The Universal Fire Behavior Calculator
Version 6.2 User Guide Neal McLoughlin, Government of Alberta
January 8, 2019
6.2 USER GUIDE
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Contents
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................... 2
2.0 General Design ................................................................................................ 2
3.0 Weather .......................................................................................................... 3
Example 3.1. Download a GEM deterministic forecast ........................................... 3
Example 3.2. Compare deterministic and ensemble forecasts against observed ........ 4
4.0 FWI Calculator ................................................................................................. 5
Example 4.1. Calculate daily codes and indices .................................................... 6
Example 4.2. Calculate hourly codes and indices .................................................. 7
5.0 FBP Calculator ................................................................................................. 9
Example 5.1. Calculate expected fire behavior ..................................................... 9
6.0 Map .............................................................................................................. 10
Example 6.1. Plot an elliptical fire growth projection on a map ............................. 10
7.0 Spotting Calculator ......................................................................................... 11
Exercise 7.1. Calculate maximum spot fire distance ............................................ 11
8.0 Statistics ....................................................................................................... 11
Example 8.1. Import an hourly weather file ....................................................... 12
Example 8.2. Compare diurnal and hourly FFMC outputs ..................................... 13
Example 8.3. Import a diurnal weather file ........................................................ 13
Example 8.4. Compare diurnal weather model against hourly observations ............ 15
Example 8.5. Import a daily weather file ........................................................... 16
9.0 References .................................................................................................... 17
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1.0 Introduction REDapp is a fire management decision support tool developed with financial support from
the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre and in-kind support from fire management
agencies across Canada. The founding members of the REDapp development team
represent the Government of Alberta, Government of the Northwest Territories, Heartland
Software Solutions Inc., and Natural Resources Canada.
This user guide provides examples of how REDapp can be used for fire behavior prediction.
Screen captures showing inputs and outputs are used in place of step-wise instructions. A
fire from the 2011 Flat Top Complex in Slave Lake, AB is referenced in many of the
examples. This document assumes the reader is familiar with Canadian Forest Fire Danger
Rating System (CFFDRS). Stocks et al. (1989) provide an overview of the CFFDRS. Wotton
(2008) provides a review of the CFFDRS with a focus on understanding and interpreting
Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System outputs. Additional references are cited
throughout the user guide for those who wish to learn more.
2.0 General Design REDapp software is available for Windows, Linux,
and Apple operating systems from
www.redapp.org. REDapp is not currently
available for mobile devices. The general design
of REDapp includes global inputs along the top
followed by six functionally specific tabs with
command options located horizontally across the
bottom. Date, time zone, and location are
considered global inputs as they influence
calculations on several of the tabs. There is no
project file associated with REDapp. However,
most of the tabs include an export option for
documentation purposes.
A set of assumptions appear each time you open
REDapp. There is an option to not show the
assumptions box on startup. Additional
application options can be accessed from the
Settings button. REDapp can be viewed in
English or French, but must be re-opened to
apply changes to the language setting. The time
zone drop down can be constrained to a region.
One of three formats are available for entering
geographic coordinates. Units can be displayed
in metric or imperial.
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Scaling distances to a specified map scale is useful when plotting predicted fire spread
distances on a map. Retain input values when exiting is useful when performing repeat
calculations for a particular location. Weather Links are the source of current conditions and
forecast information shown in the Weather tab. Weather Links are not web services. A
default scale can be set for the Map tab. Imagery for the Map tab can be sourced from a
web service or OpenStreetMap Offline when working with no internet connection.
Use the Report A Bug feature in the lower-right corner of REDapp if you encounter any
issues. Bug reports submitted in this manner are added to a project management database
monitored by the development team.
Tip: Many acronyms appear throughout REDapp. Hover your
mouse cursor over an acronym to view a tool tip.
3.0 Weather The Weather tab provides access to current weather conditions and the North American
Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS) as made available by the Meteorological Service of
Canada. The Weather tab can only be used with an internet connection. NAEFS combines
state of the art ensemble forecasts developed at the Meteorological Service of Canada and
the United States National Weather Service into a 1-14-day super-ensemble forecast
(Government of Canada 2016). Although NAEFS forecasts are seamless across Canada, the
United States and Mexico, the REDapp drop downs for selecting a province and city are
currently limited to Government of Canada weather station locations. Current conditions and
forecast information cannot be accessed for locations outside of Canada.
The Global Environmental Multi-scale Model (GEM) was developed for Canada and produces
16-day forecasts for twenty perturbed ensemble members and an unperturbed control
member. The GEM model also produces a 10-day forecast for the Global Deterministic
Prediction System (GDPS). Ensemble and global forecasts are made twice a day at 0000
and 1200 Zulu time. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) produce
similar ensemble forecasts for the United States. Archived forecasts from the past 31 days
can be viewed in REDapp.
