RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION1863-18961863-1896

CHAPTER 18CHAPTER 18

POSTWAR PROBLEMSPOSTWAR PROBLEMSEconomicsEconomics

NORTH:NORTH: 1) 800,000 soldiers needed jobs 1) 800,000 soldiers needed jobs 2)Government canceled war supply orders 2)Government canceled war supply orders 3)factories laid off workers 4)lost more men 3)factories laid off workers 4)lost more men

Positive for North: all cities and farms were Positive for North: all cities and farms were still intact.still intact.

SOUTH:SOUTH: 1) due to total war soldiers came 1) due to total war soldiers came home to nothing! 2)Richmond & Atlanta home to nothing! 2)Richmond & Atlanta were leveled 3)Confederate money was were leveled 3)Confederate money was worthless 4)banks closed, depositors lost worthless 4)banks closed, depositors lost all their money 5)new class system-4 all their money 5)new class system-4 million freedmanmillion freedman

RECONSTRUCTION PLANSRECONSTRUCTION PLANS

10% PLAN- PRES.ABRAHAM LINCOLN10% PLAN- PRES.ABRAHAM LINCOLN WADE-DAVIS BILL- REPUBLICANS IN WADE-DAVIS BILL- REPUBLICANS IN

CONGRESSCONGRESS JOHNSON’S PLAN-PRES. ANDREW JOHNSON’S PLAN-PRES. ANDREW

JOHNSONJOHNSON RECONSTRUCTION ACT-RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION ACT-RADICAL

REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS

LINCOLNS 10% PLANLINCOLNS 10% PLANLincoln wanted to make it easy for the South to rejoin the Lincoln wanted to make it easy for the South to rejoin the

UnionUnion

1) 10% of the voters of the South 1) 10% of the voters of the South must swear loyalty to the Unionmust swear loyalty to the Union

2) South must abolish slavery2) South must abolish slavery 3) offered amnesty to confederate 3) offered amnesty to confederate

soldiers who were loyal to the Union. soldiers who were loyal to the Union. (it did not apply to Confederate (it did not apply to Confederate leaders)leaders)

Amnesty-government pardonAmnesty-government pardon

WADE-DAVIS BILLWADE-DAVIS BILLThey felt Lincoln was too soft!They felt Lincoln was too soft!

1) Majority of white man in the South 1) Majority of white man in the South must swear loyalty to the Union.must swear loyalty to the Union.

2) Former Confederate 2) Former Confederate volunteersvolunteers can not vote or hold office!can not vote or hold office!

FREEDMAN’S BUREAUFREEDMAN’S BUREAUESTABLISHED BY A BILL PASSED BY LINCOLN & ESTABLISHED BY A BILL PASSED BY LINCOLN &

CONGRESSCONGRESS

March 1864-government agency to help March 1864-government agency to help former slaves.former slaves.

1) supplied food & clothing1) supplied food & clothing 2) found jobs2) found jobs 3) medical care for more than 1 million 3) medical care for more than 1 million

peoplepeople 4) set up schools with volunteer teachers 4) set up schools with volunteer teachers

( children & adults learned together) ( children & adults learned together) 5) laid fountain for the South’s public school 5) laid fountain for the South’s public school

systemsystem 6) college for African Americans6) college for African Americans

LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATIONLINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION

April 14, 1865April 14, 1865

Ford’s theatre in Washington, DCFord’s theatre in Washington, DC

John Wilkes Booth shot the president in John Wilkes Booth shot the president in the back of his head and he died the the back of his head and he died the next day!next day!

Booth was caught and killed.Booth was caught and killed.

The nation plunged into grief!The nation plunged into grief!

