Reconstruction EraReconstruction Era(1863-1877)(1863-1877)

Reconstruction EraReconstruction Era(1863-1877)(1863-1877)

President Lincoln’s 10% Plan

* “Loyal Rule”

* Didn’t ask Congress for approval.

* Pardon citizens

* 10% vote

* Plan to re-admit states back into Union

President Lincoln’s Plan

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* Weak; dependent onUnion Army for survival

* Military Force

* Minority Rule

Lincoln is Dead!Lincoln is assassinated by

John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater

* “Sic Semper Tyrannus!”

* Shot in the back of the head

* Dies within the day

* Andrew Johnson becomesPresident; must continueReconstruction

13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Ended slavery, DID NOT grant citizenship

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Northern Abolitionists

Help slaves; gain political power

“Carpetbaggers”

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

“Plenty to eat and nothing to do.”

Johnson & Reconstruction

Jacksonian Democrat

From Tennessee

White Supremacist

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

Johnson becomes President after Lincoln's assassination.

Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan:

I. The majority of voters in each Southern state must pledge their loyalty to the U.S….

II. …and each state must ratify (approve) the Thirteenth Amendment.

• The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was ratified on Dec.6, 1865

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Amnesty for loyalty oath EXCEPT:

- Civil War Officers- Former Plantation Owners- Individuals w/ property over $20,000

New State Constitutions

Forbid slavery; secession

Pay back war debt to Feds.

Johnson chose (did not elect) new governors

Slavery is Dead?

Growing Northern Alarm!

Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 “special pardons”

Plantation owners resume political power

Revival of southern defiance; racism

BLACK CODES

Black Codes Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply

* Restore pre-emancipationrace relations

* Assures whites will earn more $$ than blacks

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Sharecropping

Black Codes - laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen.

African-Americans were forbidden from…

…voting.

…owning guns.

…serving on juries.

…running for political office.

Section 6. All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writing…and if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before the expiration of his term of service, without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year up to the time of quitting.

Section 3. …it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life.Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shall…have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof…if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, …which license may be revoked for cause at any time by the authority granting the same.

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress bars S.Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866

Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866

Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st time in U. S. history!!!!

Radical Reconstruction(1866-1877)

Radical Reconstruction(1866-1877)

14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Natural-Born Citizens.

* Citizens Rights

* Pay back for war debt

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Radical Plan for Readmission

Military supervision (Martial Law)

States must:

Ratify 13th, 14th Amendments

Black Suffrage

In March, 1867, Congress passed act to have military enroll black voters!

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act* 10 S. states refuse to ratify 14th Amend.

* Divide 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act

* All Reconstruction acts must go through Army Commander

Tenure of Office Act

* President can not remove cabinetmember’s w/o Congress consent

Is this law constitutional???

Edwin Edwin StantonStanton

Sec. of WarSec. of War

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removes Stanton Feb. 1868.

Johnson puts pro-S. Generals in charge

House impeaches Feb. 24th by vote of 126-47.

The Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

African-Americans & Govt.African-Americans & Govt.

• Free blacks able to vote/participate in Free blacks able to vote/participate in govt.govt.

• White hysteria White hysteria • Fear of “black oppression”Fear of “black oppression”• Southern states feel need to Southern states feel need to

“re-establish” white rule“re-establish” white rule

ExamplesExamples::- Poll Taxes- Poll Taxes - Ku Klux Klan- Ku Klux Klan- Black Codes- Black Codes - Lynchings- Lynchings

• Free blacks able to vote/participate in Free blacks able to vote/participate in govt.govt.

• White hysteria White hysteria • Fear of “black oppression”Fear of “black oppression”• Southern states feel need to Southern states feel need to

“re-establish” white rule“re-establish” white rule

ExamplesExamples::- Poll Taxes- Poll Taxes - Ku Klux Klan- Ku Klux Klan- Black Codes- Black Codes - Lynchings- Lynchings

White Hysteria:

Colored Rulein the

South?

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Black & White Political Participation

Black Senate & House Delegates

Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans from Civil War

Some held political office

However, blacks were politically unprepared.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

15th Amendment

Ratified in 1870.Ratified in 1870.

Amendment 15: “The right of citizens of the United Amendment 15: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” of servitude.”

IMPACTS:IMPACTS:

- Forbid denying the right to vote based - Forbid denying the right to vote based on race on race

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].

“The Lost Cause.”

Little to no enforcement, abuse of blacks remains in South

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Abandoning Reconstruction

Northern support decreases

“Grantism” & political corruption

Panic of 1873

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Congress leaves enforcement up to states

“Poll Taxes”

Literacy Tests

Grandfather Clause