Recent Works on Medieval, Turkish and Modern GreeceAuthor(s): William MillerSource: Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1938), pp. 115-120Published by: Cambridge University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3020851 .

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2. RECENT WORKS ON MEDIEVAL, TURKISH AND MODERN GREECE

BY WILLIAM MILLER, F.R.HIST.S., F.B.A.

THE present article contains some account of the publications concerning medieval, Turkish and modern Greece, which have appeared since the last of my three previous articles' on this subject in I935. G. T. Kolias has pub- lished a monograph2 on Pre-Byzantine Salonika and the revolt of 390, familiar to English students from Gibbon's memorable description. Marie G. Soteriou, wife of the director of the Byzantine museum, has supplied an increasingly felt want by her French guide-book to Mistra,3 for Millet has never published the results of his studies there thirty years ago. Together, however, with D. Talbot Rice he has written on Byzantine Painting at Trebizond (London, I936). George A. Soteriou, the husband of Marie, above mentioned, has produced the first volume of his big work, The Byzantine Monuments of Cyprus;4 but so far this consists of an album of illustrations without text. This is published by the Academy, whose Proceedings5 for October, I937, contain a paper by Edwin Freshfield on La psychologie de l'iconographie des monnaies byzantines des VIle, VIJIe et IXe siecles. Professor R. M. Dawkins in The Monks of Athos (London, I935) has treated specially of the legends connected with the " Holy Mountain ", of which Michael Choukas has made a "sociological study" in Black Angels of Athos (London, I935). D. Talbot Rice, who had done much for Trebizond, the recent bibliography of which the present writer published in The English Historical Review,6 has written on The Icons of Cyprus (London, I937), while Mgr Chrysanthos, the Metropolitan of Trebizond, who represents the (Ecumenical Patriarch at Athens, has compiled a history of The Church of Trebizond.7 Giorgio Hofmann in Vescovadi Cattolici della Grecia. II. Tinos (Rome, I936), tells the story of the Catholic see of that island from 553 to I930, while Miss J. M. Hussey treats of Church and Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867-II85 (Oxford, I937), with special reference to Psellos. The Frankish period is represented by the first English version of The Conquest of Constantinople, translated from the old French of Robert of Clari by Edgar Holmes McNeal (New York, 1936). To the volumes8 presented on his eightieth birthday to the historian of Catalan Athens, Rubio i Lluch, the present writer contributed A Lady of Thermopylae, Guglielma Pallavicini, Marchioness of Boudonitza in the fourteenth century.

1 Cambridge Historical Joutrnal, II, 229-47 (1 928); American Historical Review, XXXVII, 272-79 (1932), XL, 688-93 (I935).

2 'H rpof3vCav-tvr eeo-o-aXovtK7 Kat 7 0-Taf ftr vT 390. Athens, 1935. 3 Mistra. Athens, 1935. 4 T'a BvCav-tWva Mvrn,ea T7ij K vipov. A'. Aev1KpaI. Athens, 1935. 6 HpaK7-tKa T7-r 'AKadt'av'AdiVvwv, XII, 400-7. 6 LII, I09-10 (January 1937). 7 'H 'EKKX)70lta TpaareCoivrov, Athens, 1936. 8 -Iomenatge a Antoni Rubio i Lluch, I, 399-403. Barcelona, 1936.

8 -2

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I I 6 NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS Insular history takes up most of the publications on the Turkish period.

Dionysios P. Kalogeropoulos, son of the late librarian of Parliament, has compiled a Contribution to the bibliography of the island of Eubcea and the Thessalian Sporades, I47I-I937.9 Aimilia K. Sarou, who edited her father Zolotas' history of Chios, has written a Life of St Andrew Argenti the Chiote,10 the first martyr after the capture of Constantinople, who died in I465. A living member of that great Chiote family, Philip P. Argenti, has continued his series of Chiote histories by narrating the second interlude to Turkish rule, The Occupation of Chios by the Venetians (I694) described in contemporary diplomatic reports and official dispatches (London, I935). He has also edited two unpublished Chiote manuscripts,1" a History of the island of Chios from the earliest times to I700 A.D., by Constantine A. Sgouros, and an Epic poem: Chios or a metrical narrative of the chief mythological and historical episodes of the island of Chios. The former is not abreast of modern research, the latter is more historical than poetic. The Klephtic ballads have attracted considerable attention owing to the polemics raised by Blachogiannes' iconoclastic demon- stration that, like Balkan statistics, they must be received with caution as historical evidence. John W. Baggally reached a similar conclusion inde- pendently in his treatise, The Klephtic Ballads in relation to Greek history (I7I5-I82I) (Oxford, I936). He also wrote in Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbficher12 an article on Ali Pasha and Great Britain (i8io-i8I2), then occupying the Ionian Islands.

