SEMINAR ON:

RECENT CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIESBY:

CHANDANA YADAV

CONTENTS• INTRODUCTION

• SCOPE

• ROBOT SWARM CONSTRUCTION

• CARBON NANOTUBES

• SMART CONCRETE

• AEROGEL

• DRONES-ADVANCED MAPPING

• 3D-PRINTING

• PLASTIC ROADS

• HOLOGRAPHIC COMPUTERS

• CONTACTLESS SECURITY CARDS

• ROAD PRINTER & SOLAR PAINT

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION• The act of building is a basic component of human activity. For centuries, humans

have created structures, beginning with the simplest of huts to the most modern of skyscrapers. All along the way, construction technologies and practices are advanced

• Civil engineering has always readily adopted new technologies, using innovations like suspension systems to build bridges and GPS to plot new roads. And as technology continues to evolve, we can expect that the civil engineering field will only keep incorporating this new technology in increasingly creative ways. New technologies makes work easier, faster.

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

• These techniques are sustainable

• Wide range of applications, consumes very less time, durable

• All this techniques involves use of alternative energy source which is renewable

• Eases the construction work and there is lot of scope for future

• These techniques also uses recycled materials to create new things

• These techniques can used in place where human cant access like dangerous places without man supervision.

1. ROBOT SWARM CONSTRUCTION• Termites can build large structures despite having no

central supervision

• Getting inspiration from these,researchers at HARVARD university developed a swarm of drones which can build structures by following an initial design.

• 4 wheeled robots can build brick like walls by lifting each brick and laying them in required position and they have sensors to sense other robots ,so that they wont collide with each other.

• This technology can be used in building space stations on mars and in construction of deep underwater gas pipelines

• This technology is been experimented in building undulating brick towers

2.CARBON NANOTUBES• A nanometre is 1 billionth of meter,using coding edge techniques like electron beam

spectrography,engineers are created tubes of carbon with walls 1nm thick.

• They have highest strength to weight ratio of any material on earth and can be stretched to million times longer than their thickness.

• They are very light and strong,so can be embedded into other building materials like metals,concrete,wood and glass increase tensile strength.

• Lot of research work is going on in monitoring stresses inside building materials and identifying potential fractures and cracks before they occur.

3.SELF HEALING CONCRETE

• Concrete is most widely used material on earth , i.e. second most used after water, but it is subjected to cracking,stresses,deterioration under extreme heat and cold conditions.

• The only way to fix concrete was to patch it or reinforce it.But in 2010 a graduate student & professor at Rhode island created a new type of smart concrete that heals it own cracks.

• The concrete mixes embedded with tiny capsules of sodium silicate, when the crack forms the capsules rupture & release the gel like healing agent that hardens to filling the voids

• Other researchers have used bacteria / emebbed glass capillaries or polymer micro capsule to achieve similar results.

• This concrete not only makes structure safe, but also cutdowngreen house gases and makes it sustainable.

4.PERMEABLE ROADS• Permeable pavement (also known as pervious or porous concrete) is a specific type

of pavement with a high porosity that allows rainwater to pass through it into the ground below.

• Through this movement, pervious concrete mimics the natural process that occurs on the ground’s surface, consequently reducing runoff and returning water to underground aquifers. It also traps suspended solids and pollutants, keeping them from polluting the water stream.

• Pervious concrete has many applications, most commonly:low-volume pavements,residential roads and driveways,sidewalks,parking lots,low-water bridges,well linings,swimming pool decks.

• The concept was proposed in the 1960s in hopes of reducing floods, raising water tables, and replenishing aquifers, while a decade later the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began testing it to determine its cost and efficiency.

• Water and aggregate are added in specific amounts to attain pervious concrete with a high air content and just enough cementitious paste to coat particles and interconnect voids. The low cement and high air content results in reduced strength, hindering pervious concrete from being used on highways, certain streets, or heavy loading areas.

• Permeable paving can be one part of building green parking lots, which can also include rain gardens, art, trees, solar covers, and other creative elements.

