3ctober %. A general cargoship named the Bosun set sail from $amburg under the flag of the small centralAmerican state of Beli)e. 4............................................ They !ere charged !ithflying a false flag' and forgery of Beli)e go,ernment documents. A police officersaid; Beli)e !as not the latest entrant in the cheap flag stakesL they in factoperate no shipping !hatsoe,er. (hen !e contacted the Beli)e $igh Commission in&ondon' they !ere astonished to learn that a ship !as pretending to be registeredin their country.
@ules are laid do!n for ship safety by 1nited 4ations organisations. The rules arestrict' and specify that a ship must be built !ith heat and fire resistant bulkheads'fire doors to passenger and cre! areas' sealed cable and air conditioning trunkingto block smoke' non-combustible materials andMor sprinkler systems' smokedetectors and alarms' and signposted emergency e2its.5................................................... $e e2plains; The big loophole is the lack ofpo!er to test !hether these rules are being enforced. The port state is entitled tocarry out spot checks on ships to make sure their safety certificates are in orderLthe lifeboats are all there and donFt ha,e holes in themL and that there are thenecessary charts' life->ackets in the racks' and fire hoses in their reels. But theydonFt ha,e the po!er to test !hether they all !ork' or the cre!s kno! ho! to usethem. # think the public has a right to be !orried. $e goes on to point out that theScandina,ian Star !ould ha,e been built to a ,ery high design standard. $o!e,er'it is likely that neither her cre! nor her safety e5uipment could ha,e been checked
in the Bahamas before she began carrying passengers.
(hy do the shipo!ners do it: According to the Secretary of the 4ational 1nion ofSeamen' the ans!er is cost. $e says; The Danish o!ners of the ill-fatedScandina,ian Star could ha,e registered her in Denmark and employed ratingsbelonging to the appropriate union. 6................................................ The ship!ould ha,e come under the rigorous scrutiny of the Danish port inspectorate.
But the inspectors might ha,e insisted on potentially costly modifications and theratings !ould ha,e asked for Danish !ages and accompanying social benefits. <uchsimpler Jnot to mention cheaperK to register her in the Bahamas and at a strokefree the o!ners from such irksome restrictions. 7................................................
A. About %00 bodies ha,e already been taken off the ship and as many as +0 to%00 could still be on board.
B. #n the immediate aftermath of such catastrophes reports of inade5uate safetymeasures circulate.
C. Among the sur,i,ors of this horrific tragedy there may be some ideologues !hoshare this free-market philosophy' but # doubt it.
D. (est "erman police arrested and charged t!o men' the shipFs British master andits "erman o!ner.
E. These !ould ha,e been properly trained in fire-fighting and lifeboat drills andbeen able to communicate !ith their officers and the passengers in the e,ent of anemergency.
. #t is surprising that the insurance companies do not demand more effecti,e cre!s
and higher safety standards.
". Terrorists plant bombs' as in the case of the destruction of the American airlinero,er &ockerbie in Scotland.
$. But all these rules of ship design are meaningless according to an e2pert fromthe 4autical #nstitute.
Choose the sentences which best fit the numbered gaps.
NEW ORK
A 4e! ?ork ne!spaper is in,iting its readers to gi,e the gift of hate in itsclassified ad,ertisement columns. The <anhattan Pennysa,er in,ites its readers toslay a rotten neighbour' to badmouth the public figure of your choice' to spe!forth your anger. Among entries on the hate page has been this missi,e from anetto ake; Thanks for the !onderful dinner. After eating !ith your fingers' burpingand passing !ind all e,ening' # say' Gind someone else to date thatFs your o!nspecies.F 1...............................................
?ou cannot stay neutral about 4e! ?ork. 2................................................ As faras 4e! ?orkers themsel,es are concerned' they lo,e to hate it. or e2ample' The4e! ?ork Times last year ran a series of leading articles under the o,erall title;4e! Calcutta; an occasional series. Se,eral of the articles ha,e dealt !ithhomelessness and the need for public housing. A specific case is that of thementally ill. #n 4e! ?ork' as in &ondon' many of the cityFs homeless are formeroccupants of mental institutions !ho ha,e been put on the streets !ithoutade5uate shelter pro,ided for them in the city. 4o one kno!s e2actly ho! many in4e! ?ork ha,e no homes to go to' but it is roughly estimated at %00'000.3................................................ There are the !eepers' those !ho sit !ith theirknees dra!n up' hand out' crying continuously. There are the ones !ho ask for bigmoney; "i,e me a hundred dollars' he cries. So you gi,e him a 5uarter.