Achilles A. Kyrou, editor of the high-class Athenian evening newspaper, Hestia, has, after years of research, composed a comprehensive and profusely illustrated life of the Cretan painter, better known by his Spanish name, El Greco, under the title, The Greeks of the Renaissance and Dominikos Theoto- kopoulos,13 whom he shows to have been a scion of the famous family of Theotokes, one branch of which emigrated from Constantinople after the Turkish conquest to Crete, where the artist was born at Fodele and educated at a Cretan school dependent on the Monastery of Sinai; hence his Byzantine style. Costas Kerofilas, a distinguished publicist and literary historian, has described from "unpublished documents" L'ame grecque d'Ugo Foscolo, his fellow-Zantiote. Three publications treat of the forerunners of the War of Independence. Valerios G. Mexas has compiled a List of the members of the Friendly Society from the Archives of Sekeres.14 Ap. Daskalakis has written a life of Rhigas Velestinilis with La R'volutionfranfaise et lespreludes de l'Inddpen- dance as sub-title, and Les (Euvres de Rhigas Velestinilis. Etude bibliographique suivie d'une re'edition critique avec traduction franfaise de la brochure re'volu- tionnaire confisquee a' Vienne en I797 (Paris, I937). The French Imperialists in

9v1q3oX?') e'S rr/v f3tf3?toypaOL'av rTv vroov Evi/3ota.V Kat rTov eo-o-aXLK(wV 27ropadcov 1471-1937. Athens, 1937.

10 Biov AyLov 'Av8pE'a 'Apye'vT?7 rov XL'ov. Athens, I935. 11 hlaropta rT?s- vT)0ov Xov ad7rO rTov apXatorarcov Xpovcov ,IIExpt rov 1700 M.X. Athens

1937. XtLav ?TroL E,u/,utErpos acfJ?7y?7o-v 7-rcov KVPL(TE'P&WV /IVOOXOytKFv Kal lUTOPLK,iW e7TLrao8L&Co

T?)v V?/0OV Xt'ov. llotu/a EITLKOv. Athens, 1937. 12 XII, 320-4 (I1937). 13 OL EXX?7vEv rT? ) AvayEvv?/O-IECO KaL o6 Ao,4L'VLKoV eEoTOKo7rovXov. Athens, 1938. 14 OL 4?LXLKOL. KaT-a'Xoyov rToCv /EXvov rrv 4LXLK>/S 'EratpeiaF si roV APXEkOv 2E'KEpq7.

Athens, 1937.

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MEDIEVAL, TURKISH AND MODERN GREECE II7

Paxo from 8/20 August I807 to 3/I5 February I814, by Dionysios B. Zerbas,'5 describes the wretched state of that island during the second French occupa- tion. A posthumous monograph of the late Andrew M. Andreades,16 The Septinsular public finance during the period I797-I814, enlarges the economic survey to the other Ionian Islands during the first and second French occupa- tions and the intervening Septinsular Republic. The evolution of Greece's second largest export, the currant, finds further elucidation from an expert, Dem. L. Zographos,17 in his History of the methods of drying the currant (I636-I825-I933), containing also popular songs about it. A popular life of Ali the Lion by William Plomer (London, I936) adds nothing to our knowledge of that formidable tyrant of Joannina, but popularizes his story on modern biographical lines.