The following ensemble members apply to each of the weather model options:
GEM deterministic = 22
GEM ensemble = 1 to 21 (1 is the control member)
NCEP ensemble = 23 to 43 (23 is the control member)
Example 3.1. Download a GEM deterministic forecast
Specify Slave Lake, Alberta as the weather forecast location using the Province and City
drop down lists. Select the GEM Deterministic weather model option.
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Tip: Use the Override Global Date option to retrieve forecast
information for a date different than the global date. This option
is useful when forecast information is not available for the
specified global date.
Example 3.2. Compare deterministic and ensemble forecasts
against observed
The Export Forecast option was used to save May 13, 2016 00Z weather forecast files for
Slave Lake, AB. The following figure shows the temperature, relative humidity, and wind
speed observed at 1200 MST by station YZH in Slave Lake, AB for a 10-day forecast period
(solid red points). The range of values from the GEM ensemble forecast (including the
control member) are shown with gray box-and-whisker plots. The black bar in the center of
each box-and-whisker corresponds with the 50th percentile (or median) of the ensemble.
The hollow black points are GEM deterministic model outputs.
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The above figure is not intended to advocate one forecast product over another. However,
the user should acknowledge that the inter-quartile range (and uncertainty) associated with
ensemble forecasts tends to increase after day 5. Further, the median values from an
ensemble distribution may be misleading with respect to extreme weather. Deterministic
model outputs may be a better predictor of extreme weather in the absence of studying the
full range of values from an ensemble forecast.
Tip: Use the Transfer to FWI and Transfer to Statistics
buttons to quickly input a weather forecast to the FWI
Calculator and Statistics tab respectively. Highlight a row in the
forecast table to specify what hourly weather are transferred to
the FWI Calculator. Spline-interpolated noon LST weather
values are transferred regardless of the row selected.
4.0 FWI Calculator The FWI Calculator is used for computing outputs of the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI)
System (Van Wagner 1987). Required inputs for calculating daily codes and indices include
today's air temperature, relative humidity, 24-hr accumulated precipitation and 10-m open
wind speed taken at 1200 LST, and yesterday's FFMC, DMC, and DC values. Calculating
hourly codes and indices may require certain hourly fire weather inputs in addition to the
previously mentioned daily inputs depending on the FFMC option selected.
There are two options for calculating hourly FFMC. These two options will result in different
outputs depending on the time of day and associated hourly weather inputs. It is important
that you understand the differences between these two methods. The diurnal option
(Lawson et al. 1996) only requires an hourly relative humidity input if the specified time is
prior to 1200 LST. A tabular version of the diurnal method for adjusting FFMC is included in
the field guide to the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System (Taylor et al.
1997). The hourly option (Van Wagner 1977) requires hourly inputs of air temperature,
relative humidity, precipitation, 10-m open wind speed, and the previous hour's FFMC value.
A 10-m open wind speed is required for calculating hourly ISI regardless of the FFMC option
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selected. Lawson and Armitage (2008) provide a detailed comparison of the diurnal and
hourly options for calculating FFMC.
Example 4.1. Calculate daily codes and indices
Alberta's Wildfire Coordination Centre issued the following weather forecast for the Swan
Hills zone on the afternoon of May 13, 2011. The forecast values represent peak burning
period (1700 MDT) on May 14. A fire weather advisory also accompanied the afternoon
weather forecast. Exceptionally low RH values and strong southeast winds were expected to
give rise to very easy burning conditions for boreal zones east of the fifth meridian. The fifth
meridian is located 50 km east of the town of Slave Lake, AB.
Max
Temp
Low
RH
Pcpn
Covg
Pcpn
Type
Ltg
today
Ltg
tom
Trend Wind
Tomorrow
Afternoon
20 °C 25
%
- - Low Low UP SE40G60
km/h
The following FWI System codes and indices were calculated at noon on May 13, 2011 for
the Flat Top lookout tower located 12 km south of Slave Lake.
FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI FWI DSR
74.8 9.3 182.7 1.2 16.5 1.0 0.03
The geographic coordinates for the Flat Top lookout tower (55.145738°, -114.815261°,
1039 m) are used as the location in this example. Noon weather can be approximated from
the forecast by subtracting 3 °C from Max Temp, adding 7 % to Low RH, and subtracting 3
km/h from Wind Tomorrow Afternoon.
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Tip: Make sure to enter the correct date. Month influences day
length factors used in DMC and DC calculations. REDapp
defaults to the current date on your computer.
Example 4.2. Calculate hourly codes and indices
Fire SWF065 is discovered 8 km southeast of Slave Lake on May 14, 2011 at 1746 MDT. The
following information is gathered at 1801 MDT when the fire is assessed:
Fire Origin : 55.225650°, -114.651217°, 600 m
Terrain: flat
FBP Fuel Type: C-2
Temp 22 °C, RH 16 %, Wind SE46 km/h
Fire Type: Crown
Station YZH in Slave Lake, AB reported the following conditions on May 14 at 1300 MDT.
