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WHY?: Continued “Nativism”
1914-1918: WWI • strong anti-immigrant feelings• literacy tests required in 1917
Anti-German Riot in U.S. 1915 Led to “Americanization”
1924: National Origins Act law that discriminated against S. & E. Europe
165,000 per year versus 1921’s 350,000
Took 2% from 1890--Germany 51,000-- Italy 4,000-- Egypt 100
Italy went from 42, 058 to 3, 845
“America must be kept forAmericans!” Pres. Coolidge
1925: KKK membership reaches 5 million
KKK PamphletKKK March in D.C. in 1925
KKKGrowth
1920-5,000
1925- 5 million
1930s -1945: low immigration due to Depression & WWII
500,000 Mexican workers deported due to worries about jobs.
1948: Displaced Persons Act
allowed homeless of WWII to immigrate to U.S.
400,000Jewish survivors and refugesarrive in U.S.
1960s: quotas questioned; are they fair?
1965: Immigration Act•Set annual limits for ALL countries to make laws fair
Johnson signs at Liberty Island
170,000 Eastern Hemisphere120,000 Western Hemisphere
1965: Immigration Act
Opponent of the bill :"We estimate that if the President gets his way, and the current immigration laws are repealed, the number of immigrants next year will increase threefold and in subsequent years will increase even more ... shall we, instead, look at this situation realistically and begin solving our own unemployment problems before we start tackling the world's?"
Republican Vice Presidential candidate Rep. William E. Miller of NYThe New York Times, Sept. 8, 1964, p. 14
Supporters of the bill: "With the end of discrimination due to place of birth, there will be shifts in countries other than those of northern and western Europe. Immigrants from Asia and Africa will have to compete and qualify in order to get in, quantitatively and qualitatively, which, itself will hold the numbers down. There will not be, comparatively, many Asians or Africans entering this country. ...Since the people of Africa and Asia have very few relatives here, comparatively few could immigrate from those countries because they have no family ties in the U.S."
Democratic Rep. Emanuel Celler of NYCongressional Record, Aug. 25, 1965, p. 21812
Refugee: Someone who flees a country because of persecution
1980 Refugee Act: President can admit refugees in an emergency
Illegal Immigrants: enter the U.S. w/o government approval
• i.e. Mexicans crossing the border
Busted illegal Immigrants await the border patrol
In Mexico, make $3 a day vs. $10 in U.S.
1986: Immigration Reform and Control Actpenalties on employers who hire illegal immigrants; little impact
Required I-9 Form - Still UsedFrom gov’t web page
Fines:•$100 - $1, 100 per individual for illegal•$250 - $11,000 per violations for continuing to employ illegals• $3,000 for perpetual violators and up to 6 mths in prison
1996: Immigration Actdoubled border control forces and added fences
U.S. Mexican Border in New Mexico