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RecipesforBuildingMateriallyDiverse,FunctionallyTransparentandExpressiveElectronics

HannahPerner­Wilson

ThesisProposalfortheDegreeofMasterofScienceinthePrograminMediaArtsandSciencesattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Fall2010

Advisor_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

LeahBuechley,AssistantProfessorHigh‐LowTech,MITMediaLab

Reader_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

MitchelResnick,LEGOPapertProfessorofLearningResearchLifelongKindergarten,MITMediaLab

Reader_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

NeriOxman,AssistantProfessorMediatedMatter,MITMediaLab

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ABSTRACT Technologyhasbecomeincreasinglycomplexandubiquitousinourlivesandwhileconsumerelectronicsmaybewelldesignedandfunctionaltheyarebothaestheticallyandfunctionallyimpersonal.Thestandardizedapproachwehavetakentoprototyping,buildingandmanufacturingelectronicshasshapedthelookandfeelofelectronicartifacts.

E‐Textiles,thecombinationofelectronicsandtextiles,hasshownusthatbyintroducinganewpaletteofmaterialsandtoolsforbuildingelectronicswecanbuildagreaterdiversityofartifactsthatarenotonlyaestheticallyintriguingbutalsofunctionallynovelandoftentheresultofapersonalencounterwithelectronics.InattributingthediverseresultsofE‐Textilessolelytothenewpaletteofconductivefabricsandthreadsinvolvedinmakingthemweoverlooktheimpactthattheshiftinprocesshashadonelectronics‐namelyashiftfromtheestablishedpracticeofassemblingelectronicsfromakit‐of‐parts,toaprocessofcraftingelectronics.

Inapplyingcraftpracticetoelectronicsweallowforamoreindividual,continuousanddirectapproachtomanipulatingcircuitryandcomponents.ThisapproachrequiresbothmanualskillandanintimateknowledgeofthematerialsinvolvedthatpopularbreadboardingandPCBdesigntechniqueslack.Whilethereismuchbenefitintheefficiencyandspeedwithwhichwecanprototypeanddesignelectronicsfromakit‐of‐parts,weareultimatelyconstrainedtothesystemwithinwhichthepartsfunction.ByintroducingaKit­of­No­PartsapproachtocraftingelectronicsfromadiversepaletteofmaterialsandtoolsIbelievethatwewillbeabletocreateagreaterdiversityofelectronicartifactsthataremoreunderstandableandpersonal.

Mythesisexplorestechniquesthatallowustocrafttechnologyfromanewpaletteofmaterialsandtools.Iintroducerecipesthatfunctionasintroductionsaswellasdetailedreferenceresourcesinallowingustobeginbuildingfromthisnewpaletteofmaterialsandtools.Iwillpaygreatattentionthattheserecipesarereadasnon‐rigidlearningopportunities,thattheyintroducepartialsolutionsandhandoverthecontroltothemaker,ratherthanimposingtheverykindsofconstraintsI’mtryingsohardtoavoid.

Theserecipeswillbedocumentedonawebsiteanddisseminatedthroughworkshops.Iwillevaluatemythesisonhoweasilyandintuitivelyworkshopparticipantsareabletoworkwiththenewsetofmaterialsandbuildelectronicsthatarebothfunctionallyandaestheticallyexpressiveoftheirindividualcraftprocess.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................2

RELATEDWORK .....................................................................................................................................5

PROBLEM ..................................................................................................................................................6ResearchQuestion ................................................................................................................................................ 6

APPROACH................................................................................................................................................6TheKit­of­No­Parts .............................................................................................................................................. 7

HYPOTHESES...............................................................................................................................................................8MaterialDiversity ................................................................................................................................................. 8FunctionalTransparency .................................................................................................................................. 8Expressivity.............................................................................................................................................................. 8

DELIVERABLES........................................................................................................................................9Recipes ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9Website ....................................................................................................................................................................10Workshops..............................................................................................................................................................10

EVALUATION......................................................................................................................................... 10MaterialDiversity ...............................................................................................................................................11FunctionalTransparency ................................................................................................................................11Expressivity............................................................................................................................................................11

RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 11

TIME­FRAME......................................................................................................................................... 11

