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DEVELOPMENT
Reasons for variations in development
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Essential Questions for this chapter:
Why does Uneven Development Exist?
What are the factors that lead to variations of
development between countries of the world?
Why is there a need to understand factors affecting
variations of development?
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Definition of Uneven Development
Uneven development refers to the different levels
of development between countries. The indicators
of development include economic well-being, health
and education standards.
Uneven development is a result of the twin
processes of development and underdevelopment.
These processes are affected by many factors,including:
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Case Studies
Initial disparity in development due to
Favourable physical conditions to
grow cash crops such as cotton,
coffee and cocoa
Advancements in technology add
value to raw materials useful
products
Availability of low-skilled labour Availability of higher-skilled labour
Harvest cash crops to export to
colonial masters
Cash crops processed for sale to
other countries in Europe.Disparity in development widen further
Slow development basic
infrastructure built
Continue to develop technology
Education & environmental
sustainability not developed
Industrialise further
Angola Portugal
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Countries that were colonised because of their
strategic locations were able to develop faster
than countries which possess raw materials. For
example, Singapore built on its initial strength and
developed its port and city by building
infrastructure.
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N Physical reason 1 Presence of raw materials
In general, countries with plenty of raw materials
develop faster than countries that have few or no
raw materials.
However, this pattern of development might not be
sustainable due to negative impact upon the
environment.
Examples of raw materials: Iron Ore, Logs, etc.
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Case Study of Nigeria
1950s: Crude Oil Discovered
Extracted raw materials & SoldOverseas Huge profits
Environment damaged by oil
exploration
Local water supplies polluted People
affected & became sick
The standard of living and quality of life
in Nigeria remain low.
Development in Nigeria is still slow.
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N Physical reason 2 Climate
Temperate Climatic
regions
Tropical regions
- Favors development to
some extent as it is
suitable for growing
important crops such
as wheat and oat
- High temperatures and
low rainfall make
climatic hazards such
as droughts very
common
- Development progress
is hindered.
- E.g. Cool and moist
climate in Canada and
the USA suitable for
growing wheat and oat.
- E.g. Droughts in Mali
and Ethiopia are fairly
common.
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DCs LDCs
- Greater access to technology to
overcome many limitations of
climate
- Less access to technology
- Few resources to overcome the
problem of insufficient water
(caused by drought)- Agricultural produce decrease
- Loss of income
- Possess more money and resources
to manage floods
- A more structured flood rebuilding
programme in place
- Allows the development pace to be
relatively resilient
- More vulnerable to floods than
DCs
- Lack money and resources to
manage floods and to rebuild areas
damaged by floods
- Slows the pace of development
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Case Study of Netherlands Case Study of China
- Flood-prone country
- Government implemented a series of
flood management programmes
- Zuider Zee Project started in 1920 to
control flooding.
- Technology enabled Netherlands to
overcome potential problems of
floods.
- Land is reclaimed from an inland sea
called the Zuider Zee
- Four polders (reclaimed land) with a
total land area of 166 000 hectares
were created by 1968.
Advantages
Reduced flood occurrences
Polders used for farming and
settlements.
- Experience floods every year along
rivers such as Yangtze River and
Yellow River
- Floods occur mainly in RURAL areas
- The countrys poorest people are
severely affected due to frequent
destruction of their lives and
livelihoods.
- As such, they continue to experience
a low standard of living.
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Zuider Zee Project
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O Economic Reason
Cumulative Causation
On an international scale, the DCs tend to be core
countries, while the LDCs tend to be periphery countries.
Why does uneven development exist between DCs and
LDCs? What process creates the phenomenon of core and
periphery areas?
The process of cumulative causation can be used to
explain this phenomenon of the creation ofC
ORE andPERIPHERY areas. Cumulative causation results in
uneven development.
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Definition of Cumulative Causation: It is the
movement of people and resources from the
periphery area to increase the wealth of the core
area. After the initial effort to develop the core, the
growth of the core undergoes a multiplier effect,
resulting in benefits driving to further development.
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Initial development
of the core
Increase in employment
and population
Expansion of existing
industries and
establishment of new
businesses
Improvement of
infrastructure and services
Further development of
the core
Increase in demand for
goods and services
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Advantages Disadvantages
The spread effect, which is the spread
of wealth and knowledge from the core
to the periphery, will benefit the
periphery areas.