Vice-President Johnson becomes Vice-President Johnson becomes PresidentPresident

JOHNSON’S PLANJOHNSON’S PLANHIS PLAN WAS MILDER THAN EXPECTEDHIS PLAN WAS MILDER THAN EXPECTED

1) Majority of Southern white men 1) Majority of Southern white men must swear loyaltymust swear loyalty

2) Confederate states must ratify the 2) Confederate states must ratify the 1313thth Amendment Amendment

3) former confederate officials may 3) former confederate officials may vote and hold officevote and hold office

REACTION TO JOHNSON’S PLANREACTION TO JOHNSON’S PLAN

Southern states quickly met the conditions in Southern states quickly met the conditions in Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan

Johnson approved their new state Johnson approved their new state governmentsgovernments

Voters in the South quickly elected Voters in the South quickly elected representatives to Congress.representatives to Congress.

The Vice-President of the Confederacy was The Vice-President of the Confederacy was elected Senator from Georgia. (Alexander elected Senator from Georgia. (Alexander Stephens)Stephens)

Republicans in Congress were outraged! Set Republicans in Congress were outraged! Set up Committee on Reconstruction of the South.up Committee on Reconstruction of the South.

SOUTHERN STATES PASS SOUTHERN STATES PASS BLACK CODESBLACK CODES

Limited the rights of African AmericansLimited the rights of African Americans1)1) Could not voteCould not vote2)2) Could not own gunsCould not own guns3)3) Could not serve on juriesCould not serve on juries4)4) Job limitations: could work only as Job limitations: could work only as

servants or farmhands and had to sign servants or farmhands and had to sign a year long contract. Without a a year long contract. Without a contract African Americans would be contract African Americans would be arrested and sentenced to work on a arrested and sentenced to work on a plantation.plantation.

CONGRESS IS OUTRAGED !CONGRESS IS OUTRAGED !

Confederate leaders in government!Confederate leaders in government! African Americans could not vote!African Americans could not vote! The Black Codes!The Black Codes! Violence against Freedmen! Burned Violence against Freedmen! Burned

homes, churches, and schools!homes, churches, and schools! Blamed Johnson’s lenient Blamed Johnson’s lenient

Reconstruction Plan!Reconstruction Plan! Radical Republican group forms to try to Radical Republican group forms to try to

take control of South Reconstruction!take control of South Reconstruction!

RADICAL REPUBLICANSRADICAL REPUBLICANS

Thaddeus Stevens of Penn. Led the Thaddeus Stevens of Penn. Led the Radicals in the House of RepresentativesRadicals in the House of Representatives

Charles Sumner of Mass. Led the Radicals Charles Sumner of Mass. Led the Radicals in the Senate in the Senate Radicals did not control Radicals did not control Congress! Moderate Republicans did!Congress! Moderate Republicans did!

They had 2 main goalsThey had 2 main goals: 1) break the : 1) break the power of the rich planters who had ruled power of the rich planters who had ruled the South (believed they caused Civil War) the South (believed they caused Civil War) 2) wanted freedmen to receive the right to 2) wanted freedmen to receive the right to vote!vote!

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1866CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1866

PASSED BY CONGRESS TO COMBAT PASSED BY CONGRESS TO COMBAT BLACK CODESBLACK CODES

IT GAVE CITIZENSHIP TO AFRICAN IT GAVE CITIZENSHIP TO AFRICAN AMERICANSAMERICANS

PRES. JOHNSON VETOED THE BILLPRES. JOHNSON VETOED THE BILL CONGRESS WAS ABLE TO OVERRIDE CONGRESS WAS ABLE TO OVERRIDE

THE VETO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!THE VETO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! CONGRESS WORRIED THAT THE SUPREME COURT CONGRESS WORRIED THAT THE SUPREME COURT

MIGHT OVERTURN THE ACT SO THEY PASSED THE MIGHT OVERTURN THE ACT SO THEY PASSED THE 1414THTH AMENDMENT!! AMENDMENT!!