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 12

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INTRODUCTION

Todaythemajorityofconsumerelectronicsaremass‐manufactured.Standardizationandakit‐of‐parts[10]approachtoproductionhavemadelarge‐scalemanufacturingfast,efficientandaffordable.Materialsaremadeworkable,theirflawsremovedtorenderthemuniformandpredictable.Componentsaredesignedtobepartofacoherentsystemofpartsandtosuitselectproductionmethodssuchasinjectionmoldingandvacuumforming.Thismethodofstandardizedproductionor‘workmanshipofcertainty’[Pye,1968],allowsustobuildtechnologiesthataremorecomplexthananyonehumancouldevermakethemselves.Theresultsofthisprocessdemonstratethepowerofblackboxing[Pugin,1853]anddivisionoflaborbuttheresultsalsoillustrateagrowingignorancetowardshowtechnologylooks,feelsandfunctions.

“Inparticulartherehasbeenapronounceddevelopmentintheideaofabuildingasakitofpartswhoseindividualfunctionsaretestedandknown,whosecostandperformancehasbeensetandwhoseusecanbespecifiedinonecountryandusedinanotherandeveryoneconcernedknowswhattoexpect.“[CraftandtheTuringTestforpracticalthinking,PeterDormer,TheCultureofCraft,1997]

Constructionkitsmaketechnologyaccessible.Assystemsofmodularpartstheylowertheentrybartoscience,engineeringandtechnologydisciplinesandallowustobuildourowntechnologies.Theirmodularityallowsforthemtobeassembledandalmostaseasilydisassembledinordertoiteratethroughaseriesofdesigns.Butthismodularitycomesatthecostofconstraint.Thepartsofaconstructionkitfunctioninsidemodularsystemsandassuchthedesignsrealizedwiththesekitsarelimited.

Craftontheotherhandisassociatedwithbuildingasaformofpersonalexpression.Craftmaterialsaremoreoftenpraisedfortheiraesthetic,decorativeandmaterialqualities,thantheirabilitytoconveytechnologicalconcepts.Wegenerallyconsidercraftedartifactstobelimitedonlybytheskilled‘workmanshipofrisk’[Pye,1968]andthepersonalknowledge[Dormer,1997]oftheindividualcraftsperson.Whilecrafthascometoembracetechnologyforproduction[AnnSuttonquotedinDormer,1997,p145],communitybuildingandsocialnetworking[Torray,2009][Rosner,2010],therearefewapproachesthathavebroughtusaframeworkinwhichtocrafttechnologyitself.

“Acraftobjectoftenrevealsmuchabouttheskillandthetechnologyusedtomakeit.Therelationshipbetweencraftprocessandproductislikelytobe,ifnotquitetransparent,thenatleastrelativelyaccessibletomostofus.Thereispleasurefromwearingorusingsomethingwhosecreationwecanbothadmireandunderstand.Inaworldwherewehavelosttouchwiththebusinessofmakingthings,thecraftobjectrestoresforustheconnectionbetweenmakingandusing.Bycontrast,designconceals.Notonlydowenotunderstandhowdesignedobjectsaremade,wedonotunderstandhowtheywork.”[HelenRees,Patternsofmaking:thinkingandmakinginindustrialdesign,TheCultureofCraft,1997]

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RELATED WORK Iseethefollowingfourfieldsofrelatedworkmostrelevanttomyproposal:(1)Learning‐by‐doing(2)DoItYourself(DIY),(3)craftand(4)materialsintechnology.

Mostnotableeducationapproachestolearning‐by‐doingincludeFriedrichFröbel’sselectionofmaterialsthatpromotehands‐onlearninginKindergarten[Kafaietal.,2010],JeanPiaget’sconstructivisttheoryofknowingandSeymourPapert’sintroductiontocomputersasinstrumentsforlearning.MitchResnickcombinestheeducationalvalueofmakingthingswiththedesignofconstructionkits[Resnick&Silverman,2005]forkidsthatincludethePICOCricketandLegoMindstorms.JaySilverproposesaMakerMethodology[Silver,2009]that“catalyzesparticipantsintocreatingtheirownworld”.