The backwash effect, which is the flow
of labour and raw materials from the
periphery to the core, leaves the
periphery area at a disadvantage.
e.g. Development can take the form of
centrifugal growth (outward-oriented).
Singapore helps Indonesia to develop
its local economy in Bintan and Batam
by sharing its tourism expertise while
Indonesia provides Singapore with
natural resources such as sand and
granite.
e.g. Workers from Bangladesh and
Philippines (periphery countries) leave
to work in core countries such as
Singapore. Hence, these countries are
drained of their labour for
development.
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P Social Reason 1 Education
In general, DCs have a higher literacy rate than LDCs
because of the following reasons:
Greater wealth to build schools
Greater resources to train teachers
Higher spending of the countrys GDP on education
With more people in the country being able to read
and write, people is DCs are more likely to work in the
secondary and tertiary industries and contribute to a
higher standard of living within the country.
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LDCs have a lower literacy rate mainly because of
the following reasons:
Little money and resources to spend on education
Majority of the population involved in agricultural
activities government makes little effort to educate
the people.
Political uncertainty and turmoil in some countries
leading to social unrest and people unable to attend
school.
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P Social Reason 2 Population
Growth Rate
Population Growth Rate =
Birth rate Death Rate + Net Migration
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Fast population Growth Rate
- BR>DR
- Population increases rapidly- Possible overpopulation
problems ofinsufficient food
and housing
- Standard of living is affected
- E.g. Kenya, Nigeria and
Ethiopia
- Mainly the LDCs
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Slow Population GrowthR
ate- BR slightly greater than DR
- Slow population growth due to
people having fewer children as
a result ofhigher cost of livingand changing lifestyle
preferences.
- Underpopulation
- Affect future development of
countries
- E.g. Norway and Japan
- Mainly the DCs
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Q Political reason 1 Political conflict
Definition of conflict
Conflict refers to a state of disagreement that may
result in violence and bloodshed. Conflicts may
occur in the form of wars or political instability.
How is conflict related to development?
In general, countries which experience a lot of
conflicts would undergo a slow rate ofdevelopment.
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How does conflict affect development?
Civil war will affect the economy and peoples
livelihood. For example, Cambodias civil war in 1970s
had left many innocent people killed and businesseswere affected severely.
A lack of political stability will deter investors from
setting up businesses in these countries. For example, the
current situation in Myanmar has caused many potential
investors to be fearful and they refrained from any
economic activity within the country.
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Sierra Leone - LDC Switzerland - DC
Political conflict and social
instability since 1990s due
to civil war
Long history ofpolitical
stability and peace
Bottom second of the
2005 UNDPHuman
Development Report
GDP of US$30 552
One of the poorest and
least developed countries
in the world
One of the most
developed countries in
the world
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QPolitical reason 2 Leadership
Definition of Leadership
Leadership is a process of setting directions,
motivating people into action and working towards
a common goal.
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How is it related to development?
Good leadership is important for a countrys
development.
Countries which are progressing well in their
economic, health and education sectors are run by
governments that are efficient and development-
oriented.
They are also dedicated to meeting the needs andaspirations of their people.
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Country Norway China
Major Source
of income
Petroleum Traditionally mainly from agricultural
activities; manufacturing companies
were state-owned
Policies
implemented
by government
- Profit cap for petroleum
producers
- Rest of the money goes to
Norwegians
- Wealth generated is shared with
the people
- Economic reform to open up
Chinas economy since 1980
- Attracted a lot of investment and
foreign trade
Demonstration
of good
leadership
leading to
development
- Government played an important
role to implement the policy to
help Norway achieve a high level
of development.
- China has the highest economic
growth rate in the world due to
good leadership.
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Good Leadership among different stakeholders at
various scales
In order for development to take place smoothly,
many countries are working hand-in-hand with non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as
international organizations such as the United
Nations (UN) to build strong governments.
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Why is there a need to understand factors affecting
variations of development?
Geographers, in their study of development,
expose the underlying reasons behind the spatial
variations of development, so that strategies can
be devised to alleviate such a situation.