Reconstruction in Earthquake Devastated Areas

SWOT Analysis forMinimum Cost, Fast Track & Pay Back Solutions

Dr Engr Javed Yunas Uppal

Pakistan Foundation for the Advancement of Engineering and Technology

1-A, Aibeck Block, Garden Town, Lahore, PakistanTel:0092-42-5838142 Fax:5838901

Email: info@pfaet.com info@pfaet.com.pk info@pfaet.org Web: www.pfaet.com www.pfaet.com.pk www.pfaet.org

   

Earthquake of Oct 2005 in Kashmir and Northern Areas

has played havocWill of the government is there

Helping bodies are keen

YetReconstruction of

housing, public buildings, and infrastructure,

with all its urgencies is a

heavy load on economy

We need capacity building of the affected population

Participatory and indigenous system is

required

If it is not done

Cash inflow from donors will dry out Speed of reconstruction work will remain

very low

People of the affected areas should be trained to make the needed goods from

the raw materials and supporting

services and finances from donors

People should be trained to do construction themselves from the machinery provided to them

Recent Disaster Recovery World

Experience

Tsunami in South Asia 2004

-Vigorous and extensive civil society and financial networks

-System of netted participatory capacity building production cells

-Recovered half to two-thirds their pre-disaster levels of local domestic

product within a year

Recent Disaster Recovery World Experience

Hurricane Mitch in Honduras

Training and production cells and technical services specifically designed address

traditional and new product and production capacity needs, train local

people, build and reinforce local capacity and entrepreneurial partnerships

Recent Disaster Recovery World Experience

Earthquake in Northridge 1994

Proposed system of netted participatory

capacity building production cells includes an approach to rapid crisis

response and contingency and preparatory services

Recent Disaster Recovery World Experience

Earthquake of Gujarat 2001

CARE India and the Federation of Indian

Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)

Provided support to communities

Provided shelter and infrastructure Provided livelihoods and employment

Applied integrated systems approach to capacity building

Survey of Extent and Nature of Damage in Kashmir Earthquake

• According to a preliminary estimates, there are a total of about 5 million housing units in the earthquake affected areas.

• Sixty-six percent of these were in Rural and 34 percent in urban areas.

• The study indicates that the predominant types of building construction, as non engineered structures, offer almost no resistance to ground shaking following the level of exposure in a major earthquake.

Turkey 1999 earthquake: 34 killed in wood frame

houses and 40,000 in masonry and concrete

Buildings that performed better• A century and half a century old buildings in

Murree, Muzafarabad and Balakot, including old barracks of British Army, with a canopy roof made of iron sheets, survived and resulted in less damages.

• New buildings using concrete slabs were erased to the ground and did not allow rescue teams to rescue trapped people inside buildings because concrete slabs were not only heavy to remove rather difficult to cut or break.

• Muzafarabad President House and Prime Minister House of similar construction have received serious damage.

Buildings that performed better

• Abbotabad can be taken as prime example to understand this issue. Abbotabad Cantonment, which was established during British Era, was constructed on Gothic style mostly with canopy rooftops using wooden pillars. These buildings have survived while new buildings with concrete slabs and no seismic frames have erased to ground.

• Mushroom like growth of buildings with structural design similar to plain areas played havoc.

Wood Construction

Cleavage in Roads: Intact Microwave Tower

Intact Prefabricated Building at 10,500 ft High Peak Pir Chinasi

High levels of socio-economic dysfunction a major cause of disaster

Construction done in land slide areas suffered greatest damage

• Category ‘A’ (Steel sheeted roofs over timber trusses and bonded stone walls) -suffered least collapse

• Category ‘B’ (RCC roof slabs 9” brick walls) suffered frequent collapse

• Category ‘C’ (Multistoried RCC slabs over 9” brick walls no frames) suffered greatest collapse

• Category ‘D’ (Single or multistoried RCC moment resistant frames) –suffered least collapse

Faulty construction on sliding soil: root cause of death in earthquake-hit areas

Collapse of Sangam Hotel, a 5 story RC frame building in Domel

Gaps between Bye Laws and Compliance

• Earthquake Code exists. Int’l practices are available.

• Compliance is very weak. Awareness and know how is required.

• Easy to comprehend guidelines are required.

• Weak soil areas need to be demarcated.

Beware of large openings in their ground floor exterior walls, big windows, patio doors, and

garage doors

Three Stories Cribbage Structure, Fongkha Fort, Shigar Skardu, Built by Hassan khan in 1634

It is resting on a massive platform using the huge rock as its foundation.