Outsideofeducation,kitsareoften‘plugandplay’buildingblocksformakingthings.Phidgets[Greenberg&Fitchett,2001]andArduinoareexamplesoftoolkitsthatenablesensingthephysicalworldandcontrollingitfromacomputer.O’Reilly’sMakeandCraftmagazinesandblogssupportaDIYcommunitythatmakethingsthemselves,especiallytechnology.Instructablesisawebsiteforpostingstep‐by‐stepinstructionsonhowtomakethingsyourself,includingtechnology.

Craftispossiblytheoldestfieldthatsignifiestheimportanceofmakingthingsaswellastherelevanceof‘handmade’objects.RelevantwritingsoncraftincludeWilliamMorris,DavidPye,PeterDormerandMalcolmMcCullough.

AsanemergingdisciplineE‐Textilesisagreatexampleforillustratinghowtakinganewmaterialapproachtobuildingelectronicsshapesthelookandfeelofresultingartifacts.RehmiPostandMaggieOrth[Orthetal.,1998]didmuchpioneeringworkattheMediaLabinvestigatingconductivetextilestoproduceconductivetracesandsensorstobeusedinwearabletechnology.Morerecentlye‐textilekitsarealsofindingtheirwayintoeducationandDIYcommunities,allowingindividualstobuildtheirowne‐textileprojects.E‐textilekitsincludetheLilyPadArduino[Buechley&Eisenbery,2009],theTeeboard[Nagaietal.,2009]andtheFabrickit[Papadopoulos&Eveland2010].ThispersonalpracticeofE‐textiles,facilitatedthroughkits,hadresultedinanewcommunityofindividualsbuildingandthinkingaboutelectronics[Buechley,2010].MyownpreviousworkissituatedinthefieldofE‐textilesandincludesalibraryofhandcraftedtextilesensors[Fig.1]andanonlinedatabaseofDIYe‐textiletechniques[17].

Figure1.Imagesoftextilesensorsmadefromconductiveandresistivefabrics,threadsandyarns.

fromlefttoright)Crochetpotentiometers,fabrictiltsensor,neoprenebendsensor,stitchedstrokesensor.

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PROBLEM Thetrendtoblack‐boxtechnologyhasledtoarangeofproductsthatarevastlyunintelligibleandinaccessibletousasendusers.Wehaveceasedtoponder,letaloneunderstand,theinnerworkingsofthedevicesweown.Weexpressourselvesthroughthetechnologiesweuse,andarelimitedbywhatisonoffer.Inordertocustomizeourdeviceswebuyskinsandapplystickersbutwedon’tapproachthecustomizationofourtechnologiesasmakers.

Whilethekit‐of‐partsapproachtobuildingelectronicsfromaselectionofdiscretecomponentsallowsustoquicklyandefficientlyiteratethroughaseriesofsolutions,thisapproachultimatelyinfluences,impactsandconstrainshowwebuildelectronicsandthekindsofelectronicartifactswebuild.

Craftisanapproachtobuildingthatreliesheavilyontheskill,knowledgeandmanualdexterityofanindividualcraftspersontowork‘raw’materialsintoresultingartifacts.Inthecraftprocessthereismuchroomforlearningandinterpretingmaterialpropertiesandapplyingthisunderstandinginordertoworkthematerialsintotheirdesiredform.Crafthascometoembracetechnologyasatoolbutwehavenotyetfullyexploredtheaffordancesofapplyingthecraftprocessinorderto‘crafttechnology’.

Research Question

InthespiritofE‐Textiles,howcanwecontinuetocraftelectronicsfromamorediversepaletteofmaterialsandtoolsinordertopromoteastyleofbuildingelectronicsthatismoreexpressive,morediverseandmoreintelligibletotheuserthanassemblingwithinasystemofparts?

APPROACH Inordertobreakfromstandardizedproductionprocessesandthekit‐of‐partsapproachtobuildingIproposeaKit­of­No­Parts.TheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproachallowsforrichunderstandingsanddesignexplorationsthatconstructionkitsofpre‐manufacturedpartscannotoffer.Ratherthanconsistingofselectcomponentsandconfinedtoasystem,theKit‐of‐No‐Partsismadeupofrecipesthatallowustoworkwithawiderangeofrawmaterialsandexistingcomponents,eliminatingtheneedforstandardsaswellasthinkingintermsofdiscreteparts.

