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Reconfigurable Computing&
Its Use in Space Applicationsin 20 minutes…
Dr. Brock J. LaMeres
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Reconfigurable Computing
What is Reconfigurable Computing?
A System That Alters Its Hardware as its Normal Operating Procedure• This can be done in real-time or at compile time.• This can be done on the full-chip, or just on certain portions.• Changing the hardware allows it to be optimized for the application at hand.
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The typical approach to hardware is to build everything that will ever be needed.
In Reconfigurable Computing, hardware is instead altered and re-used.
Reconfigurable Computing
How is RC Different?
Today’s Computers are Based on a General-Purpose Processor• The GP CPU is designed to do many things.• This is the “Jack of All Trades, Master of None” approach.
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General Purpose CPU Model Reconfigurable Computing Model
Reconfigurable Computing
Who Cares?
Our Existing Computers Seem to be Working Well. Why Change?• Our existing computers have benefited from 40 years of Moore’s Law.• In the 1960’s, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would
double every ~24 months.
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Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel,
holding a vacuum tube.
1959 - 1965 1971* - 2011
Note: First microprocessor introduced in 1971, the Intel 4004 with 2300 transistors.
Reconfigurable Computing
Moore’s Law Rocks!
Why is Moore’s Law so Cool?• Our general-purpose computer model has gotten smaller, faster, and more power
efficient every 24 months.• This has allowed faster operation and more sophisticated software to be executed.• The development tools evolve coinciding with the faster/smaller transistors.• So we haven’t cared that most of the CPU sits idle since each new node is so much
better than the last, we always win!
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Replica of the First Transistor(Source: AP Photo Paul Sakuma)
Intel Xeon Phi, 22nm(Source: newsroom.intel.com)
Intel 4004, 10um(Source: newsroom.intel.com)
1947 (1 transistor) 1971 (2300 transistors) 2012 (5B transistors)
Reconfigurable Computing
How long can we do this?
When will Moore’s Law End?• Most exponentials do come to an end.
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Clock SpeedPowerPerformance per Clock Cycle
But is transistor count what we care about?
Reconfigurable Computing
Computation vs. Transistor Count
We Really Care About Computation
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You Are Here
Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
• They need to be low power. RC eliminates unnecessary circuitry.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
• They need to be low power. RC eliminates unnecessary circuitry.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
• They need to be low power. RC eliminates unnecessary circuitry.
• They need to have high computation. RC can do that.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
• They need to be low power. RC eliminates unnecessary circuitry.
• They need to have high computation. RC can do that.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
• They need to be low power. RC eliminates unnecessary circuitry.
• They need to have high computation. RC can do that.
• They need to operate in the presence of harsh radiation.
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Reconfigurable Computing
The Promise of RC
A Computer Always Needs an Application• We discovered that space computers could be greatly enhanced by RC.
• They need to be light. RC reuses hardware, that saves mass.
• They need to be low power. RC eliminates unnecessary circuitry.
• They need to have high computation. RC can do that.
• They need to operate in the presence of harsh radiation.
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Can you repeat the question???
Reconfigurable Computing
Where Does Radiation Come From?
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3) Trapped Radiation
1) Cosmic Rays
2) Solar Particle Events
Reconfigurable Computing
What Types of Radiation is There?
Radiation Categories1. Ionizing Radiation
o Sufficient energy to remove electrons from atomic orbito Ex. High energy photons, charged particles
2. Non-Ionizing Radiationo Insufficient energy/charge to remove electrons from atomic orbito Ex., microwaves, radio waves
Types of Ionizing Radiation 3. Gamma & X-Rays (photons)
o Sufficient energy in the high end of the UV spectrum
4. Charged Particles o Electrons, positrons, protons, alpha, beta, heavy ions
5. Neutronso No electrical charge but ionize indirectly through collisions
What Type are Electronics Sensitive To?• Ionization which causes electrons to be displaced• Particles which collide and displace silicon crystal
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Reconfigurable Computing
What are the Effects?
1. Total Ionizing Dose (TID)
o Cumulative long term damage due to ionization.
o Primarily due to low energy protons and electrons due to higher, more constant flux, particularly when trapped
o Problem #1 – Oxide Breakdown» Threshold Shifts» Leakage Current» Timing Changes
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Reconfigurable Computing
What are the Effects?
2. Single Event Effects (SEE)
o Electron/hole pairs created by a single particle passing through semiconductoro Primarily due to heavy ions and high energy protonso Excess charge carriers cause current pulseso Creates a variety of destructive and non-destructive damage
“Critical Charge” = the amount of charge deposited to change the state of a gate
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Reconfigurable Computing
But I’m Texting Right Now?
How can our computers function?
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You Are Here
Thank you atmosphere. Thank you magnetosphere
Reconfigurable Computing
But there are computers in space?
Stuff is up there now, how does it function?
