Fate
of l
ow m
olec
ular
wei
ght
diss
olve
d or
gani
c m
atte
rs
in re
clai
med
wat
er tr
eatm
ent s
yste
ms
Futo
shiK
uris
uan
d Ik
uro
Kas
uga
Res
earc
h C
ente
r for
Wat
er E
nviro
nmen
t Tec
hnol
ogy,
an
d D
epar
tmen
t of U
rban
Eng
inee
ring,
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tok
yo
Nov
embe
r 26,
201
5 R
EC
WE
T S
ympo
sium
2
Rec
laim
ed W
ater
in U
rban
Reg
ion
Tach
ikaw
a-ci
ty, T
okyo
Par
king
Are
a on
a H
ighw
ay
3
Dis
solv
ed O
rgan
ic M
atte
r (D
OM
) in
Rec
laim
ed W
ater
Pro
blem
s/co
ncer
ns re
late
d to
DO
M in
recl
aim
ed w
ater
M
embr
ane
foul
ing(
1)
E
OP
s(2)
Wat
er R
ecla
mat
ion
Pla
ntW
ater
Env
ironm
ents
Poi
nts
of u
se
P
atho
gen?
(4)
Dis
tribu
tion
pipe
s
M
icro
bial
re
grow
th&
bi
ofilm
(3)
(1) X
u et
al.,
201
0; ,(
2)Ya
ng e
t al.,
201
1; (3
) Tha
yanu
kul e
t al.,
2013
; (4)
Jjem
baet
al.,
2010
Fa
te o
f DB
Ps
Hig
h C
l 2 do
sage
Fo
rmat
ion
of
Dis
infe
ctio
n by
prod
ucts
(D
BP
s)
4
Gui
delin
e of
Rec
laim
ed W
ater
Qua
lity
Toile
t Fl
ushi
ngW
ater
Sp
rinkl
ing
Land
scap
e Irr
igat
ion
Rec
reat
iona
lU
seTu
rbid
ity
(deg
ree)
<2
pH5.
8-8.
6A
ppea
ranc
e &
Odo
rpl
easa
nt
Col
or
(deg
ree)
--
4010
E. c
oli
(CFU
/100
mL)
ND
ND
(T. c
oli,
1000
)N
D
Res
idua
l ch
lorin
e(m
g/L)
Free
: 0.1
< or
Com
bine
d:0.
4<
Free
: 0.1
< or
Com
bine
d:0.
4<(O
ptio
nal)
-Fr
ee: 0
.1<
orC
ombi
ned:
0.4<
(Opt
iona
l)
Min
istry
of L
and,
Infra
stru
ctur
e, T
rans
port,
and
Tou
rism
, 200
5
To e
xpan
d re
clai
med
wat
er a
pplic
atio
n, m
ore
com
preh
ensi
ve w
ater
qua
lity
info
rmat
ion
is n
eces
sary
.
5
Obj
ectiv
es
•C
hara
cter
ize
DO
M in
Rec
laim
ed W
ater
–D
BP
s an
d th
eir p
recu
rsor
s
•E
valu
ate
BO
M re
mov
al/p
rodu
ctio
n in
R
ecla
imed
Wat
er T
reat
men
t Pro
cess
es–
ozon
atio
n, a
ctiv
ated
car
bon,
san
d fil
tratio
n,
chlo
rinat
ion
•Id
entif
y th
e B
OM
mol
ecul
es a
nd th
e fa
te in
th
e pr
oces
ses
6
-R
ecei
ving
sec
onda
ry e
fflue
nt(A
ctiv
ated
slu
dge
proc
ess)
from
mun
icip
al
was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
t pla
nt-
Aver
age
recl
aim
ed w
ater
pro
duct
ion:
800
m3 /d
Sam
plin
gat
Wat
er R
ecla
mat
ion
Pla
nt
Chl
orin
atio
n-D
isin
fect
ion
-NaO
Cl(
6 m
g/L
as C
l2) to
ach
ieve
1 m
g/L
of to
tal c
hlor
ine
Ozo
natio
n -R
emov
al o
f col
or a
nd o
dor
-4.5
g O
3/m3
wat
er
Bio
filtr
atio
n- R
emov
al o
f rem
aini
ng b
iode
grad
able
org
anic
mat
ters
Seco
ndar
y ef
fluen
t Sam
plin
g P
oint
S
Rec
laim
ed w
ater
S S S
7
Orb
itrap
Mas
s S
pect
rom
eter
“Exa
ctiv
e” (T
herm
