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Reconstruction
The Destruction of the War
Presidential Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Wartime acts Emancipation Proclamation*
War still in doubtFugitive slavesSlaves boost Confed. CauseNorthern moralePublic opinionFrance and BritainMorality
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln - 10% Plan* 10% loyalty oath Abolish slavery Northern opposition
Wade-Davis Bill*50% Ironclad oath
13th Amendment
Presidential Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson* General pardon Col. M.F. Pleasants* Voting = state issue Secession illegal Repudiate Confed.
debt Abolish slavery
Black Codes*Why?
Control Disregard federal govt. Fear black retaliation Labor supply Racism
Examples: Freedmen no testify vs. whites Vagrancy laws Taxes Whipped Blacks called “servant”, whites called “master”
Johnson’s declining popularityMemphis riot*Disputes with Congress
Freedmen’s Bureau Civil Rights bill 14th Amendment
1866 Civil Rights Act1866 14th Amendment
Citizenship for all persons - regardless of race - born or naturalized in US
Forbade states from abridging privileges of citizensGuaranteed due process of the lawEqual protection of the law
“Swing Around the Circle”*, 1866
Congressional ReconstructionRadical Republicans
Who were they?Thaddeus Stevens, PACharles Sumner, MA
What were their goals?Protection of freedmen and supportersFull citizenship of freedmenWin conservative supportSome extreme views
Strip Southerners of citizenshipConfiscate land
Congressional Reconstruction
The Stevens Plan* Federal officials
supervise elections Blacks vote Whites stripped of
citizenship
Congressional Reconstruction1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act
5 military districts Military make arrests, trials Military directs constitutions Not extremely radical
Johnson ImpeachmentImpeachment of Johnson
Radical crusade
Failure: Bring down presidential office Lack of clear crime Successor = Ben Wade Lawyers Johnson quiet
Reconstruction Laws & Acts
1870 15th Amendment Forbade states to deny any citizen the right to vote
on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Decline of the Radicals
Small in numberJohnson quietRadicals dividedTrouble staying in officeDeathU.S. Grant
Scandals: political appointments, favors to businessmen and railroads
New Leadership in the South
Grant presidency Northern military Freedmen’s Bureau Carpetbaggers, scalawags,
black politicians 1870, Union restored
Black politicians 22 Congressmen Too few for great impact
Republican ReconstructionPositive aspects:
Public education Efficiency of government Public buildings, roads, manufacturing Social services (orphanages, hospitals, welfare) Capital/investment Political democracy
Republican ReconstructionDecline 1870s
Other concerns Corruption, depression Colfax Massacre
U.S. v. Cruikshank
“Compromise of 1877” Dem. – Samuel J. Tilden, NY Rep. – Rutherford B. Hayes, OH Hayes wins, 185-184 Republicans withdraw N support
Legacy of Reconstruction “America’s unfinished revolution”