In the domain of Greek history since I82i Demos Bratsanos18 has compiled The History of the revolutions in Greece from I824 to 1935, of which there have been, according to him, 38-the present reviewer has seen seven. But the time has not yet come to write dispassionately of these "movements", always caused by the army with a sudden change suggestive, as the Greek name suggests, of the "movies". Demetrios A. Petrakakos has produced the first volume of a Parliamentary History of Greece,19 which, after describing the municipal institutions of Greece under Turkish rule, begins with the Messenian Senate, and ends with the revolution of I843. The work is not likely to be continued, for parliamentary government has ceased since 4 August I936. Professor Michael Th. Laskaris,20 holder of the chair of Balkan history at Salonika University, has turned his knowledge of Serb to use in Greeks and Serbs during their struggles for freedom, I804-I830. There is at last in English a Portrait of Ianthe, being a study of )ane Digby Lady Ellenborough (London, I935), the often married beauty, who scandalized Othonian Athens and died, the wife of a Beduin, at Damascus. Another biography of an adventurous family is The romantic life of General Bourbachi by G. Phteres,21 the French general of the Franco-Prussian War, whose grandfather, a Cephalonian ship's captain, took the message recalling Bonaparte from Egypt, and whose father went on a similar errand to Elba and was beheaded by the Turks at Menidi near Athens in the War of Independence. The Union of the Ionian Islands has been illustrated by four publications-Professor H. Temperley,22 Docu- ments illustratinag the cession of the Ionian Islanads to Greece; an account by Sp. D. Minotto of the destruction by the British of the Corfiote forts before they left, Les forts de Corfou et leur demolition (Athens, I937); a second edition of the late A. M. Hidromenos' Political History of the Seven Islands (I8 I5-I864), revised and corrected by the author with his biography by K. Palatianos ;23

15 Ot Av-rOKparoptKoftramot d^S Ia$ovi. 8/2o Aviyoviurov I807-3/I5 IEI3povaptov I8I4. Athens, I936.

16 'H 'ErravqotLaK1' 8q3?7Ioota OlKvouta KaTa rv 7TEptOOV I797-I8I4. Corfu, 1936. 17 'Ioropia r&v a7ro$7pavrtK&wV jue0OWcv r KopLvOLaKic railaov (I636-i825-I933).

Athens, I935. 18 'H 'Io-ropta 7civ 3v 'EXXa'8t TEravaoraioEohv I824-I935. Athens, I936. 19 Koto/3ovXevrtK' 'Io-ropla r.q 'EXXa'ao. To/t. A'. I453-I843. Athens, I935. 20 'EXA7v6 KaLt 26'P3O Kara rovs a'?reXEvOepportKOV. rcov &y-vas. Athens, I936. 21 'H OpVXtK Co)' roD o-rpar7-iyoO Bol'pfaX77. Athens, I937. 22 Journal of Modern History, IX, 56-63. Chicago, March I937. 23 UoXtrtKi 'Ioropla ri. 'Errav4ffov (I8I5-I864). Corfi, I935.

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I I8 NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS

and a biography by Costas Kerophylas of Paul Kalligas,24 who accompanied George I to the Islands on the occasion of the union. Allusions to the early years of George I's reign are found in the Lettres a deux Athe'niennes (the sisters Dragoumis) by Comte de Gobineau (Athens, I936), French Minister to Greece from I864 to i868. The Egyptian occupation of Crete between i830 and I840 and the relations between Greeks in Egypt with the Egyptian Government are discussed with many documents by Athanase G. Politis in Les rapports de la Grece et de l'Lgypte pendant le regne de Mohamed Aly (I833- I849) (Rome, I935), and Greece is occasionally mentioned in Vernon John Puryear's International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, A Study of British Commercial Policy in the Levant, I804-I853 (Stanford, 1935). Andre' M. Andre`ades fondateur de la science des finances en Grece is commemorated by Athanase J. Sbarounis (Paris, I936). Stanley Casson in Steady Drumimer (London, I935) and General Leonidas I. Paraskeuopoulos in the second volume of his Reminiscences,25 which covers the period from I9I8 to I920, give their personal experiences of the Great War and its sequel in Greece and Asia Minor, where the latter author was commander-in-chief at Smyrna. Of the Smyrna massacre Dora Barford has given a graphic description in her excellent novel, Greek Fire, A tale of the Levant (London, I935), as of Athens in I930, based on considerable personal experience. A Scandinavian, H'akan M6rne, in The Melting Pot (London, I937) relates the events at Kavalla during the revolution of I935. The present writer has described more recent events in a series of articles: After the Greek Plebiscite, The Greek Restoration, A new era in Greece, and The Centenary of Athens University,26 while the Cambridge Uni- versity Press has issued a fourth edition of his Ottoman Empire and its Suc- cessors, bringing the story up to February I936. He has also composed from the minute-books and registers the history of the English Church at Athens,27 which celebrated its centenary on I 5 April. Greece's Balkan and international relations are discussed by Michel Dendias, author of a book on Cyprus, in L'Organisation du Proche-Orient et le mouvement de rapprochement balkanique (Paris, I935), by George Ch. Christopoulos in The new phase of the Mediter- ranean problem and Greece28 with reference to Anglo-Italian relations, and by John I. B. McCulloch, a shrewd American traveller, in Drums in the Balkan night (New York, I936). Like his brothers, Princes Nicholas and Andrew, Prince Christopher of Greece has published his Memoirs (London, I938).