o S
cien
tific
)
H
igh
Res
olvi
ng P
ower
: ~ 1
00,0
00
Res
olut
ion
in c
ompl
ex s
ampl
es
M
ass
accu
racy
:<
2 pp
m
Ena
bles
mol
ecul
ar fo
rmul
a id
entif
icat
ion
Ioni
zatio
n: E
lect
ron
Spr
ay Io
niza
tion
(ES
I)
Sof
t Ion
izat
ion
resu
lts in
pro
duci
ng m
olec
ule-
rela
ted
ions
[M+H
]+, [
M-H
]-
8
Unk
now
n S
cree
ning
Ana
lysi
s of
DO
M
Filtr
atio
n
SP
E
Orb
itrap
-MS
Pos
t ana
lysi
s
~500
mL
0.7 μm
+ 0
.45μm
Gla
ss-fi
ber f
ilter
Bon
d E
lutP
PL
(Var
ian)
Pol
arity
: Neg
ativ
e io
n m
ode
m/z
rang
e: 1
00-1
,000
Mol
ecul
ar fo
rmul
a id
entif
icat
ion
(“X
calib
ur”,
Ther
mo
Sci
entif
ic)
Low
MW
Org
anic
mat
ters
Hyd
roph
ilic
~ H
ydro
phob
icS
tyle
ne-D
ivin
ylbe
nzen
epo
lym
er
9
13C
isot
ope
peak
=M+1
.003
334
S is
otop
e pe
ak=M
+1.9
958
m/z
=284
.139
3
M=2
84.1
393
Com
pute
mol
ecul
ar fo
rmul
aw
ithin
M±
5 pp
m
Nar
row
dow
n m
ass
erro
r dow
n to
1.5
ppm
Ref
er to
13C
/12C
ratio
, 34
S Is
otop
e pe
ak
C16
H18
O2N
3Mol
ecul
arfo
rmul
a de
term
inat
ion
mon
o va
lenc
e
Set
mas
s ac
cura
cy =
5 p
pm
Det
erm
inat
ion
10
Mas
s S
pect
ra
DO
C re
cove
ry b
y P
PL
SP
E c
artri
dge
was
55
%on
ave
rage
In
tens
e pe
aks
–ob
serv
ed in
m/z
100
-50
0 (o
r 100
-500
Da)
Relative Abundance
Sec
onda
ry E
fflue
nt
Bio
filtra
tion
efflu
ent
Ozo
natio
n ef
fluen
t
Rec
laim
ed w
ater
(=
Chl
orin
ated
)
100
500
m/z
11
Clu
ster
ana
lysi
s of
mas
s sp
ectra
Rec
laim
ed
wat
er-2
014
Rec
laim
ed
wat
er-2
015
Ozo
natio
n ef
fluen
t-201
4
Ozo
natio
n ef
fluen
t-201
5
Bio
filtra
tion
efflu
ent-2
014
Bio
filtra
tion
efflu
ent-2
015
Seco
ndar
yef
fluen
t-201
4
Seco
ndar
yef
fluen
t-201
5
2520
1510
50
Res
cale
d di
stan
ce
12
Ele
men
tal C
ompo
sitio
ns
E
lem
enta
l com
posi
tions
of w
aste
wat
er –
mor
e co
mpl
ex c
ompa
red
to ri
ver
NO
M
(11)
Ura
iet a
l.,20
14
CH
O
CH
OS
CH
ON
CH
ON
S
Cl-
cont
aini
ng
0
250
500
750
1000
Raw
wa
ter
Biof
iltra
tion
Ozo
natio
nRe
cla
imed
wa
ter
No. of formulaeS
econ
dary
efflu
ent
050100
150
200
250
300
Riv
erW
ater
Oth
er
CH
ON
S
CH
ON
CH
OS
CH
O
Bio
filtra
tion
efflu
ent
Ozo
natio
nef
fluen
t R
ecla
imed
w
ater
In
tota
l, 2,
078
form
ulae
wer
e id
entif
ied
A
fter c
hlor
inat
ion,
133
chlo
rine-
cont
aini
ng fo
rmul
ae –
addi
tiona
lly d
etec
ted
13
Van
Kre
vele
n D
iagr
am o
f CH
O fo
rmul
ae in
Sec
onda
ry E
fflue
nt
M
ost o
f CH
O fo
rmul
ae fo
und
in re
gion
s of
lign
in o
r tan
nin(
13-1
4)an
d co
nden
sed
arom
atic
stru
ctur
e co
mpo
unds
oO
rigin
ated
from
NO
M
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 0.