E,erything in 4e! ?ork is e2treme. #t is a city of the incredibly rich and the
miserably poor. or the rich' there are e2pensi,e pri,ate schools and hospitals'concert halls and theatres - although fe!er of those than formerly - andrestaurants. The poor are on a hiding to no!here; all public facilities' schools andhospitals and housing' are deteriorating. 4............................................... Thereare *+0'000 heroin addicts' +00'000 crack addicts' 600'000 carriers of the Aids,irus.
3f all 4e! ?ork statistics' those concerning crimes of ,iolence are most often5uoted. About fi,e people are murdered e,ery day. The record for one dayFs killing!as set on uly % !hen *0 people !ere murdered. The total for any one yearis going on *'000. These are not the traditional gangland slayings.5...................................... A typical killing occurred in the Bron2 !hen a %6-year-old boy sa! t!o friends being harassed by another teenager. (hen he tried to coolthings do!n' the teenager pulled out a re,ol,er and shot him. $e !as dead inseconds. #n another case' a !oman !ent to pull her child a!ay from her apartmentdoor because she kne! that her flatmateFs boyfriend !as outside and angry. A blastfrom a shotgun ripped through the door' killing her.
The latest fashion in ,iolence is called !ilding. Posses of teenagers often go onthe rampage. Their most fre5uent ,ictims are fello! blacks and $ispanics from theghetto' ,iolent and drug-infested neighbourhoods !hich are no longer in anyoneFscontrol. 6..................................................... The strangest attacks ha,e been on!hite !omen by gangs of black teenage girls; ,ictims ha,e reported being stabbedfrom behind by needles or pins' and some of them feared that they had beenin>ected !ith an Aids-infected syringe.
4e! ?orkers routinely compare their city !ith Calcutta. But the comparison isunfair; 7.................................................... #t also has the kno!-ho!. #n theearly eighties' through the dri,e of one man' @ichard @a,itch' the 4e! ?ork sub!aysystem !as sa,ed from total breakdo!n. <r @a,itch' by huge efforts' raised the billion capital needed to clean the stations and trains of their graffiti' to lay do!nne! track' and buy ne!' air-conditioned rolling stock.
(hat (ashington has spent its money on is laser-guided !eapons systems' and theother fancy hard!are of the star !ars programme' such as the free electron laser. Asingle research facility for the E&' built in the 4e! <e2ico desert' has cost a coolbillion. 8....................................................
A. $as the American go,ernment got its priorities right:
B. The streets are filled !ith beggars' or panhandlers' as Americans call them.
C. 4e! ?ork has the !ealth to do something about its problems.
D. These are the result of casual ,iolence combined !ith easy access to firearms.
E. And from Susan to "inger; Darling' ne2t bus out of to!n. Be under it.
. School-children from the ghetto commonly battle each other !ith kni,es andra)ors.
". The statistics of social breakdo!n make depressing reading.
Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosenmore than once.
SEASIDE RESORTS
Which seaside resort would you go to if you
0%. liked seeing a lot of people
0*. had breathing problems
07. !ere interested in architecture
06. !anted to go fishing
0+. !ere interested in fish
0=. !ere interested in rocks
0/. liked drinking British beer
0. preferred a !arm climate
0. !anted to go sailing
%0. !ere interested in English poetry
%%. had an interest in the history of !arfare
A.