Figure2.IllustrationoftheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproach.

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AKit‐of‐No‐Partsallowsustocreateelectronicsthataremateriallydiverse,functionallytransparentandexpressive[Fig.2].

Acontinuousprocessofbuildingelectronics,oflearningandapplyingknowledge,standsincontrasttocurrentapproacheswheretasksaredividedandknowledgeisdistributedandpackagedindiscretepartsthatcantheneasilybeassembled[Fig.3left].Craftisaskilledprocess,inwhichmaterialsaredirectlymanipulatedunderthecontrolofthecraftsperson,assuchitisacontinuousprocessofacquiringandapplyingskills,tailoredanddrivenbythequalitiesandpropertiesofmaterials.AsdescribedbyHelenReesinherquotecitedintheintroduction,“craftedartifactsrevealmuchabouttheskillandtechnologyusedtomakethem”.Ibelievethatbyapplyingacontinuousapproachtocraftingelectronicstheresultingartifactswillbeequallytransparentandmoreeasilyunderstoodbytheuser[Fig.3right].

Figure3.left)Illustrationofdifferentprocessofmaking.right)IllustrationoftheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproach,

highlightingthecontinuousprocess.

The Kit-of-No-Parts

Circuitsaremadeupofcomponentsthatincludeaprocessor,memory,input(sensors),output(actuators)andtheconnectionsbetweenthesecomponents(traces).WithinthescopeofmythesisIwanttofocusonsensors,actuatorsandtraces,asillustratedinFigure4.Althoughthisselectionmightinitiallyappearasomewhatconfined,takingalookatthefieldofE‐textilesrevealsthatsuchafocusallowsforahugevarietyanddiversityinprocessandoutcome.

Figure4.IllustrationofmyfocuswithintheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproach.

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InordertobetterdemonstratethefocusillustratedinFigure4thefollowingimages[Fig.5]showadiversevarietyofcircuitryandsensorsmadefromaKit‐of‐No‐Parts.

Figure5.Examplesofcircuitsbuiltfromadiversepaletteofmaterialsandtools.toprow)Woodandvinyl‐cutcoppertape.middlerow)paperandconductivepaint.bottomrow)Laserengravedwood,conductive

paintandepoxy.

Hypotheses TheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproachtobuildingcircuitsresultsinelectronicartifactsthataremorediverse,transparentandindividual.

Material Diversity

Themakerhasmorecontroloverthematerialsandtoolsthanwithstandardizedproductionprocesses.

Functional Transparency

Theprocessismoreintuitiveandunderstandablethanassemblingthepartsofakit.

Expressivity

AKit‐of‐No‐Partsallowsforgreatercustomizationandpersonalexpression.

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DELIVERABLES Figure6summarizesthedeliverablesIwillproduce,startingwithdevelopingKit‐of‐No‐Partsrecipes,documentingthemonawebsite,organizingtwoworkshopsandevaluatingtheresultingartifacts.

Figure6.Illustrationsummarizingthestagestorealizingmythesisproposal.

Recipes

InsupportoftheKit‐of‐No‐PartsapproachtobuildingelectronicsIwilldevelop,refineanddocumentrecipesforbuildingsensors,actuatorsandtraces.Irefinegoodrecipesthroughaprocessofsourcingmaterials,testingtheirelectricalproperties,designingsolutions,buildingsamples,testingtheseanddocumentingeverything.Therecipeswillbestructuredsuchthattheydonotdocumentcompletecircuits,thattheysolvepiecesorsubparts.Therecipesareintendedtoberesourcescontainingvaluableinformationthataidthebuilderinrealizingtheirdesigns,notininformingthedesignsthemselves.Whiletherecipesofferdetailedinformation,listingandspecifyingingredients(materialsandtools),theydosoinordertohandovercontroltothemaker,ratherthanconstrainthem.Themoreinformationthemakerhas,themoretheyareabletomakeinformeddecisionsthatcandifferfromtherecipestheyinitiallymighttakeaslearningopportunities.Whilefollowingrecipesstrictlymightinitiallyaidpeopleinthelearningprocess,allowingthemtodeveloptheirowntacitknowledgeofthematerialsandtools,ideallytheywilltransitiontocallingupontherecipesasreferenceresourcesandideallyalsocontributingrecipesoftheirown.

