Reconciliation betweenBFO and DOLCE leads to YATO

ー On quality description ー

Riichiro MizoguchiISIR, Osaka University

Rough Idea

The top-level structure and qualityinherited from BFO

Separation of quantity (value) and quality inherited from DOLCE

+ The idea of Role from Hozo Separation of the reality and its description

= A new upper level ontology for quality & quantity in YATO

Issues Generic issues

– Coping with two kinds of realities• The reality and several kinds of data descriptions• Clear separation of the two in the ontology

– Coping with Change better Specific issues

– Problems in PATO– quality type vs. quality vs. quantity

• Separation of quantity and quality• Quantity as representation

Quality ontology in YATO implemented in Hozo

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan

Problems in PATO

Hiroshi MasuyaRIKEN, Japan

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan

YATO-PATO_termBFO-PATO

Single hierarchy model of quality(No differentiation of quality from quantity)

Dual hierarchy model of quality(Differentiation of quality into quality type and quality value)

length increased length

length of tail of

mouse_1

length length of tail of

mouse_1

increased length

ordinal scale value

class instance class instance

referring to

<E,Q> = <tail, increased length> <E,A,V> = <tail, length, increased length>

(attribute-slim) (value-slim)

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan

Quantitative and Qualitative description of phenotypic quality

Tail of mouse_1

10cm long and longer than wild-type

length

increased length length of

tail of mouse_1

class instance

10cm

length length of tail of

mouse_1

increased length

ordinal scale value

class instance

referring to

rational scale value 10cm

Double inheritance!

YATO-PATO_termBFO-PATO

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan

Quantitative comparison or “D/W/H” ??

H:10cm

W:10cmD: 20cm H:10cm

W: 20cmD: 20cm

Whole body of mouse_1 Whole body of mouse_2

length

H of a mouse_1

Height H of a mouse_2

Width

W of a mouse_1

W of a mouse_2

D of a mouse_2 Depth

10cm of height

10cm of width

20cm of width

20cm of Depth

Cross-attribute equivalence of “10cm”(20cm) is lost.

BFO-PATO

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan

Other problems

• How to represent abnormality in <E,Q>?<E,A,V> = <tail_1, length, abnormal>

• 1-hierarchy model brings PATO-tree some complication of attribute-slims and value-slims.

Missing meanings:

<male (female) (semi-)fertile is-a (semi-)fertile><male (female) (semi-)sterile is-a (semi-)sterile><Decreased (increased) male (female) fertility is-a decreased (increased) fertility>

Reality of quality description

In engineering and physics, <E,A,V> description is the standard

In clinical medicine, there are many <E,P,V> descriptions

We should realize “Value” (played by quantity) as reality

We need interoperability among these kinds of quality descriptions.

Reality of quality/quantity

160cm

50Kg

Quality: John’s height of 160cm long ← This is the only reality we share!?The issue is how to wisely model it

•Quality type: length, weight, etc. as a kind of qualities Then, what is height? Is 160cm an instance of length? BFO: <160cm instance-of quality type> •Quality dimension: 160cm is a value rather than an instance•Quality: John’s height, John’s weight, etc., independently of how big and when as an identity holder•Quality as role: height, depth, etc. are roles played by length•Quality must be something associated with an entity So, <160cm long> can’t be a quality•Quantity: 160cm, 50Kg, etc. Quantity is generic. 160cm could be height of John and Tom, distance between A and B, etc. Quantity as representation: 1m=100cm=1000mm=0.001Km•Property: a pair of quality type and quantity: <height, 160cm> This is compliant with “state”; hungry = <hunger state, hungry>

tall = <height, high or long>

What exist here: John, John’s height, height, length, 160cm long, 160, cm

Object/human Associatedwith John

Dependent onthe way ofmeasuring

Quitegeneric

lengthquantity number Unit/dimension

John

Reality of quality/quantity 2

160cm

50Kg

Quality instance: John’s height of 160cm long ← This is the only reality we share!The issue is how to wisely model it

•Generic quality type: length, weight, etc. as a kind of qualities Height, width, or distance are not included. 160cm is an instance not of length but of length quantity.•Quality dimension: 160cm is a value rather than an instance•Quality: John’s height, John’s weight, etc., independently of how big and when as an identity holder•Quality type (Quality as role): height, depth, etc. played by length So, <160cm long> is a player of quality as role.•Quantity: 160cm, 50Kg, etc. Quantity is generic. 160cm could be height of John and Tom, distance between A and B, etc. Quantity as representation: 1m=100cm=1000mm=0.001Km•Property (quality): a pair of quality type and quantity: <height, 160cm> which is compliant with “state”; hungry = <hunger state, hungry>

tall = <height, high or long>•Quality must be something associated with an entity