B!"#$%&!"'(
Bournemouth is !ell-kno!n as a healthy and attracti,e and modern resort' surrounded bygardens and pine forests' !hich is popular all year round. #t stands on t!o small hills in thesheltered ,alley of the Bourne ri,er' the banks of !hich are laid out as public gardens. Thereare e2cellent and e2tensi,e sandy beaches for bathing' and a long line of pictures5ue cliffs.Among interesting things to see' there is the to!n art gallery and museum' and the East Cliff
rock garden attracts geologists for it contains a large collection of British geologicalspecimens. The to!n has literary connections' !ith Thomas $ardy and @. &. Ste,enson' and<ary' the second !ife of the poet' Shelley' is buried in St PeterFs churchyard. Pleasant !alksmay be taken along the coast in both directions.
B.
B#)*('!$
Brighton is a popular place' !ith a pebble beach and some sand at lo! tide. #t lies on theslope of a hill' in the middle of a broad and shallo! bay. The chief attractions of the place areits clear and bracing air' the fine e2panse of sea bordered by !hite chalk-cliffs' and thecro!ds of ,isitors. There are a large number of old and interesting buildings in the to!n' in
particular the @oyal Pa,ilion' built in an 3riental style by the famous architect' ohn 4ash' forthe Prince @egent. There is an interesting a5uarium near the Palace Pier. 3n the land!ardside of the to!n' the South Do!ns pro,ide many interesting !alks and ,ie!points. #n the
summer' there is horseracing at the to!n race course' immortali)ed in "raham "reeneFsno,el' Brighton @ock. Brighton is !ell-kno!n for its numerous public houses.
C.
T!#+",-
This is a !ell-kno!n resort and spa on Tor Bay' De,on' !ith e2cellent bathing from a sandand pebble beach. #t has a reputation for being a !arm and !ell-sheltered place' and thereis sub-tropical ,egetation' palm-trees and the like' gro!ing in the public gardens. 3n accountof the mild climate' it is a popular place for people !ith delicate chests and pulmonaryproblems. The place dates back to pre-historical times' and there are numerousarchaeological remains. isitors en>oy pictures5ue cliff !alks' but the to!n is best seen froma boat in the bay. #n fact' Tor5uay is an important yachting station and an annual regatta isheld there in August or September.
D.
S,#/!#!"*(
Situated on the ?orkshire coast' Scarborough is build around t!o bays' separated by aheadland on !hich are the ruins of a t!elfth-century castle. The castle makes a fine,ie!point' especially at sunrise. The ne! to!n to the north is rather formal' and some find itdullL the narro! streets of the old to!n to the south become ,ery cro!ded. The 4orth Bayhas gardens and a promenade' protected by a sea-!all. Anne Bronte is buried inScarborough churchyard. #t is a good place for the acti,e and ,igorous' for the to!n makes agood centre for the 4orth ?ork <oor national park' and there is opportunity for sea fishing.
E.
H,0')$*0
The name of the to!n is remembered because of the Battle of $astings' %0==' in !hich therench defeated the English and took o,er the country. 4ear $astings is Battle Abbey' one ofthe most interesting historical monuments in Britain' founded by (illiam the Con5ueror afterhis ,ictory o,er the English' led by $arold. The Abbey stands on the e2act spot !here theEnglish king fell. There are many old buildings' including the remains of a 4orman castle'open to the public. The sea front is striking' being about three miles long' and ha,ing a fineesplanade. The beach is pebble !ith sand at lo! tide. The to!n is acti,e only in summer' andalong the sea-front are ro! upon ro! of bed and breakfast hotels. There are cliffs to theeast' pro,iding !alks to the !ell-kno!n beauty spots of airlight and Ecclesbourne "lens.
Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosenmore than once.
DRIVING IN BAD WEATHER
When should a driver.... ?
0%. dri,e in the middle of the road
0*. open a !indo!
07. ask his passenger to sit in the back of the car
06. be most careful steering
0+. a,oid !orn tyres
0=. not dri,e on if there is another ,ehicle in front of him
0/. !ait for a larger ,ehicle to o,ertake him
0. definitely keep his headlights on
0. go as fast as the conditions !ill allo! him
%0. grip the !heel 5uite firmly
%%. use his engine to help him break
%*. stop to clean the car
A.