000.
200.
400.
600.
801.
001.
20
H/C
O/C
C9H
14O
9, H
/C=1
.56,
O/C
=1.
00Li
gnin
or t
anni
n
Car
bohy
drat
eLi
pid
Con
dens
ed A
rom
atic
Str
uctu
re a
nd
Bla
ck c
arbo
n
Uns
atu
rat
ed
Hyd
roc
arb
on
(13)
Ohn
oet
al.,
201
0 an
d (1
4)K
im e
t al.,
200
614
Chl
orin
ated
DB
Ps
in R
ecla
imed
Wat
er
K
now
n D
BP,
incl
udin
g di
chlo
roac
etic
aci
d (C
2H2O
2Cl 2)
and
Tric
hlor
oace
tic a
cid
(C2H
O2C
l 3) –
dete
cted
N
o co
mpo
unds
for 3
9/13
3 fo
rmul
ae w
ere
liste
d on
Che
mSp
ider
Dat
abas
es
(con
tain
s >3
0,00
0,00
0co
mpo
unds
)
0102030405060
CH
OC
lC
HO
SC
lC
HO
NC
lC
HO
NS
Cl
Number of formulae
Prev
ious
ly re
porte
dN
ot-re
porte
d
15
Trac
king
Pre
curs
ors
of C
hlor
inat
ed D
BP
s
Ele
ctro
philic
sub
stitu
tion
Th
e re
actio
n re
sults
in m
olec
ule
with
+1
Cl a
nd -1
H
OH
HO
Cl
OH
Cl
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
HO
Cl
Chl
orin
ated
and
al
ipha
tic
com
poun
ds
(16)
Deb
orde
et a
l., 2
008
C6H
6OC
6H5O
Cl
C6H
3OC
l 3
M
ost p
redo
min
ant r
eact
ion
at w
aste
wat
er tr
eatm
ent c
ondi
tion(
16)
We
may
trac
k th
eir p
utat
ive
prec
urso
rs fr
om c
hlor
inat
ed fo
rmul
ae16
Put
ativ
e P
recu
rsor
s an
d D
BP
s af
ter C
hlor
inat
ion
Puta
tive
prec
urso
rC
hlor
inat
ed D
BPs
m/z
(e
rror
in p
pm)
Che
mic
al
form
ula
Pres
ent i
nm
/z
(err
or in
ppm
)C
hem
ical
fo
rmul
a16
1.02
39 (2
.95)
C9H
6O3
All
proc
esse
s19
4.98
57 (1
.31)
C9H
5O3C
l19
5.06
60 (1
.24)
C10
H12
O4
All
proc
esse
s22
9.02
71 (0
.92)
C10
H11
O4C
l22
9.07
17 (0
.92)
C10
H14
O6
All
proc
esse
s29
6.99
38 (0
.05)
C10
H12
O6C
l 224
1.07
18 (0
.18)
C11
H14
O6
All
proc
esse
s30
8.99
42 (1
.23)
C11
H12
O6C
l 217
9.07
10 (2
.05)
C10
H12
O3
Raw
, Bf a
nd O
z21
3.03
23 (0
.44)
C10
H11
O3C
l21
3.04
03 (0
.56)
C9H
10O
6B
f,Oz
and
Rm
280.
9626
(0.3
4)C
9H8O
6Cl 2
207.
0660
(1.1
7)C
11H
12O
4O
z an
d R
m24
1.02
75 (0
.89)
C11
H11
O4C
l24
3.05
12 (0
.61)
C10
H12
O7
Oz
and
Rm
310.