1414THTH AMENDMENT AMENDMENT IT DEFINED ALL CITIZENS AS “ALL PEOPLE IT DEFINED ALL CITIZENS AS “ALL PEOPLE

BORN OR NATURALIZED IN THE U.S.”BORN OR NATURALIZED IN THE U.S.”(DID (DID NOT INCLUDE NATIVE AMERICANS)NOT INCLUDE NATIVE AMERICANS)

IT GUARENTED CITIZENS “EQUAL IT GUARENTED CITIZENS “EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW”PROTECTION OF THE LAW”

FORBADE ANY STATE TO “DEPRIVE ANY FORBADE ANY STATE TO “DEPRIVE ANY PERSON OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY PERSON OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAWWITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW””

CAN NOT DISCRIMINATE BASED ON RACECAN NOT DISCRIMINATE BASED ON RACE ANY STATE THAT DENIED ANY MALE CITIZEN, AGE ANY STATE THAT DENIED ANY MALE CITIZEN, AGE

21 OR OLDER, THE RIGHT TO VOTE WOULD HAVE 21 OR OLDER, THE RIGHT TO VOTE WOULD HAVE ITS REPRESENTATION REDUCED IN CONGRESS!ITS REPRESENTATION REDUCED IN CONGRESS!

CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF 18661866

PRES.JOHNSON TRIED TO GET RID OF PRES.JOHNSON TRIED TO GET RID OF RADICAL REPIBLICANS IN CONGRESS RADICAL REPIBLICANS IN CONGRESS BY TRAVELING AROUND THE BY TRAVELING AROUND THE COUNTRY.COUNTRY.

PRES. JOHNSON OPPOSED 14PRES. JOHNSON OPPOSED 14THTH AMENDMENTAMENDMENT

REPUBLICANS WON A MAJORITY IN REPUBLICANS WON A MAJORITY IN BOTH HOUSES, IT WAS A DISASTER BOTH HOUSES, IT WAS A DISASTER FOR PRES. JOHNSON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! FOR PRES. JOHNSON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

RECONSTRUCTION ACT (Radicals)RECONSTRUCTION ACT (Radicals)PASSED BY CONGRESS IN MARCH OF 1867PASSED BY CONGRESS IN MARCH OF 1867

1) It threw out state governments that 1) It threw out state governments that failed to ratify the 14failed to ratify the 14thth amendment amendment

2) It divided South into 5 military districts 2) It divided South into 5 military districts (army commanders were given broad powers to enforce (army commanders were given broad powers to enforce reconstruction)reconstruction)

3) To rejoin Union-states had to write a 3) To rejoin Union-states had to write a new state constitution.new state constitution.

4) Ratify 144) Ratify 14thth Amendment Amendment 5) Allow African Americans the right to 5) Allow African Americans the right to

vote vote Republicans gained control of all new Republicans gained control of all new Southern state governments!!Southern state governments!!

IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSONJOHNSON

Pres. Johnson had to execute the Pres. Johnson had to execute the Reconstruction Act, but tried to limit its Reconstruction Act, but tried to limit its effect!effect!

He fired military commanders who He fired military commanders who supported Radical Reconstruction.supported Radical Reconstruction.

He fired the Sec. of War Edwin Stanton, who He fired the Sec. of War Edwin Stanton, who acted like a spy for the radical Republicansacted like a spy for the radical Republicans

Feb 24, 1868- the House of Representatives Feb 24, 1868- the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring formal charges voted to impeach, or bring formal charges against the President.against the President.

IMPEACHMENTIMPEACHMENT

ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CAN IMPEACH A PRESIDENT FOR CAN IMPEACH A PRESIDENT FOR “TREASON, BRIBERY, OR OTHER “TREASON, BRIBERY, OR OTHER HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS”HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS”

THE PRESIDENT CAN BE REMOVED THE PRESIDENT CAN BE REMOVED FROM OFFICE IF 2/3rds OF THE FROM OFFICE IF 2/3rds OF THE SENATE FIND HIM GUILTY.SENATE FIND HIM GUILTY.