Lessons We Learn – Recommendations for improvements

(a) mandate compliance of earthquake resistant designs & sound ground siting.

(b) earthquake ground motion recording stations and warning system are needed.

(c) sample housing and infrastructures reqd.

(d) training in disaster management reqd.

(e) strengthening social fabric reqd.

Strategy

• coordinated effort by public and private sector and the people themselves.

• expertise to build & implement systems.

• system approach encompassing all aspects of community well being.

• bold applications of simplest technologies.

• address indigenous needs and utilize local resources.

Sensitivity Levels of Stake Holders wrt Disaster

Recovery

• People Jobs, work and livelihood are the main worries

Easily prone to any kind of intervention

Any thing touching self pride, caste religion or tribe must be repelled

Least knowledge of facts about the disaster and its effects

Least botheration of technicalities involved in the recovery

Civil Society

Working in their own narrow fields having pride in own selves.

Must be seen doing and serving good to some cause no matter what it may be.

Lack of team spirit or working with others, or respecting others view points.

Least knowledge of facts about the disaster and its effects

Least botheration of technicalities involved in the recovery

Experts

• Living in their own narrow fields having pride in own selves. World outside is non-entity

• Promotions, pay scales, and pleasure of the boss is paramount

• Lack of team spirit or working with others, or respecting others view points

• Knowledge of only their field and little knowledge of its impact in entirety

• Most technical knowledge is restricted to its own compartments

Politicians

• Must gain power and importance and must raise issues touching peoples’ nerves

• Must be seen doing and serving good to own people no matter what it may be

• Least knowledge of administrative procedures and constraints

• Least knowledge of facts about the disaster and its effects

• Least botheration of technicalities involved in the recovery

Authorities

• Born to rule because of special talent and connections. Must exercise authority without sharing

• Promotions, pay scales, and pleasure of the boss is paramount. Extra curricular income is a right too

• Public is a non-entity. Politicians are goofs. Only authorities know what is best for the people

• Knowledge of the disaster just for discussion of the elite

• Technicalities are matters of lower intellect. Great minds are above them

Experience with Design and Construction of Shelters

• Low Cost Prefabricated Insulated Steel Panel Housing, or Expanded Polystyrene Mesh Reinforced Cement Plaster Panel Housing units, provided a reasonable balance between the urgency, maintainability and durability and low cost requirements.

Design and Construction of Shelter Homes

• Light weight for swift carriage.• Insulated for protection against extreme

cold.• Instant construction for immediate rescue.• Robust for seismic resistance.• Simple for minimum craftsmanship required

at site.• Built for fire resistance.• Low cost for displaced population.

Plan of a Prefabricated Shelter

Prefabricated Shelters Exterior View

Doors and Windows

Prefabricated House Interior View

Plaster and Fabric on Polystyrene Sheet

Application of External Layers

Designs were made and the renowned companies were asked to quote rates.

Exorbitant rates were received with a lot of ifs

and buts.

• The volunteers were then trained to fabricate the units from the basic material and tools and kits provided to them. The basic material and the tools and kits were purchased from the donations received from helping parties.

• Fabrication of the units was the part of work that required some skills. As units were fabricated and the volunteers trained more local people were effectively used and served.

This was an income generating activity for these people itself. The fabrication units were given to the end users in the devastated areas

who could assemble them with almost no ‘prior’

skills. • The end users purchased these units from

the funds given to them by the government and other donor agencies.

• In this system the cost of the units in total was only 43 % to 50 %

• People got trained and got into income generating positions too.

Cell System

Cell System is a system of independently working individuals or organizations registered as Members, and interlinked with each other, through specific give and take mechanisms, geared towards the common broad objective, as guided, trained and regulated by a central coordinated unit which would operate the individual cells through an efficient hierarchy of distributive subordinate control centers.

Central Coordination Unit

• Central Coordination Unit is a group of highly devoted resource persons, appointed by Members, whose function is to:

• train the trainers, • coordinate the activity, • ensure quality, and • disburse the Central Fund.• manage the subordinate units

Individual Cell Units

• Design development centers, technology providers-apply low technology indigenous innovative solutions.

• Develop and maintain Fabrication units where related machines, tools, kits and s will be provided.

• Provide Training and out reach centers.• Prepare and distribute Literatures, books and

guidelines producing units.• Credit extending institutions and philanthropists.• Marketing units of young pass out graduates for

marketing.• Production cell units at small businesses,

workshops, and households.

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Assessment bydevelopmentcouncils

Training needsidentified bycommunities

Trainersnominated bycommunities