9734
(1.2
7)C
10H
10O
7Cl 2
8
DB
P pr
ecur
sors
wer
e id
entif
ied
by a
ssum
ing
elec
troph
ilic
subs
titut
ion
P
utat
ive
prec
urso
rs o
rigin
ate
not o
nly
in s
econ
dary
effl
uent
but
als
o tre
atm
ent p
roce
sses
17
Bio
degr
adab
le O
rgan
ic M
atte
r in
RW
To s
uppr
ess
the
regr
owth
,
In
crea
se c
hlor
ine
dose
R
educ
e bi
odeg
rada
ble
orga
nic
mat
ters
(BO
M)
disi
nfec
tant
biof
ilm
clog
ging
path
ogen
s
Bac
teria
l Reg
row
th a
fter c
hlor
inat
ion
Gro
wth
of c
hlor
ine-
tole
rant
mic
roor
gani
sms
by u
sing
thei
r gro
wth
sub
stra
tes
Dev
elop
met
hods
to c
hara
cter
ize
BO
M in
RW
18
Met
hod
deve
lope
d to
eva
luat
e B
OM
Rec
laim
ed W
ater
, Pro
cess
w
ater
from
7 R
WTP
s
R2A
med
ia25
ºC, 7
day
s
Isol
ate
mor
phol
ogic
ally
diff
eren
t co
loni
es (1
98 s
train
s ob
tain
ed)
34 p
hylo
gene
tical
ly d
istin
ctiv
e st
rain
s
rRN
Age
ne
sequ
enci
ng
BIO
LOG
GN
2 M
icro
plat
e™
1. Is
olat
e ba
cter
ial s
train
s2.
Eva
luat
e su
bstra
te s
pect
ra
34is
olat
es
Test
95
orga
nic
mat
ters
Clu
ster
ana
lysi
s of
the
patte
rns
Ext
end
Ass
imila
ble
Org
anic
Car
bon
(AO
C) m
etho
d
(Tha
yanu
kule
t al.,
201
3b)
19
Met
hod
deve
lope
d to
eva
luat
e B
OM
(con
td)
3. G
row
th p
atte
rn in
RW
Gro
wn
in a
ll R
W
(Tha
yanu
kule
t al.,
201
3b)
No
Gro
wth
in A
Gro
wn
only
in C
Thro
ugh
step
s 1-
3, w
e sc
reen
ed 9
bac
teria
l stra
ins
to
be u
sed
for B
OM
eva
luat
ion
20
Bac
teria
l Gro
wth
Fin
gerp
rint (
BG
F)
Inoc
ulat
e10
3 ce
lls/m
L of
the
isol
ates
indi
vidu
ally
Iso-
1S
tep1
Inoc
ulat
ion
Iso-
2N
OX
Ste
p2In
cuba
tion,
enu
mer
atio
nS
tep3
Max
Gro
wth
Incu
bate
at 2
0 ºC
for 1
0 da
ys
Tota
l cel
l cou
nts
by s
tain
ing
with
SY
BR®
Gre
en I
Iso-
1
Tim
e
Cell Conc.
Iso-
2
Iso-1
Iso-2
NOX
Max cell conc.
Flow
Cyt
omet
er
Nam
eP
hylo
geny
Iso-
1S
phin
gom
onas
yabu
uchi
aest
rain
W21
1Is
o-2
Aci
dovo
rax
sp. C
NE
29Is
o-3
Her
min
iimon
assa
xobs
iden
sst
rain
AA
Iso-
4P
seud
omon
as s
p. ly
h1B
Iso-
5N
evsk
iara
mos
eIs
o-6
Myc
obac
teriu
m s
p. 1
8GU
WIs
o-7
Mic
roba
cter
ium
sp. 5
BC
O-S
1.1
Iso-
8P
edob
acte
rsp.
BR
-9Is
o-9
Rie
mer
ella
sp. I
PD
H98
/90
P17
Pse
udom
onas
fluo
resc
ens
P17
NO
XA
quas
piril
lum
sp. N
OX
9 is
olat
es
from
RW
TP
Stra
ins
used
fo
r AO
C
(Tha
yanu
kule
t al.,
sub
mitt
ed.)
21
Rec
laim
ed w
ater
sam
ples
Sec
onda
ry
Efflu
ent
San
d Fi
ltrat
ion
Ozo
natio
nChl
orin
ati
on
Sec
onda
ry
Efflu
ent
Bio
logi
cal
Filtr
atio
nO
zona
tion
Chl
orin
ati
on
Plan
t A
Plan
t B
Plan
t CRe
clai
med
wat
er t
reat
men
t fa
cilit
ies
in d
omes
tic
was
tew
ater
tre
atm
ent
plan
ts n
ear
Toky
o, J
apan
.
Sec
onda
ry
Efflu
ent
San
d Fi
ltrat
ion
Act
ivat
ed
Car
bon
Chl
orin
ati
on
UV
disi
nfec
tion
22
Gro
wth
of B
GF
stra
ins
in p
roce
ss w
ater
Ex.