In bibliography G. Fumagalli has compiled a valuable Bibliografia Rodia (Florence, I937), and the reviewer29 has summarized Additions to modern Greek history in the " Gennadeion" at Athens, from I930 to I937, since when further additions have been made by the new librarian, Shirley H. Weber. The Organization of the port of the Piraeus has issued a statistical work, Chronicles of the " O.L.P." The harbour of the Piraeus,30 showing the enormous

24 IlaiXov KaXXLya. 'H (XV Kat ro E?pyov ToV. Athens, I937. 25 'Avajuviaoetst, I896-i920. Toyt. B. Athens, I935. 26 Contemporary Reviezv (December I935, March I936, April I937); Foreign Affairs

(July I936); Journal of Hellenic Studies (June I937). 27 Church Quarterly Review (April I938). 28 'H vEa a-tv roD MeooyEtaKoD 7po,r3X,juaros Ka't i1 'EXXa's. Athens, I935. 29 Yournal of Modern History, Ix, 56-63 (March I937). 30 Xpova roD "OA.H." '0 Xv rOD lELpaLs I937. Athens, I938.

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MEDIEVAL, TURKISH AND MODERN GREECE ii9

development of the port of Athens between I827, when it contained iz in- habitants, and I928, the date of the last census, when it numbered 25I,659, since when there has been a further increase, while in I936 there entered the harbour, now the third of the Mediterranean, 7477 steamers, whose passengers can now disembark direct on the quays. Two new laws have been issued, one founding a "Museum of Modern Athens" to contain documents, pictures, books and other objects referring to the Frankish, Catalan, Turkish and later periods down to i862. The Museum will be installed in the " Mosque of the Conqueror", erected by Muhammad II after the Turkish conquest of Athens. The historian of the Turkish period, M. Kampouroglous, who, though in his eighty-sixth year, still contributes a weekly article to the Hestia on the Turkish and Othonian periods over the signature of Anadromares, proposes to give to the Museum his collection of documents of those two epochs. The second decree provides for the preservation of mosques and other Turkish monu- ments in different provincial towns. Had such legislation been adopted years ago, such acts of Vandalism as were perpetrated at Chalkis and Nauplia would have been avoided. The Mayor of Missolonghi has founded a Byron Museum there, and Professor Kougeas has lectured on a hitherto unknown manuscript of the first Canto of Childe Harold, presented by Byron's sister to the Cepha- lonian Kladas,31 and now in the National Library.

Several periodicals, appearing, however, spasmodically and at irregular intervals, continue to treat of these periods: Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbficher, Hellenika', and the Annual of the Society of Byzantine Studies32 continue; Cypriote Studies33 and a Pan-Cephalonian Diary,34 compiled by Spyros Skenioates, have started; Epeirotika' issued their thirteenth volume in 1936, the Archives of Pontos35 their seventh in 1937 and Thrakika' their ninth in 1938. A serviceable guide is the General Greek Bibliography,36 published by Felix G. Vaghionaki bimonthly.