President JohnsonPresident Johnson

He is impeached by the House of He is impeached by the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

He was one vote shy of conviction of the He was one vote shy of conviction of the Senate (35 to 19)Senate (35 to 19)

He therefore was not removed from office!He therefore was not removed from office! He was not guilty-You can not remove a He was not guilty-You can not remove a

President just because you do not agree President just because you do not agree with him!with him!

Bill Clinton is the only other President to Bill Clinton is the only other President to be impeached!!be impeached!!

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 18681868

ULYSSES S. GRANT- REPUBLICAN ULYSSES S. GRANT- REPUBLICAN

VS.VS.

HORATIO SEYMOUR- DEMOCRATHORATIO SEYMOUR- DEMOCRAT

GRANT EASILY WINS! HE HAD 500,000 GRANT EASILY WINS! HE HAD 500,000 BLACK VOTESBLACK VOTES

1515THTH AMENDMENT AMENDMENT1869 PASSED BY CONGRESS1869 PASSED BY CONGRESS

It forbade any state to deny any It forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”servitude.”

Ratified in 1870Ratified in 1870 ALL AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES 21 ALL AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES 21

AND OVER HAD THE RIGHT TO AND OVER HAD THE RIGHT TO VOTE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!VOTE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

REPUBLICANS PUSHED FOR THIS AMENDMENT REPUBLICANS PUSHED FOR THIS AMENDMENT BECAUSE THEY KNEW AFRICAN AMERICANS WOULD BECAUSE THEY KNEW AFRICAN AMERICANS WOULD VOTE FOR THEM!VOTE FOR THEM!

SCALAWAGSSCALAWAGS

WHITE SOUTHERN REPUBLICANSWHITE SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS BUSINESS PEOPLE WHO HAD BUSINESS PEOPLE WHO HAD

OPPOSED SECESSION IN 1860OPPOSED SECESSION IN 1860 WERE CONSIDERED TRAITORS BY WERE CONSIDERED TRAITORS BY

MANY WHITE SOUTHERNERSMANY WHITE SOUTHERNERS

NORTHERNERS WHO MOVED NORTHERNERS WHO MOVED SOUTH AFTER THE WARSOUTH AFTER THE WAR

CARPETBAGGERSCARPETBAGGERS-NORTHERNERS WHO -NORTHERNERS WHO WENT TO THE SOUTH HOPING TO GET WENT TO THE SOUTH HOPING TO GET RICH DUE TO THE SOUTH’S TOTAL RICH DUE TO THE SOUTH’S TOTAL DESTRUCTION.DESTRUCTION.

UNION SOLDIERSUNION SOLDIERS-WHO HAD FOUGHT IN -WHO HAD FOUGHT IN THE SOUTH AND FEEL IN LOVE WITH THE THE SOUTH AND FEEL IN LOVE WITH THE SOUTH’S RICH FARMLAND.SOUTH’S RICH FARMLAND.

TEACHERS, MINISTERS, & TEACHERS, MINISTERS, & REFORMERSREFORMERS- WHO MOVED TO THE - WHO MOVED TO THE SOUTH TO HELP THE FREEDMEN.SOUTH TO HELP THE FREEDMEN.

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SOUTHERN POLITICSSOUTHERN POLITICS

33RDRD MAJOR GROUP IN SOUTHERN POLITICS MAJOR GROUP IN SOUTHERN POLITICS THEY COULD VOTE AND RAN FOR PUBLIC THEY COULD VOTE AND RAN FOR PUBLIC

OFFICEOFFICE THEY BECAME SHERIFFS, MAYORS, AND THEY BECAME SHERIFFS, MAYORS, AND

LEGISLATORS IN NEW STATE & LOCAL LEGISLATORS IN NEW STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS

BETWEEN 1869-1880- 16 WERE ELECTED BETWEEN 1869-1880- 16 WERE ELECTED TO CONGRESS & 2 WERE IN THE SENATE!TO CONGRESS & 2 WERE IN THE SENATE!

SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVESSOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES

WHITE SOUTHERNERS WHO HAD ALL WHITE SOUTHERNERS WHO HAD ALL THE POWER BEFORE THE CIVIL WARTHE POWER BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR

STILL WANTED THE POWERSTILL WANTED THE POWER TRIED TO FORCE AFRICAN TRIED TO FORCE AFRICAN

AMERICANS BACK ON THE AMERICANS BACK ON THE PLANTATIONSPLANTATIONS

THEY FELT IT WAS THE WHITE MAN’S THEY FELT IT WAS THE WHITE MAN’S COUNTRY AND THE WHITE MAN COUNTRY AND THE WHITE MAN SHOULD GOVERN IT!!SHOULD GOVERN IT!!

KU KLUX KLAN KU KLUX KLAN KKKKKK

SECRET SOCIETY OF WHITE SOUTHERNERSSECRET SOCIETY OF WHITE SOUTHERNERS GOAL WAS TO KEEP AFRICAN AMERICANS GOAL WAS TO KEEP AFRICAN AMERICANS

& WHITE REPUBLICANS OUT OF PUBLIC & WHITE REPUBLICANS OUT OF PUBLIC OFFICEOFFICE

DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES WITH HOODS- DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES WITH HOODS- WENT TO THE HOMES OF AFRICAN AMERICANS WENT TO THE HOMES OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND BURNED THEIR HOMES, THREATENED THEM, AND BURNED THEIR HOMES, THREATENED THEM, BURNED CROSSES, & MURDERED THEM!BURNED CROSSES, & MURDERED THEM!

1870 CONGRESS MADE IT A CRIME TO USE FORCE 1870 CONGRESS MADE IT A CRIME TO USE FORCE TO STOP PEOPLE FROM VOTING!!!!!!!!TO STOP PEOPLE FROM VOTING!!!!!!!!

REBUILDING THE SOUTHREBUILDING THE SOUTH

REBUILT SCHOOLS, BRIDGES, ROADS, REBUILT SCHOOLS, BRIDGES, ROADS, RAILROADS & TELEGRAPH LINESRAILROADS & TELEGRAPH LINES

SOME STATES GAVE WOMEN THE SOME STATES GAVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO OWN PROPERTYRIGHT TO OWN PROPERTY

TAXES ROSE IN ORDER TO PAY FOR TAXES ROSE IN ORDER TO PAY FOR REBUILDINGREBUILDING

THERE WAS CORRUPTION IN THERE WAS CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENT!GOVERNMENT!

CYCLE OF POVERTY CYCLE OF POVERTY FOR FREEDMENFOR FREEDMEN

Nothing but freedom!Nothing but freedom! Some were able to own a Some were able to own a

little land.little land. Most went back to work Most went back to work

where they were slaves.where they were slaves. Many became Many became

SHARECROPPERS!SHARECROPPERS! They They rented and farmed a plot rented and farmed a plot of land. Planters gave of land. Planters gave them seed, fertilizer & them seed, fertilizer & tools in return for a share tools in return for a share of their crops!of their crops!

REMAINED IN POVERTYREMAINED IN POVERTY

END OF RECONSTRUCTIONEND OF RECONSTRUCTION

RADICAL REPUBLICANS LOSING POWERRADICAL REPUBLICANS LOSING POWER NORTH WAS TIRED OF REFORMNORTH WAS TIRED OF REFORM TIME FOR SOUTH TO RUN THEIR OWN TIME FOR SOUTH TO RUN THEIR OWN

GOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS PRES.GRANT APPOINTED FRIENDS WHO PRES.GRANT APPOINTED FRIENDS WHO

STOLE LARGE SUMS OF MONEYSTOLE LARGE SUMS OF MONEY PRES.GRANT WON RE-ELECTION IN 1872, PRES.GRANT WON RE-ELECTION IN 1872,