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Thank you federal government.
A-Side ComputerBAE Rad750
$200,000
B-Side ComputerBAE Rad750
$200,000
Reconfigurable Computing
But there are computers in space?
Rad-Hard Processors Can be Made that are SLOW and EXPENSIVE
• Rad-Hard computers tend to lag commercial versions in performance by 10+ years.• They are also 100s-1000x more expensive.
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Reconfigurable Computing
I Know You’re Going to Ask….
Shielding
• Shielding helps for protons and electrons <30MeV, but has diminishing returns after 0.25”.• This shielding is typically inherent in the satellite/spacecraft design.
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Shield Thickness vs. Dose Rate (LEO)
Reconfigurable Computing
How Does RC Help This?
Total Ionizing Dose• TID actually diminishes as features get smaller.• This is good because we want to use the smallest transistors to get the fastest
performance.• Using off-the-shelf parts also reduces cost.
Single Event Effects• SEE gets worse! But it isn’t permanent. • So we just need a new computer architecture to handle it.
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Reconfigurable Computing
What Technology is used for RC?
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)• Currently the most attractive option.• SRAM-based FPGAs give the most flexibility• Riding Moore’s Law feature shrinkage but achieving
computation in a different way.
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Reconfigurable Computing
Enter MSU
FPGA-Based, Radiation Tolerant Computing System• We have created a new computer architecture based on RC that provides tolerance to
SEE’s caused by radiation.
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Reconfigurable Computing
Our Approach
What is needed for FPGA-Based Reconfigurable Computing?
1. SRAM-based FPGAso To support fast reconfiguration
2. Good TID Immunityo FPGAs fabricated in 45nm or less processes have acceptable TID immunity for the majority of
missions.
The Final Piece is SEE Fault Mitigation due to High Energy Ionizing Radiation
• SEEs will happen, nothing can stop this.• A computer architecture that expects and response to faults is needed.
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Reconfigurable Computing
Our Approach
A Many-Tile Architecture
• The FPGA is divided up into Tiles• A Tile is a quantum of resources that:
o Fully contains a system (e.g., processor, accelerator)o Can be programmed via partial reconfiguration (PR)
Fault Tolerance
1. TMR + Spares
2. Spatial Avoidance of Background Repair
3. Scrubbing
4. An External Radiation Sensor
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16 MicroBlaze Soft Processors on an Virtex-6
Reconfigurable Computing
Our Approach
1. TMR + Spares• 3 Tiles run in TMR with the rest reserved as spares.• In the event of a fault, the damaged tile is replaced
with a spare and foreground operation continues.
2. Spatial Avoidance & Repair• The damaged Tile is “repaired” in the background via
Partial Reconfiguration.• The repaired tile is reintroduced into the system as an
available spare.
3. Scrubbing• A traditional scrubber runs in the background.• Either blind or read-back.• PR is technically a “blind scrub”, but of a particular
region of the FPGA.
4. External Sensor• Provide information about radiation strikes that have occurred
but may not have caused a fault, yet....
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Shuttle Flight Computer
(TMR + Spare)
Reconfigurable Computing
Our Approach
Why do it this way?
With Spares, it basically becomes a flow-problem:o If the repair rate is faster than the incoming fault rate, you’re safe.o If the repair rate is slightly slower than the incoming fault rate,
spares give you additional time.o The additional time can accommodate varying flux rates.o Abundant resources on an FPGA enable dynamic scaling of the
number of spares. (e.g., build a bigger tub in real time)
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Reconfigurable Computing
Let’s Get Started
Time for Research
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Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-1)
Step 1 – Understand the Problem and See if RC Helps• The Montana Space Grant Consortium funds an investigation into conducting radiation
tolerant computing research at MSU. The goal is to understand the problem, propose a solution, and build relationships with scientists at NASA.
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(2008-2010)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Proof of Concept
20092008
Timeline of Activity at MSU
Clint Gauer (MSEE from MSU 2009) demo’s computer to MSFC Chief of Technology Andrew Keys
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-3)
Step 2 – Build a Prototype and Test in a Cyclotron • NASA funds the development of a more functional prototype and testing
under bombardment by radiation at the Texas A&M Radiation Effects Facility.
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(2008-2010)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Proof of Concept
Prototype Development & Cyclotron Testing
(2010-2012)
20092008
Timeline of Activity at MSU
Ray Weber (Ph.D., EE from MSU, 2014) prepares experiment.
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-5)
Step 3 – Demonstrate as Flight Hardware on High Altitude Balloons• NASA funds the development of the computer into flight hardware for demonstration on
high altitude balloon systems, both in Montana and at NASA.
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(2008-2010)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Proof of Concept
Prototype Development & Cyclotron Testing
High Altitude Balloon Demos
(2010-2012) (2011-2013)
20092008
Timeline of Activity at MSU
MSU Computer
Justin Hogan (Ph.D., EE from MSU, 2014) prepares payload.