5.AEROGEL

• Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas(90% OF AIR)

• Aero gel is a solid with the lowest known density. It stands up to 2000 time's greater load than its own weight. It has extremely low thermal conductivity; the material is very suitable to limit the heat losses of buildings. Its melting temperature is 1200 °C, well dampens vibration and sound. Aero gel is the only compound with significant thermal insulation capabilities.

• It is the least dense material on the earth . A foam like material which held its shape despite being almost as light as air.

• Due to their translucent nature they are nicknamed "frozen smoke". The ceramic foam structure is the world’s best thermal insulator as it almost cancels out the three methods of heat transfer (convection, conduction and radiation).

• NASA used an aerogel to trap space dust particles aboard the Stardust spacecraft. The particles vaporize on impact with solids and pass through gases, but can be trapped in aerogels. NASA also used aerogel for thermal insulation of the Mars Rover and space suits

• Aerogel concrete is also available which is made from aerogel granulate, gypsum, cement and can be used for foundry applications, structural panel.

7.DRONES: ADVANCED MAPPING AND SCANNING CAPACITIES FOR MORE ACCURATE VISUALIZATIONS

• Civil engineering is ripe with applications for unmanned aerial vehicles, which can aid in scanning and mapping work sites as well as capturing photos and videos for promotional purposes. UAVs often represent a cost-saving measure for businesses that need aerial mapping, as a drone doesn't require a pilot, but rather, a programmer. UAVs are also easy to program to fly multiple times around the same worksite, which means in the future, firms will be able to capture a variety of images and videos while the project is being completed – and that will enable firms to better manage project progress.

• UAVs will also revolutionize civil engineering through the use of photo scanning, an image capture process that uses photos (rather than lasers) to capture images. Photo scanning captures not just the ground surface, but also buildings, plants, benches, and other nearby structures – and represents them in three dimensions. With these advanced capabilities, drones will allow for more accurate and more interactive 3D representations of civil engineering projects.

8. 3D PRINTING

• 3D printing is gaining a lot of ground not just among hobbyists, but also in business – and with 3D printers coming down in price each year, it's not long before we'll see them used in civil engineering. 3D printing offers benefits for both design and construction, essentially tying the two processes together. With 3D printing, it's easy to design custom construction supplies and then build them using nearly any kind of material imaginable. In fact, 3D printers are already in use in construction projects in Europe. Dutch construction company HEIJMANS – most well known for its "smart highway" and its glowing bicycle paths, which use luminescent paint to clearly mark road lanes at night – has created the world's first 3D-printed bridge in collaboration with start up MX3D and designer Joris Laarman. The bridge, which was first designed in October 2015, will span across the Oudezijds Achterburgwal canal & it is completed in 2017.

• MX3D's 3D printer, isn't like those that we've traditionally seen. Rather than a desktop 3D printer, MX3D's technology consists of a set of large mechanical arms that hold a torch-like tool for welding. These robot arms build 3D objects in an open warehouse space rather than inside a box as most 3D printers do. The arms can also print in all directions, unlike typical 3D printers, which allows for much more creativity and variability in the design stage. Heijmans Innovation Manager says that 3D printing joins design and construction into a single process, rather than two separate processes as has traditionally been seen in construction. Vander Ven notes that this change will require site managers and designers to start looking at the design process in a new way.

9.PLASTICROAD: IMPROVING THE DURABILITY AND LIFESPAN OF OUR ROADS• Plastic is one of the most commonly recycled products, with plastic materials

often being recycled into bottles, bags, toys, containers, and much more. But now, a Dutch company is attempting to recycle plastic into something much larger: Roads. VolkerWessels is a Dutch construction firm that is preparing to build a Plastic Road in Rotterdam. While VolkwerWessels Plastic Road is still only a concept, it's becoming quite popular in Holland, where 96 million tons of carbon dioxide are released into the air through road building and maintenance alone. VolkerWessels expects that its Plastic Road will reduce greenhouse gas emissions while making roads stronger and increasing their lifespan.

• The Plastic Road also allows for easy infrastructure upgrades, as the road is hollow, which enables city planners to run pipes and wires inside the road itself. Civil engineers say the road's hollow cavities may also be useful in draining floodwater in the event of rainstorms.