W(%$ '(% R!, )0 W%'
3n !et roads' dri,ers should double the recommended distance bet!een their car and the
one in front' allo!ing t!o car lengths for e,ery %0 mph. They should reduce their speed andsteer !ith a gentle touch. $o!e,er' they should at the same time grip the !heel firmlyenough to resist the steering deflection that may occur !hen the front !heels' tra,elling atspeed' hit a pool of !ater. These pools are often not easy to detect !hen the road surface isshiny !ith rain.
<odern tyres are designed to keep their grip on the road surface by s5uee)ing !ater on theroad out of their path' but at high speeds there is not al!ays time for the !ater to escape. Acar tra,elling at =0 mph on a 5uarter of an inch of !ater may lose practically all adhesion asthe tyre a5uaplanes along the road on a cushion of !ater. (orn tyres lose their grip at lo!erspeeds on a thinner !ater film.
Dri,ers should not attempt to dri,e through a flooded stretch of road if there is a danger thatthe engine' especially the ignition system' !ill be under !ater. Dri,ers should get out andcheck on foot' or !ait until a bus or lorry goes through the !ater and indicates the depth. #fa crossing seems possible' take the cro!n of the road' and enter the !ater carefully to a,oida splash. <aintain a steady speed' not so fast that the !ater surges through the radiatorgrill' but fast enough to create a slight bo! !a,e !hich !ill reduce the depth of !ater infront of the engine and help to keep the fan clear. Heep the engine re,,ing hard to pre,ent!ater entering the e2haust pipe.
C.
W(%$ '(% R!, )0 I-
(hen ice makes road adhesion minimal' dri,ers should brake' steer' accelerate and changegear !ith an e2tremely delicate touch. <ost skids start !hen !heels lock or spin' and sodri,ers need to be careful !ith acceleration as !ell as braking. Double or e,en treble thedistance from the ,ehicle in front' and use high gear to lessen the chances of !heel spin andskids. As much !eight as possible should be kept directly o,er the !heels' and anypassengers should sit in the back. #f dri,ing alone' !eights such as bags of sand should be
put on the back floor of front-engined cars' and in the front luggage compartment of rear-engined cars.
D.
W(%$ '(% R!, )0 S$!C!%#%
To climb a hill in deep sno!' gain as much speed as possible before the slope and a,oid o,er-re,,ing during the ascent' e,en if it means letting the engine o,er-!ork. #f a gear change-do!n becomes essential' make it 5uickly to keep up for!ard mo,ement. (hen you go do!na sno!-co,ered hill' use a lo!er gear to make use of engine-braking rather than the !heelbrakes' !hich may lock and slide. #f a slide does occur' release the brakes at once' steer astraight course' and then apply gentle braking by dabbing at the pedal. Try to a,oid climbing
a sno!-bound hill if there is already a ,ehicle on it' because of the danger of collision if theother dri,er loses control.
E.
I$ F,)$* S$!
(hen there is thick falling sno!' dri,ers should use headlights and anything else !hich !illhelp them to see and be seen. Dri,ers should stop occasionally to clean a!ay the build-up ofsno! at the limits of the !indscreen !ipersF tra,el' and clear the back !indo!s' !ing mirrorsand lights at the same time. #t is a good idea to carry a plastic or rubber-bladed scraper inthe car of this purpose. Heep the de-froster !orking and' if necessary' open a !indo! to cutdo!n interior misting. The road surface 5uickly becomes slippery as sno! falls' so the dri,er
should accelerate' steer and brake gently and allo! e2tra braking distance.
Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosenmore than once.
EGGS
(hich recipeJsK ............................... :
0%. needs to be decorated !ith chopped egg
0*-07. are not suitable for ,egetarians
06. needs grated cheese
0+. is ser,ed !ith rice
0=. re5uires eggs to be cut in half
0/. re5uires eggs to be cut length!ays
0. re5uires eggs to be cut on the slant
0. the eggs to be turned !hile boiling
%0-%%. re5uire the eggs to be plunged into cold !ater
%*. can be ser,ed !ith salad
%7. does not re5uire frying or baking
A.
BAKED EGGS
#ngredients6 eggs. Salt and pepper. Butter.Time; %0 minutes
<ethod.