BUT NORTHERNERS LOST FAITH IN BUT NORTHERNERS LOST FAITH IN REPUBLICANS AND THEIR POLICIESREPUBLICANS AND THEIR POLICIES

AMNESTY ACT OF 1872AMNESTY ACT OF 1872PASSED BY CONGRESSPASSED BY CONGRESS

RESTORED THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO RESTORED THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO ALL WHITE SOUTHERNERS ALL WHITE SOUTHERNERS

THEY VOTED DEMOCRATICTHEY VOTED DEMOCRATIC

ELECTION OF 1876ELECTION OF 1876

SAM TILDEN- DEMOCRATSAM TILDEN- DEMOCRAT ((GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK)GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK)

VS.VS.

RUTHERFORD B.HAYES- REPUBLICANRUTHERFORD B.HAYES- REPUBLICAN(GOVERNOR OF OHIO) (GOVERNOR OF OHIO)

ELECTION OF 1876ELECTION OF 1876

Tilden won popular vote but had 184 Tilden won popular vote but had 184 electoral college votes which was one electoral college votes which was one short of winning!short of winning!

There were 20 disputed electoral college There were 20 disputed electoral college votes and 19 of them were from the votes and 19 of them were from the Republican controlled Southern states.Republican controlled Southern states.

Congress set up a special commission to Congress set up a special commission to settle the dispute. The commission gave settle the dispute. The commission gave all 20 disputed votes to Hayes because the all 20 disputed votes to Hayes because the commission was made up of Republicans!commission was made up of Republicans!

RUTHERFORD B. HAYESRUTHERFORD B. HAYESWINS THE ELCTIONWINS THE ELCTION

Hayes had agreed to end Hayes had agreed to end Reconstruction so no one argued Reconstruction so no one argued with the commissions decision to with the commissions decision to give him all the disputed votes.give him all the disputed votes.

Pres. Hayes removed all federal Pres. Hayes removed all federal troops from Louisiana, South troops from Louisiana, South Carolina, & Florida.Carolina, & Florida.

RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!!!!!RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!!!!!

IMPACT OF RECONSTRUCTIONIMPACT OF RECONSTRUCTION

SOUTH BITTERSOUTH BITTER SOUTH BECOMES STRONGLY SOUTH BECOMES STRONGLY

DEMOCRATICDEMOCRATIC AFRICAN AMERICANS STEADILY LOST AFRICAN AMERICANS STEADILY LOST

THEIR POLITICAL POWERTHEIR POLITICAL POWER

RESTRICTING AFRICAN AMERICANS RESTRICTING AFRICAN AMERICANS VOTING IN THE SOUTHVOTING IN THE SOUTH

Poll tax-Poll tax- voters had to pay a fee every time they voters had to pay a fee every time they voted. Many Africans Americans had no money voted. Many Africans Americans had no money and could not vote.and could not vote.

Literacy tests-Literacy tests- voters had to read and explain a voters had to read and explain a section of the Constitution before they could vote. section of the Constitution before they could vote. Many African Americans could not read or write, Many African Americans could not read or write, so they could not vote.so they could not vote.

Grandfather clause-Grandfather clause- if a voter’s father or if a voter’s father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan 1, grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan 1, 1867, then the voter did not have to take the 1867, then the voter did not have to take the literacy test. This helped uneducated, poor white literacy test. This helped uneducated, poor white farmers vote, but African Americans did not have farmers vote, but African Americans did not have the right to vote until 1868.the right to vote until 1868.

SEGREGATIONSEGREGATIONJIM CROW LAWSJIM CROW LAWS

The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "has often been attributed to "Jump Jim CrowJump Jim Crow", a song-and-dance ", a song-and-dance caricaturecaricature of of African AmericansAfrican Americans performed by white actor performed by white actor Thomas D. RiceThomas D. Rice in in blackfaceblackface, which , which first surfaced in 1832 and was used first surfaced in 1832 and was used to satirize Andrew Jackson's populist to satirize Andrew Jackson's populist policies.policies.