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-7)
Step 4 – Demonstrate as Flight Hardware on a Sounding Rocket• NASA funds the demonstration of the computer system on sounding rocket.• Payload is integrated and will fly on 10/20/14 at White Sands Missile Range.
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(2008-2010)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Proof of Concept
Prototype Development & Cyclotron Testing
High Altitude Balloon Demos
Sounding Rocket Demo
(2010-2012) (2011-2013) (2012-2014)
20092008
Timeline of Activity at MSU
Justin Hogan and
Ray Weber (MSU Ph.D. Grads) at rocket training
boot camp in 2012.
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-8)
Step 5 – Demonstrate on the International Space Station• NASA funds the demonstration of computer system in International Space Station.
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(2008-2010)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Proof of Concept
Prototype Development & Cyclotron Testing
High Altitude Balloon Demos
Sounding Rocket Demo
ISS Demo
(2010-2012) (2011-2013) (2012-2014) (2014-2015)
20092008
Timeline of Activity at MSU
ISS Mockup at Johnson Space Center
for Crew Training
Mission Control Room for Apollo Program
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-8)
Selfie with $60M Space Suit
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-9)
Step 6 – Demonstrate as a Stand-Alone Satellite • NASA funds the demonstration of the computer system in a Low Earth Orbit mission.
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(2008-2010)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Proof of Concept
Prototype Development & Cyclotron Testing
High Altitude Balloon Demos
Sounding Rocket Demo
ISS Demo
Satellite Demo
(2010-2012) (2011-2013) (2012-2014) (2014-2015) (2014-2016)
20092008
Timeline of Activity at MSU
Reconfigurable Computing
Technical Readiness Level (TRL-9)
Step 7 – Commercialize It • License Agreement with 406 Aerospace, LLC, Bozeman, MT.
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Reconfigurable Computing
Collaborators
Faculty & Scientists • Todd Kaiser, MSU Electrical & Computer Engineering Department• Ross Snider, MSU Electrical & Computer Engineering Department• Hunter Lloyd, MSU Computer Science Department• Robb Larson, MSU Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department• Angela Des Jardins, MSU Physics Department & MSGC• Randy Larimer, MSU Electrical Engineering Department & MSGC• Berk Knighton, MSU Chemistry Department & MSGC• David Klumpar, MSU Physics Department & SSEL• Larry Springer, MSU Physics Department & SSEL• Ehson Mosleh, MSU Physics Department & SSEL• Gary Crum, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center• Thomas Flatley, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center• Leroy Hardin, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center• Kosta Varnavas, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center• Andrew Keys, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center• Robert Ray, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center• Leigh Smith, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center• Eric Eberly, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center• Alan George, University of Florida & NSF Center for High Performance Reconfig Comp.
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Reconfigurable Computing
Students
MSU Students….
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Reconfigurable Computing
Thank You For Not
Asking Questions
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Reconfigurable Computing
References
Content• “Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit 1990-2000. Fultron Inc Technical Report.,
September 6, 2002. Sammy Kayali, “Space Radiation Effects on Microelectronics”, JPL, [Available Online]: http://parts.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/Radcrs_Final.pdf.
• Holmes-Siedle & Adams, “Handbook of Radiation Effects”, 2nd Edition, Oxford Press 2002.• Thanh, Balk, “Elimination and Generation of Si-Si02 Interface Traps by Low Temperature Hydrogen Annealing”,
Journal of Electrochemical Society on Solid-State Science and Technology, July 1998.• Sturesson TEC-QEC, “Space Radiation and its Effects on EEE Components”, EPFL Space Center, June 9, 2009.
[Available Online]: http://space.epfl.ch/webdav/site/space/shared/industry_media/07%20SEE%20Effect%20F.Sturesson.pdf
• Lawrence T. Clark, Radiation Effects in SRAM: Design for Mitigation”, Arizona State University, [Available Online]: http://www.cmoset.com/uploads/9B.1-08.pdf
• K. Iniewski, “Radiation Effects in Semiconductors”, CRC Press, 2011.
Images• If not noted, images provided by www.nasa.gov or MSU• Displacement Image 1: Moises Pinada, http://moisespinedacaf.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html• Displacement Image 2/3: Vacancy and divacancy (V-V) in a bubble raft. Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison• SRAM Images: Kang and Leblebici, "CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits" 3rd Edition. McGraw Hill, 2003• SEB Images: Sturesson TEC-QEC, “Space Radiation and its Effects on EEE Components”, EPFL Space Center, June
9, 2009. • FPGA Images: www.xilinx.com, www.altera.com• RHBD Images: Giovanni Anelli & Alessandro Marchioro, “The future of rad-tol electronics for HEP”, CERN,
Experimental Physics Division, Microelectronics Group, [Available Online]:
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