<elt half the butter in a small dish' break into it the eggs' sprinkle !ith salt and pepper' andput the remainder of the butter on top in small pieces. Bake for %0 minutes in a medium hoto,en. Ser,e in the dish.
B.
CURRIED EGGS
#ngredients6 hard-boiled eggs. $alf-litre of stock or !ater.% o). butter. e! drops of lemon >uice.
7 tablepoonfuls of curry po!der. % teaspoonful chutney.% tablespoonful of flour.% srnall apple and % onion. Salt' parsley to garnish.
<ethod
<elt the butter in a small saucepan. Bro!n in it the thinly sliced onion' stir in the currypo!der' flour' stock and chopped appleL simmer gently for 73 minutes. Cut 7 of the hard-boiled eggs in hal,es. To the curry sauce add salt' lemon >uice and chutney' and re-heat theeggs in the sauce. Pour into a dish' cut up the remaining egg into small pieces and use as agarnish together !ith the parsley. Ser,e !ith rice.
C.
EGG CUTLETS.
#ngredients=0 gms butter.
0 gms flour.$alf-litre milk JaboutK.= eggs' hard-boi#ed and chopped.=0 gms #ean cooked ham.$alf-teaspoonful chopped parsley. Salt' pepper .Egg and breadcrumbs.
<ethod.
<elt the butter in a saucepan. Add the flour' stir !ell and cook for a minute. Add the milk'stir until ,ery thick' smooth and glossy. @emo,e from the burner and add the eggs' ham'parsley' salt and pepper. <i2 !ell' turn on to a floured board and di,ide into e5ual pieces.Shape each piece into a cutlet. Brush !ith the beaten egg and coat !ith breadcrumbs. ry in
smoking hot fat for a fe! minutes until crisp and a golden bro!n colour. Drain on soft paperand ser,e hot or cold.
D.
EGGS AU GRATIN
#ngredients= hard-boiled eggs. 70 gms butter.%+ gms flour. $alf-litre milk.* tab#espoonfuls good stock.7 tablespoonfuls of grated Parmesan cheese.Salt' pepper and cayenne. ?olks of * eggs Jra!K.
Time %+ minutes
<ethod
Boil the eggs hard' and dip in cold !ater for a minuteL remo,e shells' di,ide in halflength!ise' and dish in a circle. $a,e the sauce prepared as follo!s;
<elt the butter' stir in the flour' seasoning' milk' stock' and % tablespoonful of cheese. Boil +minutes' then add the beaten yolks.
Coat the eggs !ith this' and sprinkle o,er !ith Parmesan cheese. Bake for %+ minutes in ahot o,en. "arnish !ith fried bread and ser,e.
<ark the shell on one side of each egg. Place the eggs in cold !ater in a saucepan and bringto the boil. #mmediately they boil turn the eggs o,er and boil for %0 minutes. #t is necessaryto turn the eggs so that the yolks can be kept in the middle' the mark ser,es as a guide.Place at once in cold !ater. (hen cool shell the eggs carefully.
Skin the sausages' flatten each out on a floured board. Dry the eggs in a cloth and dip themin flour. Co,er each egg e,enly !ith the sausage meat. Brush !ith egg and dip into crumbs.ry until a nice golden colour in fat that is smoking hot. Drain on soft paper.
To ser,e hot' cut the coated eggs in half' slant!ise' using a hot sharp knife. Ser,e each halfon a fried round of bread or on a neat mound of mashed potato !hich should be hollo!ed tohold the egg. Ser,e tomato sauce around the potatoes.
To ser,e cold' place the coated eggs on a bed of lettuce or !atercress. Decorate !ith slicedtomatoes.
Choose the correct answer from the text. The answers may be in any order, and chosenmore than once.
ENGLISH CHEESES
(hich cheese.... :
0%. toasts !ell
0*. is red' !hite and blue
07. is historically the oldest
06. can be made cheaply commercially
0+. is made in summer
0=. ripens ,ery 5uickly
0/. takes longest to mature fully
0. uses salty milk
0. does not last long
%0. cannot successfully be copied
%%. may need to be dampened
A.