InstructuringmyapproachtoconceivingofrecipesthatwillallowustoworkwithanewsetofmaterialsandtoolsIhavemappedoutaspace[Fig.7right]ofselectconductivematerialsandtoolprocessesthatIhavechosentostartwith.Thismappingwillaidmeinmaintaininganoverviewofthematerials,toolsandconstraints(focus:sensors,actuators,traces)thatIwillbeworkingwith.

ThetechniquesIplantodevelopandwrite‐upasrecipesinvolvenewmaterialcombinations,newworkflowsandnewuseoftools.TechniquesthatI’minterestedtofurtherexplore,derivedfrommyinitialexplorationsofthedesignspace,include:

‐Havingtheshapesofnaturalobjects,suchasseashellsandplantparts,influenceandinformthedesignoftheelectronics.Thisapproachmightincluderecipesforcopperplatingandadheringcomponentstonaturalobjects(examplesofcopperplatedshellsandleavesalreadyexistinjewelry).

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‐Theinclusionofcommonconductiveobjectssuchasnails,paperclips,sodacansandcoal.Recipesheremightincludesolutionstomakingconnectionsbetweenvariousmetals,shapesandsurfaces.

‐Beingabletosculptthree‐dimensionalcircuits.Solutionsheremightinvolverecipesthatdescribeworkingwithaconductiveclay‐likematerial(metalclayexistsinjewelryandthesilverparticlesintheclaybecomesfusedandconductuponfiring)orbeingabletochiselawayatablockofconductivematerial.

Figure7.left)Illustrationdepictingtheframeworkforrecipes.right)Exampleofthestep‐by‐step

documentationofarecipe,inthiscaseofaneoprenebendsensor.

Website

Therecipeswillbedocumentedonawebsiteinenoughdetailsothattheycanbereplicatedbynovices.Documentationwillincludedetailedwrittenhow‐toinstructions,step‐by‐stepphotographsandvideos,diagrams,templates,linkstoresourcesandcodewhereapplicable.Thewebsitewillserveassupportfortheworkshopaswellasaresourceforindividualsinterestedinlearningthetechniques.

Workshops

Iwillorganizeandadvertisea2‐dayworkshopand,dependingonhowdemandingtherecipesthatIdevelopare,acceptamaximumof5‐10participants.Theworkshopwillbeadvertisedunderageneralthemeinordertoallowparticipantstocomeupwithalargevarietyofprojectideas.TheworkshopwillintroduceparticipantstotheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproachbyintroducingthemtotherecipesdocumentedonthewebsite.Overthecourseoftwodays,participantswillbuildtheirownelectronicartifacts.Iwilldocumenttheprocessthroughphotographs,questionnairesandwrittenobservations.

EVALUATION Inordertogatherinformationaboutworkshopparticipants’backgrounds,theirpreviousexperienceswithmakingthings(bothelectronicsandother),theirexperienceduringtheworkshopandhowtheworkshopimpactedtheirviews,approachesandunderstandingofelectronicsandelectronicartifacts,IwillhandoutCOUHESapprovedpreandpostworkshopquestionnaires.InevaluatingtheKit‐of‐No‐PartsapproachIwill

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primarilylookatthequestionnaires,thedocumentationandtheworkshopresults.Iwillevaluatetheartifactsfrombothworkshopsusingthethreepointsoutlinedbymyhypothesis.

Material Diversity

Areweabletobuildelectronicsfromanewanddifferentsetofmaterialsthanpreviously?Dotheresultingartifactsshowagreatervarietyinmaterials,colors,shapes,texturesandfunctionalities?

Functional Transparency

Istheprocessmoreintuitiveandunderstandablethanassemblingstandardparts?Whatdoparticipantsunderstandoftheprocessandtechnologiesinvolvedintheprocess?Howmuchmore‘transparent’andunderstandable(ifatall)areartifactsresultingfromtheKit‐of‐No‐Partsapproach?Cansomebodyexaminingtheartifactanddiscernmoreaboutitsfunctionalitythantheycouldofasimilarcommercialproduct?