1 Is
o-2
in P
lant
A P
roce
ss w
ater
050
100
150
200
250
Cell conc. (cells/mL)
Tim
e (h
)
102
104
103
105
106
107
108
2nd
eff.
San
d fil
tere
d
Act
ivat
ed C
arbo
n
Chl
orin
ated
050
100
150
200
250
Cell conc. (cells/mL)
Tim
e (h
)
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
2nd
eff.
San
d fil
tere
d
Ozo
nate
dC
hlor
inat
ed
2ndeff.
Sand filtration
Activated Carbon
Chlorination
2ndeff.
Sand Filtration
Chorination
Ozonation
rem
oved
Ex.
2 Is
o-3
in P
lant
C P
roce
ss w
ater
prod
uced
23
Pro
cess
Eva
luat
ion
by B
GF
012345
Maximum cell conc.(×106cells/mL)
活性
炭処
理前
活性
炭処
理後
012345
Maximum cell conc. (×106cells/mL)
オゾ
ン処
理前
オゾ
ン処
理後
Bef
ore
Afte
r
Act
ivat
ed c
arbo
n re
mov
ed
subs
trate
for a
ll 11
stra
ins
Ozo
natio
npr
oduc
ed s
ubst
rate
for
all e
xcep
t for
Iso-
9
Pla
nt A
, A
ctiv
ated
Car
bon
Trea
tmen
tP
lant
B ,
Ozo
natio
nTr
eatm
ent
Bef
ore
Afte
r
BG
F su
cces
sful
ly e
valu
ated
the
BO
M c
hang
e in
the
recl
aim
ed w
ater
tre
atm
ent p
roce
sses
Wha
t are
the
BO
Ms
utili
zed
by th
e st
rain
s?24
Whi
ch O
M is
use
d fo
r the
gro
wth
?
15
01
60
17
01
80
19
02
00
21
02
20
23
02
40
25
0m
/z
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
Relative Abundance
15
9.0
65
7
24
1.1
44
4
19
9.1
69
91
71
.06
57
17
7.0
91
6
18
7.8
97
71
57
.05
00
19
0.9
07
02
21
.08
17
20
1.0
76
41
85
.08
14
16
5.0
18
82
13
.07
65
22
9.0
71
52
39
.12
87
24
3.0
87
32
03
.05
57
23
1.0
87
22
11
.06
08
24
5.1
03
1
{}
p[
]
15
01
60
17
01
80
19
02
00
21
02
20
23
02
40
25
0m
/z
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
Relative Abundance
15
9.0
65
7
19
9.1
70
0
17
1.0
65
7
24
1.1
44
51
73
.08
14
15
7.0
50
01
87
.89
77
18
5.0
81
51
65
.01
88
20
1.0
76
52
13
.07
65
22
1.0
81
72
29
.07
15
18
9.8
94
82
43
.08
73
20
3.0
55
72
39
.12
88
21
1.0
97
22
31
.08
72
24
5.0
66
6
Mas
s sp
ectru
m
befo
re th
e gr
owth
Mas
s sp
ectru
m
afte
rthe
gr
owth
(Orb
itrap
MS
ana
lysi
s, m
/z =
150
-250
)
25
BO
M c
onsu
med
by
BG
Fst
rain
s
MW
Form
ula
Isol
ates
(Iso-
1~9)
AO
C1
23
45
67
89
P17
NO
X11
9.03
63
C7
H5
O N
○
123.
0313
C
6H
5O
2N
○
123.
0676
C
7H
9O
N○
○○
○○
○○
○○
○
131.
0939
C
6H
13O
2N
○
147.
0314
C
8H
5O
2N
○
165.
0420
C
8H
7O
3N
○
191.
0578
C
10H
9O
3N
○○
○○
○○
○○
○○
211.
9422
C
8H
4O
S3
○
214.
0507
C8
H11
O3
N2
P○
237.
0634
C
11H
11O
5N
○○
○○
○
259.
0426
C12
H9
O2
N3
S○
○○
○○
○○
○○
○○
264.
1725
C
16H
24O
3○
278.
0283
C
10H
14O
5S 2
○
282.
0926
C
14H
18O
4S
○○
○○
327.
2775
C
19H
37O
3N
○○
○○
○○
○○
○○
515.