P.S. Since the above-mentioned publications there have reached me an offprint by S. B. Luce from Classical and Mediaeval studies in honor of Edward Kennard Rand, pp. 195-208 (New York, 1938) on Modon-A Venetian station in Mediaeval Greece, the result of personal study on the spot; and A description of Athens in 1588, contributed by a former librarian of the "Gennadeion ", Clarence G. Lowe, to Classical Studies presented to Edward Capps, pp. 233-

42 (Princeton, 1936). This account, unknown to Laborde and later writers on Turkish Athens, was written by Reinhold Lubenau, a Ratsherr of Kdnigsberg, where it was discovered twenty-five years ago and published in Mitteilungen aus der Stadtbibliotlzek, IV-VIII (1912-30). Its author, a friend of the English Ambassador at Constantinople, Sir Edward Barton, from whom he received " credentials as a British subject ", found Athens " still very large and tolerably built up ", and "many French and Italian ships" in the Piraeus. "More people, especially the Turks, lived outside the city than in it, because there were many gardens about it." Italian was much spoken, there was "much

31 Le Messager d'Athenes (28 January, 3 February 1938). 32 'Ewrrqp'tv EPratpupav Bv:avritv6iv 27rov3V. 33 Kv-rptaKatl 27rovaat. 34 llayK FaX1X9VLaIaOv HIepo 06ytov. 35 'APXEOV lldvrov. 36 PEVtK) 'EXXqVtK' Bt3Xtoypalta

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I20 NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS

trade ", with consequently a Jewish colony. Mr J. W. Baggally has published in book form his researches on Ali Pasha and Great Britain, dealing especially with the cession of Parga and the claim of Ali to Santa Maura. P. E. Shaw in American contacts with the Eastern Churches 1820-i870 (Chicago, 1937) describes the work of Hill, founder of the school for girls at Athens in 183 I and chaplain of the English church there from 1845 to 1870; the stormy career of the Rev. Jonas King, imprisoned in 185 1; and " the Greek Evangelical Church ", connected with Kalopothakes. Spyridon M. Theotokes has issued through the Athens Academy the second volume of Memorials of Greek history: Cretan historical documents published from the Venetian Archives. Decisions of the Venetian Senate, I281-1385,3 a valuable contribution to the history of Crete under the Venetians. General N. Kalomenopoulos has compiled a treatise on The military organization of the Greek Emiipire of Byzantium.38 N. I. Laskaris has issued the first volume of a History of the Nezv-hellenic theatre,39 which has recently reached its centenary. The development ol Modern Greek Music is narrated in George Nazos and the Odeion of Athens.40

Under the editorship of Professors Varvaresos, Petropoulos and Pintos, the Law faculty of Athens University has published the first volume of the late A. M. Andreades' collected works in Greek and French, with the title Greek Economic and financial history, of which the fourth and fifth chapters deal with that subject in Byzantine, Turkish and modern times down to the Union of the Ionian Islands.41 Giorgio Hofmann continues his Vescovadi Cattolici della Grecia with iii. Syros, iv. Naxos (Rome, 1937-8). Three new historical periodicals have appeared: Chronicles of Asia Minor;42 the Annual of the Society of Cretan Studies,43 the latter dealing with Cretan history since the Arab conquest in 824; and the Chronzicles of Serres44 in Macedonia. D. A. Zotos has compiled a monograph on Yustice in the State of Ali Pasha, dealing with the privileges of Souli and with Parga.45

v7Mvtqea T71S EXXqivtK9 JIo-Topias-. JIo--roptK' KpqtKa Eyypa(/a EK&tao&Eva EK TOV ApXEdov 'Everias. XOE rLTo-/aTa T7S 'EVETKm7S IPEpovo-taq, i28I-I385. Athens, I936-7.

38 'H o--ipai-tcortKtci o3pycavo-t TT1S 'EXXqvlFKr. A-VTOKpaToptag ToV- Bv:avrlov. Athens, I937.

o- 'Ioropta Tro NEoeX'XqVLKOi OvEwaTpov. To,i. A'. Athens, I938. 40 aE)po' No ' KaL TO g2&eov 'AOi7v6v. Athens, I938. 41 'AvapEov M. 'AvapEaaov 'Ep-ya. I. 'EXX?lvtKqc OLKOIIO/ItK?) KaLt c3?O7tOVtKWV7 LLTTOPL(I.

Athens, I938. 42 MtKpao-tartKac XpOVtKa'. Athens, I938. 4 'E7TETrptS 'ETatpEdav Kpqruc,5@v 27rOVUOV. Athens, I938. 4 ,EpptiKa XPOVKa' Athens, I938. 4 'H atKatoovv?7 Ees To Kparov ToV 'AXit Ilao-d. Athens: "Pyrsos", I938.

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