Expressivity

DoestheKit‐of‐No‐Partsallowforgreatercustomization?Areparticipantsabletobuildartifactsthatwouldnotbeabletobuildotherwise?Whatkindsofthingsdotheybuild?Inwhatways(ifatall)dotheyfeellimited?

RESOURCES IndevelopingthetechniquesandproducingexampleartifactsIwillmakeuseofexistingMediaLabresourcesthatmayincludetheHigh‐LowTech[8]andFabLab[5]inventoriesaswellasscreen‐printing,castingandkilnfiringfacilities.

TIME-FRAME

DELIVERABLE NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

RESEARCH X

RECIPES X X X

WEBSITE X X X X X

WORKSHOP X

EVALUATION X X

WRITING X X

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REFERENCES 1. A.Pugin,TheTruePrincipalsofChristianArchitecture(London,H.G.Bohn,1853)2. CristenTorrey,ElizabethF.Churchill,andDavidW.McDonald,“Learninghow:thesearchforcraft

knowledgeontheinternet,”inProceedingsofthe27thinternationalconferenceonHumanfactorsincomputingsystems(Boston,MA,USA:ACM,2009),1371‐1380.

3. DanielaK.Rosner,“Mediatedcrafts:digitalpracticesaroundcreativehandwork,”inProceedingsofthe28thoftheinternationalconferenceextendedabstractsonHumanfactorsincomputingsystems(Atlanta,Georgia,USA:ACM,2010),2955‐2958.

4. DavidPye,TheNatureandArtofWorkmanship,Revised.(FoxChapelPublishing,1995).5. FabLabtoolinventory:http://fab.cba.mit.edu/content/tools/6. GraceNgaietal.,“TheTeeBoard:aneducation‐friendlyconstructionplatformfore‐textilesand

wearablecomputing,”inProceedingsofthe27thinternationalconferenceonHumanfactorsincomputingsystems(Boston,MA,USA:ACM,2009),249‐258.

7. HandcraftingTextileInterfacesfromaKit‐of‐No‐Parts(Accepted,tobepublished,TEI2011)8. High‐LowTechinventory:http://hlt.media.mit.edu/wiki/9. JaySilver,“Awakeningtomakermethodology:themetamorphosisofacuriouscaterpillar,”in

Proceedingsofthe8thInternationalConferenceonInteractionDesignandChildren(Como,Italy:ACM,2009),242‐245.

10. Kit‐of‐parts:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit‐of‐parts11. LeahBuechleyandMichaelEisenberg,“FabricPCBs,electronicsequins,andsocketbuttons:techniques

fore‐textilecraft,”PersonalUbiquitousComput.13,no.2(2009):133‐150.12. MaggieOrth,RehmiPost,andEmilyCooper,“Fabriccomputinginterfaces,”inCHI98conference

summaryonHumanfactorsincomputingsystems‐CHI'98(presentedattheCHI98conferencesummary,LosAngeles,California,UnitedStates,1998),331‐332.

13. MalcolmMcCullough,AbstractingCraft:ThePracticedDigitalHand(TheMITPress,1998).14. MitchelResnickandBrianSilverman,“Somereflectionsondesigningconstructionkitsforkids,”in

Proceedingsofthe2005conferenceonInteractiondesignandchildren(Boulder,Colorado:ACM,2005),117‐122.

15. Papadopoulos&Eveland,Fabrickit,2010:http://www.fabrick.it/16. PeterDormer,TheCultureofCraft(ManchesterUniversityPress,1997).17. Satomi&Perner‐Wilson,2010,HowToGetWhatYouWant:http://www.kobakant.at/DIY/18. SaulGreenbergandChesterFitchett,“Phidgets:easydevelopmentofphysicalinterfacesthrough

physicalwidgets,”inProceedingsofthe14thannualACMsymposiumonUserinterfacesoftwareandtechnology(Orlando,Florida:ACM,2001),209‐218.

19. YasminB.Kafaietal.,“Fröbel'sforgottengift:textileconstructionkitsaspathwaysintoplay,designandcomputation,”inProceedingsofthe9thInternationalConferenceonInteractionDesignandChildren(Barcelona,Spain:ACM,2010),214‐217.