SEGREGATIONSEGREGATIONJIM CROW LAWSJIM CROW LAWS

1877- SEGREGATION OR LEGAL 1877- SEGREGATION OR LEGAL SEPARATION OF RACES BECAME THE LAW SEPARATION OF RACES BECAME THE LAW OF THE SOUTHOF THE SOUTH

BLACK WHITEBLACK WHITE

SEPARATE:SEPARATE: SCHOOLS, TRAINS SCHOOLS, TRAINS RESTURANTS,THEATERS, STREETCARS, RESTURANTS,THEATERS, STREETCARS, PLAYGROUNDS, HOSPITALS, EVEN PLAYGROUNDS, HOSPITALS, EVEN CEMETERIES.CEMETERIES.

TRAPPED AFRICAN AMERICANS IN HOPELESS TRAPPED AFRICAN AMERICANS IN HOPELESS SITUATIONS!SITUATIONS!

1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON

On June 7, 1892, a 30-year-old colored On June 7, 1892, a 30-year-old colored shoemaker named Homer Plessy was jailed shoemaker named Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the East for sitting in the "White" car of the East Louisiana Railroad. Plessy was only one-Louisiana Railroad. Plessy was only one-eighths black and seven-eighths white, but eighths black and seven-eighths white, but under Louisiana law, he was considered under Louisiana law, he was considered black and therefore required to sit in the black and therefore required to sit in the "Colored" car. Plessy went to court and "Colored" car. Plessy went to court and argued, in argued, in Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisianaof Louisiana, that the Separate Car Act , that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Amendments to the Constitution.

PLESSY V. FERGUSONPLESSY V. FERGUSON

The judge at the trial was John The judge at the trial was John Howard FergusonHoward Ferguson

He found Plessy guilty of refusing to He found Plessy guilty of refusing to leave the white car. Plessy appealed leave the white car. Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which upheld Ferguson's decision. In which upheld Ferguson's decision. In 1896, the Supreme Court of the 1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard Plessy's case and United States heard Plessy's case and found him guilty once again. found him guilty once again. Speaking for a seven-person majority.Speaking for a seven-person majority.

PLESSY V FERGUSONPLESSY V FERGUSONThe The PlessyPlessy decision set the decision set the precedent that "separate" precedent that "separate"

facilities for blacks and whites facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were constitutional as long as they

were "equal." The "separate but were "equal." The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly equal" doctrine was quickly

extended to cover many areas of extended to cover many areas of public life, such as restaurants, public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public theaters, restrooms, and public

schools. schools.

FACILITIES WERE NEVER FACILITIES WERE NEVER EQUALEQUAL

In the South more money was spent In the South more money was spent on white schools than black schools.on white schools than black schools.

Not until 1954, in the equally Not until 1954, in the equally important important Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education decision decision, would the "separate but equal" , would the "separate but equal" doctrine be struck down. doctrine be struck down.

INDUSTRIES IN THE SOUTHINDUSTRIES IN THE SOUTH

1880 Cotton production recovered/ built 1880 Cotton production recovered/ built textile mills.textile mills.

Tobacco industry grew/ James Duke of Tobacco industry grew/ James Duke of North Carolina controlled 90% of tobacco North Carolina controlled 90% of tobacco production with the use of new machinery.production with the use of new machinery.

NEW: 1) mining iron ore & coal 2) steel in NEW: 1) mining iron ore & coal 2) steel in Alabama 3) oil refineries in Texas & Alabama 3) oil refineries in Texas & Louisiana 4) produced copper, granite & Louisiana 4) produced copper, granite & marble 5) lumber of yellow pine marble 5) lumber of yellow pine 6)furniture & shingles of cypress6)furniture & shingles of cypress

A NEW BALANCED ECONOMY-NOT JUST A NEW BALANCED ECONOMY-NOT JUST AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE!!