10.HOLOGRAPHIC COMPUTERS: • The next revolution in wearable tech is here, and it's going

to forever change information management and communication processes in the civil engineering industry.

• HoloLens is a mixed reality headset that layers 3D holograms over physical world images in order to convey helpful information to the wearer. Using the HoloLens, civil engineers can see digital input drawn over physical objects, share that input with collaborators via Skype, fine-tune designs in 3D, and explore designs in real time.

• Currently, businesses in the architecture and construction industries are piloting the HoloLens and developing innovative new processes that leverage 3D holographic models to improve the design phase.

11.Contactless Security Cards: Improving on RFID to Boost Security

• Site security is always a priority, and with technology evolving, site managers need more and more security measures at their disposal. The next big thing in site security is contactless security cards. These cards can be programmed with individual profile information to uniquely identify each cardholder, and can give users access to secure offices, secure parking, and even computer networks. The great advantage that these smart cards offer is that security becomes much easier to manage. Employees can check themselves into and out of the worksite with just a swipe of a card, and managers have a turnkey security solution that doesn't require their constant presence.

• Disadvantage is cards are most likely to be lost or stolen and there is possibility of hacking

12.ROAD PRINTER• Paved roads are suitable for communities because, they are easy to

maintain and repair

• Road paving is a slow process, but this machine(road printer) speeds it up by multiple times.

13.SOLAR PAINT• Solar panels are big and chunky, yet they are not

that powerful.

• Companies are developing SPRAY on solar cells using nano particles of Zinc and Phosphorus.

• Solar paint, also known as paint-on solar or paintable solar, works the same as any other photovoltaic cell by collecting the energy from the sunlight and converting it to electricity. The basic idea is that billions of tiny pieces of light-sensitive material are suspended in a flexible liquid, like an ink or paint, which can be sprayed on to various shapes and sizes.

• In 2014, researchers at the University of Toronto experimented with a solar paint made of tiny dots known as colloidal quantum dots.

ADVANTAGES:• Most of these technologies are sustainable,very less carbon emission.

• All these technologies use alternative energy sources which are mostly renewable.

• These technologies eases the construction works, very fast and long lasting

• Robot swarm technology can be used in places where access for manpower is difficult

• Smart concrete(self healing & permeable) reduces water logging,runoff problems and problem of repairs.

• Aerogel is energy efficient wonder material which can be future construction building material.

• Drones had made surveying easier, wider,faster

• Plastic roads uses recycled plastic,which solves problem of dispaosingit.

DISAVANTAGES• As this technologies are new and not widely used,the cost is also high.

• These technogies requires skilled labour to implement them

• The primary disadvantage of drone use in civil engineering is the initial capital expense required to purchase drones and train pilots, however, the cost is expected to decline over time.

• 3D printers are limited in the kinds of materials they can prin 3D printers also pose a threat to manufacturing jobs, and training staff to use 3D printers may require a significant capital investment.

• The road's components are also somewhat volatile, and exposure to chlorine will cause the road to give off hydrogen chloride – a colorless gas that, when exposed to atmospheric humidity, turns into hydrochloric acid. When it becomes sufficiently concentrated, hydrochloric acid forms an acidic mist that can cause irreversible damage to human tissue

• HoloLens does come with certain disadvantages. The headset could serve as a workplace distraction that hinders productivity

CONCLUSION

• All these technologies gives new dimension to civil engineering and new possibilities, rather than following the same old traditional methods.

• Now a days, everywhere the trend is sustainability, we can see that, all these technologies incorporate sustainable development in one or the other way.

• There is extinction of the non-renewable sources of energy used from decades, there is need for alternative materials and source, these technologies are great move towards that.

• These gives chance to develop civil engineering by using other inter disciplinary branches like nanotechnology,information,microbiologyetc.

REFERENCES

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_robotics

• www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221491471300024X

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel

• Arkit Civil Engineering • Technology

• www.nanoscience.com/applications/education/overview/cnt-technology-overview/

• https://www.giatecscientific.com/smartconcrete