What exist here: John, John’s height, height, length, 160cm long, 160, cm

Object/human Quality Qualitytype

GenericQuality

type

lengthquantity number Unit/dimension

John

1. He is tall. (BFO) <E, P1>2. He is 185cm high. (BFO) < E, P2>3. His height is high/big/large. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V2>4. His height is 185cm. (DOLCE): < E, A1, V1>5. This rose is red. (BFO) < E, P3>6. The color of this rose is red. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V3>7. The color of this rose is xyz Hz. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V1_1>8. Being red of this rose is high. (Galen) < E, P3, V2>9. Diarrhea of this patient is severe (Galen) < E, P3, V2>10. This patient doesn’t have fever. (Galen) < E, P1, V4>11. The length of the pen is short. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V5>12. The conductivity of this material is high. < E, A2, V2>13. The insulativity of this material is high. < E, A3, V2>14. This road has many curves. < E, A4, V6> (This road is curvy)15. Tom visited Kyoto three times. < E, A5, V7> (He is a frequent traveler)

Representation of quality of reality= also a reality→ 　 Interoperability among them is necessary

Concluding remarks A comprehensive ontology for quality & quantity has

been proposed enabling interoperability of existing descriptions

Its features include: – Separation of quantity and quality– Separation of the reality and description– Clear identification of quality, quality instance, quality

type and generic quality type.

Ontology of quality & quantity has been under evaluation through building– A clinical ontology– A phenotype ontology of Mouse

Ontology of representation Distinction among the following three things

– Representation which is composed of• Representation form• Representation content

– Represented thing which is composed of• Representation• Representation media

– Representation content• which is-a Proposition

Examples– My speech “I like Barry” is-a Represented thing

• using speech media– The writing “I like Barry” is-a Represented thing

• using paper media– the representation form of “I like Barry” is-a NL sentence

Sentence

Musicscore

instance-of Score of

“The 5th”

RepresentationProposition

Symphony instance-of

“The 5th”

Music

realization-of

A performanceof the 5th

Utterance

instance-of

“There is a house”

part-of Musicsymbol

Spec. ofthe 5th

realization-of

realiz

ation-of

Design drawingof Corolla

Elementsof figure

Spec. ofCorolla

part-of

Painting

Mona Lisa Without canvas

Script of Hamlet

part-of

NaturalLanguage-1

Spec. ofall actions

instance-of

Tale of Genji

Novel

Proposition-product

Proposition-design

Sentences ofTale of Genji

2-D rep.

Rep. withlanguage

Symbolic Rep.

Rep. with symbol

part-of

Drama

Hamlet

realization-of Content ofthe story

instance-of

Letter

“a”

Letter

A particular “a”

part-of

Spec. of the figure Linerfigure-1

Naturallanguage

realization-of

instance-of

Figure

Occurrent

Playingmusic instance-of

is-a

Throw

A throwingaction

A performanceof Hamlet

Playingdrama

inst

ance

-of

Writingaction

An action ofwriting “a”

inst

ance

-of

generated-by

instance-of

Concrete/physical

Vehicle

Car

instance-of

Corolla-1

Figure of letter

Speechsound

2-DSound

Musicalsound

Noise

A linear figureof “a”

Sound producedby a performance

of the 5th

realization-of

realization-of

generated-by

instance-of

Mona Lisa with canvas

inst

ance

-of

instance-of

instance-of instance-of

Legend:　　　　 is-a 　　　　 instance-of 　　　　 realization-of generated-by Special part-of for representation　　　　 equivalence

Specification

Spec. ofCorolla

inst ance-of

Corolla

Event

Ontology of representation

Ontology (not description)

Quality instance

Quality type

Genericqualitytype

QuantityQuantity

J-height

Quality

Identity of a quality

160cm170cm

We need to capture Change of quality

In quantity space,Different ID

As qualitySame ID

2008 2009

Type/role/part definition in Hozo

slot name

name of the slot value

Constraint of slot value

Type

To be defined

Referring to the other

type

Role concept

Role holder

Context

Role player

To be defined

Referring to the other

type

To be defined