Recommended methodologies for the
measurement of Diesel Exhaust Emissions
(DEE) and Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)
Presented on behalf of:
CJ Pretorius, B Henzing, PBC Forbes, G Schoonraad, S Brink, M Wattrus, B
Mkwakwinga, PC Schutte, J du Toit, S van Tonder
MMPA Conference
27 October 2018
Sun City, Rustenburg, South Africa
Julize van Niekerk – MHSC Research Delivery Specialist
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Contents
▪ Objectives
▪ Relevance of project
▪ Research methodology
▪ Outcomes
▪ Recommendations
▪ Project Team
▪ Acknowledgements
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Relevance of project
▪ Diesel engine exhaust is a Class 1 Human Carcinogen
▪ Diesel particulate matter (DPM): ultrafine particulate
matter in DEE
▪ Lack of standardised methodologies
▪ Insufficient monitoring and control of employee exposure
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Project Objectives
▪ Methodologies to measure diesel exhaust emissions
(DEE) and diesel particulate matter (DPM)
▪ Effective monitoring and control of employee exposure to
carcinogens from diesel emissions
▪ Standardised practices in the industry
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Methodology
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Outcomes
➢ Literature Review
▪ Leading practices and technology available
▪ Commercially available methodologies
➢ National survey through questionnaire
▪ Needs and requirements of the mining industry
▪ Small number of responses; however representative of
industry
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Outcomes continued…
➢ Questionnaire responses
▪ Some mines are monitoring against limit values
▪ Preferred familiar methodologies (gravimetric and gas)
▪ Small, portable methodologies
▪ Short waiting time for results
▪ Aligned with legislation
8
Outcomes continued…
➢ Database with fleet information
▪ Responses were not comprehensive; however,
representative of industry
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Outcomes continued…
➢ Controlled testing
▪ Sasol Fuels Application Centre
▪ Evaluate methodologies under
controlled conditions
▪ Raw exhaust, dilute exhaust and
atmospheric
▪ Same speed, different engine loads
▪ Test modes: idle, high idle, 25%, 50%
and 100% load
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Outcomes continued…
➢ Mine testing
▪ At one of the AngloCoal Collieries
▪ Evaluate implementation and
end-user impressions
▪ Mine testing confirmed some
concerns around the health and
safety of technicians
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Outcomes: Guidance Note
▪ Guidance on measurement
within the specific context of
the mining operation
▪ Frequency of testing
▪ Context informs the choice of
the methodology
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Recommended DEE and DPM methodologies
▪ Not one comprehensive methodology for one diesel exhaust
component (i.e. gases or particles)
▪ Not one comprehensive methodology per mine or per
commodity
▪ Robust methodologies => trends
➢ Use one or more methodologies to test DEE and DPM in
raw exhaust, environmental conditions and personal
exposure
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Recommended DEE and DPM methodologies
NIOSH 5040: DPM sampling and lab analysis
Airtec Real-time DPM and with lab analysis
Sub-micron particle mass concentration (PMC) analysis: rawexhaust DPM
Electrochemical gas sensors: raw exhaust gases
Denuder tubes: environmental gas and DPM sampling with lab analysis
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Outcomes: Methodologies Not Recommended
➢ Has potential but cannot be implemented yet as it
requires further development: CSIR patented semi-
conductor sensors for gases and ultra-fine PM
➢ Not recommended methodology: Personal gas
detection system
▪ Warning system; not designed for monitoring
▪ Assess technician exposure during measurement
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Outcomes: Standard Operating Procedure
▪ Execution of recommended methodologies
▪ Practical tips and considerations
▪ Practical implementation of one or more methodologies
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Recommendations
▪ The development of a comprehensive and integrated methodology
▪ DMR promulgate national OELs for DPM
▪ End-users are trained in the implementation of the SIM 150601
Guidance Note and Standard Operating Procedure
▪ Certain ISO standards are adopted by SABS for the measurement of
airborne pollutants in workplace
▪ The outcomes of SIM 150601 are integrated with the outcomes of
project CoE 150602 on DPM
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Project Team
▪ CSIR: Cecilia Pretorius, JJ Lottering, Dr. Bonex Mwakikunga,
Vusi Mahlangu, Jonas Shai, Gideon Ferreira, Stefan Brink
▪ TNO: Bas Hensing, Anjoeka Pronk, Yvette Christopher-de Vries
▪ Sasol: Mark Wattrus
▪ University of Pretoria: Dr. Patricia Forbes and Genna-Leigh
Schoonraad
▪ Schu Schutte
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Acknowledgements
▪ Funding: Mine Health and Safety Council
▪ Collaboration: University of Pretoria
▪ Collaboration: TNO (Netherlands)
▪ Controlled testing: Sasol Fuels Application Centre
▪ Mine testing: AngloCoal Greenside Collieries
▪ Instruments: CSIR Air and Dust Laboratory, Dräger, Disprotech,
South Deep Gold Mine, AMS Haden and the University of
Pretoria
MHSC Project SIM 150601
For project queries, please contact the
Mine Health and Safety Council:
Tel: 011 070 4200 [email protected] http://mhsc.org.za