CHEDDAR
Cheddar is one of the oldest English cheeses on record. There are t!o main kinds of Cheddarcheese' the factory Cheddar and the farmhouse Cheddar. actory Cheddar is made of co!Fs
milk !here,er and !hene,er co!Fs milk happens to be cheap; it is made in as large5uantities as possible and as economically as possible #ts cost is usually half that of thegenuine farmhouse Cheddar. armhouse Cheddar is made from <ay to 3ctober' of milk fromone and the same herd of co!s !hen they are out at grass #t is made in ones or t!os' fromday to day' by a cheese-maker !ho is a specialist at his >ob. its te2ture is close and butteryLits fa,our is full and nutty but not strong' ,arying from fine to finest according to the skill ofthe cheese maker and the age of the cheeseL its colour is the same all throughL abo,e all' it!ill mature !ith time.
Cheshire cheese is a hard cheese' made from co!Fs milk' like Cheddar. #t is the oldestEnglish cheese. Cheshire cheese is made in t!o colours; red and !hite' but the best Cheshirecheese is the Blue' because it is both the richest and ripest. Blue Cheshire is not made N it
>ust happensL it begins by being red' the milk from !hich it is made being coloured at thetime of the making. @ed Cheshire cheeses mature early and remain mild' !hilst others' asmall proportion of the !hole' first of all lose their carroty colour and then de,elop a bluesystem of ,eins !hich spreads o,er the cheese' as in the case of Stilton and other FblueFcheese. Cheshire cheese may be imitated like Cheddar and Stilton' but not !ith anything likethe same success. This is due to the rich deposits of salt in Cheshire soil and the peculiarlysaline composition of the milk of most Cheshire-gra)ed cattle.
C.
CREAMCHEESE
Cream cheese is made in many parts of the country but chiefly in De,on and Corn!ail. #n themaking of cream-cheese all that is re5uired' besides fresh milk' is a piece of muslin and aperforated bo2. The cream automatically drains a!ay its o!n e2cess moisture and becomes
about as firm as fresh butter in three or four days' !hen it is ready to eat.The ripening goesfrom the outside to the centre. Conse5uently' the temptation is to place them on the markettoo soon' and !hen this has happened' the purchaser finds a cheese oo)y at its surface buthard in the centre. Being short-li,ed' they are often salted and refrigerated for transport' soa genuinely creamy cream-cheese is found less by cunning than by grace. #n the country' itis easier to come by freshly-made cream cheeses'
D.
GLOUCESTER ,$ DOUBLE GLOUCESTER
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#n shape it is flat' round and large. #ts te2ture is firm and crumbly. #t has a pronounced' butmello!' delicacy of fla,our' being pungent !ithout being sharp. A slo!-ripening ease' itkeeps reasonably !ell' but in its early days it suffers from draughts' and !hen cut' ho!e,erripe' has that tendency of crumbly cheese to become dry' To mature properly it needs' say'si2 months.
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Single "loucester' made during spring and summer' needs but a couple of months to mature.#t is usually !hite' and is of the same as the Double' but smaller and flatter' and from this itpresumably deri,es its name. Being a 5uick-ripening cheese' Single "loucester is rather softand has a mild fla,our. Single "loucester is good for toasting.
E.
STILTON
Stilton is a seasonal' double-cream' blue moulded' semi-hard cheeseL seasonal because canonly be made from <ay to SeptemberL double-cream because Stilton is from the richestmilk' to !hich the cream of other milk is addedL blue-moulded because it is inoculated !ith amould !hich is responsible for the blue ,eining of StiltonL semi-hard' because it is not putthrough the curd-mill nor pressed like Cheddar. The right colour of Stilton is !hite !ith ,einsof blue mould e,enly distributed o,er the !hole of its surface. The rind should be !ellcrinkled and regular' free from cracks' and of a bro!n-drab colour. Stilton is at its best !henfully ripe' not less than si2 months and preferably nine months after it has been made. #t is5uite !rong to add port or anything else to a good Stilton. #t is only done to moisten it !hen
it has been allo!ed to get too dry through e2posure to the air. "ood Stilton has been madefrom rich milk and cream' in 4e! Oealand' inoculated !ith mould from England.