2910
C26
H45
O7
N S
○○
○○
○○
○○
○
7 co
mpo
unds
ou
t of 1
6 w
ere
not u
tiliz
ed b
y co
nven
tiona
l A
OC
stra
ins
⇒B
GF
met
hod
can
capt
ure
wid
e va
riety
of
BO
M
26
Fate
of B
OM
sub
stan
ces
in th
e pr
oces
s
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
2nd eff.sand filt.activated Cchlorination
2nd eff.biofiltrationozonationchlorination
2nd eff.sand filt.ozonationchlorination
Arbitrary unit
C6H
5O2N
(util
ized
by
Iso-
5)
0
1,00
0
2,00
0
3,00
0
4,00
0
5,00
0
6,00
0
2nd eff.sand filt.activated Cchlorination
2nd eff.biofiltrationozonationchlorination
2nd eff.sand filt.ozonationchlorination
Arbitrary unit
Plan
t AP
lant
BP
lant
C
(util
ized
by
Iso-
1~9,
NO
X)
Rem
oved
by
activ
ated
car
bon,
Prod
uced
by
ozon
atio
nM
ay c
ause
reg
row
th
?
?(N
iaci
n)
C10
H9N
O3
(5-H
ydro
xyin
doly
lace
tic a
cid)
Plan
t AP
lant
BP
lant
C
Rem
oved
by
ozon
atio
nan
d ac
tivat
ed c
arbo
n
27
Sum
mar
y
•O
zona
tion
subs
tant
ially
alte
red
DO
M c
ompo
sitio
n
•Y
et to
be
know
n D
BP
and
thei
r pre
curs
ors
can
be
foun
d by
the
unkn
own
scre
enin
g an
alys
is
•B
OM
rem
oval
/pro
duct
ion
in R
ecla
imed
Wat
er
Trea
tmen
t Pro
cess
es c
an b
e de
scrib
ed b
y B
acte
rial G
row
th F
inge
rprin
t (B
GF)
met
hod
•B
OM
mol
ecul
es w
ere
iden
tifie
d an
d th
e fa
te in
the
proc
esse
s w
ere
illus
trate
d28
Ref
eren
ce
•U
rai,
M.,
Kas
uga,
I., K
uris
u, F
. and
Fur
umai
, H. (
2014
) Mol
ecul
ar C
hara
cter
izat
ion
of
Dis
solv
ed O
rgan
ic M
atte
r in
Var
ious
Urb
an W
ater
by
Usi
ng O
rbitr
apFo
urie
r Tr
ansf
orm
Mas
s S
pect
rom
etry
. Wat
er S
cien
ce &
Tec
hnol
ogy:
Wat
er S
uppl
y14
(4),
547-
553.
•Fu
kush
ima,
T.,
Har
a-Y
amam
ura,
H.,
Ura
i, M
., K
asug
a, I.
, Kur
isu,
F.,
Miy
oshi
, T.,
Kim
ura,
K.,
Wat
anab
e, Y
. and
Oka
be, S
. (20
14) T
oxic
ity A
sses
smen
t of C
hlor
inat
ed
Was
tew
ater
Effl
uent
s by
Usi
ng T
rans
crip
tom
e-B
ased
Bio
assa
ys a
nd F
ourie
r Tr
ansf
orm
Mas
s S
pect
rom
etry
(FT-
MS
) Ana
lysi
s. W
ater
Res
earc
h52
, 73-
82.
•Th
ayan
ukul
, P.,
Kur
isu,
F.,
Kas
uga,
I. a
nd F
urum
ai, H
. (20
13) C
hara
cter
izat
ion
of
Bac
teria
l Iso
late
s fro
m W
ater
Rec
lam
atio
n S
yste
ms
on th
e B
asis
of S
ubst
rate
U
tiliz
atio
n P
atte
rns
and
Reg
row
th P
oten
tial i
n R
ecla
imed
Wat
er. W
ater
Sci
ence
and
Te
chno
logy
68(7
), 15
56-1
565.
•
Thay
anuk
ul, P
., K
uris
u, F
., K
asug
a, I.
and
Fur
umai
, H. (
2013
) Eva
luat
ion
of M
icro
bial
R
egro
wth
Pot
entia
l by
Ass
imila
ble
Org
anic
Car
bon
in V
ario
us R
ecla
imed
Wat
er a
nd
Dis
tribu
tion
Sys
tem
s. W
ater
Res
earc
h47
(1),
225-
232.