Temp RH 24-hr
Precipitation
Wind
Speed
Wind
Direction
20 °C 20
%
0.0 mm 44
km/h
140 °
The geographic coordinates for the origin of fire SWF065 are used as the location in this
example. Hourly codes and indices are calculated for 1800 MDT. Outputs from both the
Diurnal (Lawson) and Hourly (Van Wagner) FFMC options are presented for comparison.
Notice the difference in calculated HFFMC values only one hour after the daily FFMC which
represents conditions at 1700 MDT. The Hourly (Van Wagner) option would likely be
impractical to use at other times of day due to the requirement for an FFMC value from the
previous hour. The Hourly (Van Wagner) option is better-suited to the Statistics tab.
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Diurnal (Lawson) option
Hourly (Van Wagner) option
Tip: Use the Transfer to FBP button to quickly input your
daily or hourly weather and calculated codes and indices to the
FBP Calculator.
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5.0 FBP Calculator The FBP Calculator is used for computing outputs of the Canadian Fire Behavior Prediction
(FBP) System (Forestry Canada Fire Danger Group 1992; Wotton et al. 2009). One of 18
fuel models can be selected from the FBP Fuel Type drop down. Click the Information
button to view photos and a written description of the selected fuel type. Fire weather
inputs include FFMC, BUI, 10-m open wind speed and wind direction. DMC and DC inputs
can be provided in place of a BUI value. Terrain inputs include elevation, percent slope, and
aspect. Ignition inputs include the type (point or line), start time, and elapsed time. A point
ignition incorporates acceleration in the calculation of rate of spread after elapsed time t,
where as a line ignition does not. Spread distance outputs (DH, DF, DB) can be viewed in
map units by clicking the Settings button and selecting the option to Scale distances to
map scale.
Example 5.1. Calculate expected fire behavior
Click the Transfer to FBP button in the FWI Calculator after completing Example 4.2 using
the Diurnal (Lawson) FFMC option. Specify a fuel type and enter a wind direction and terrain
characteristics according to the initial fire assessment. Run the calculation from the time of
discovery (1746) to 1 hour after the initial assessment (1901). Your elapsed time should be
75 minutes. Notice that the accelerating ROSt has nearly reach equilibrium ROS after 75
minutes of elapsed time (t).
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Tip: Make sure to enter the correct date, location and
elevation. These inputs influence Foliar Moisture Content (FMC)
calculations which in turn influence the initiation of crowning
and conifer plantation (C-6) crown fire spread rate.
6.0 Map The Map tab is for displaying an elliptical fire growth projection over Open Street Map data.
Change the Map source setting to Open Street Map Offline to use the Map tab without an
internet connection.
Example 6.1. Plot an elliptical fire growth projection on a map
Click the Display on Map button in the FBP Calculator tab after completing Example 5.1.
Use check marks in the legend to specify what to display on the map. Click a weather
station symbol on the map to view the station's name, geographic coordinates and
elevation. Click an ignition symbol on the map to view its geographic coordinates. Click a
fire perimeter on the map to view its elliptical area.
Tip: Use the Export button to save your elliptical projection as
a KML, KMZ or SHP file.
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7.0 Spotting Calculator The Spotting Calculator is a predictive model for calculating the maximum spot fire distance
expected when firebrands are thrown into the air by a burning pile, surface fire or torching
trees (Albini 1979; Albini 1983). Inputs include wind speed, downwind cover height, terrain
characteristics, fire type and associated information related to the production of fire brands.
Exercise 7.1. Calculate maximum spot fire distance
The wind speed observed at the time fire SWF065 was assessed is used in this example.
The terrain is flat, and the downwind cover height has been estimated at 14 m. Torching
trees is the most suitable fire type given the crown fire observed by the assessor. Engelman
spruce is the closest tree species to Black and White spruce which are characteristic of the
C-2 fuel type.
8.0 Statistics The Statistics tab is a culmination of the Weather, FWI Calculator, and FBP Calculator tabs.
The Statistics tab provides a tabular display of weather conditions either transferred from
the Weather tab, imported from file, or entered manually by the user. FWI, FBP, and Solar
Values are calculated for every record in the table using the options specified in the lower-
left tabs. Use the Columns tab to customize what is displayed. Use the FWI tab to change
starting code values and HFFMC calculation method. Use the FBP tab to change the fuel type
and parameters used for primary and secondary FBP calculations.
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Example 8.1. Import an hourly weather file
The standard header names for an hourly weather file are provided in the following table.
The first column must be “hourly”. Otherwise the order of the remaining columns is not
important. Header names can be provided in upper or lower case.
Header Name Data Type Description
hourly character Date in d/m/y format
hour integer Hour of the day (0 to 23)
temp numeric Temperature (°C)
rh numeric Relative humidity (0 to 100 %)
precip numeric Precipitation accumulated over the past hour (≥ 0 mm)
ws numeric Wind speed (≥ 0 km/h)
wd numeric Wind direction (0 to 360 compass degrees)
This example demonstrates how to import an hourly weather file with non-standard header
names. Copy the following comma-delimited weather observations into a text editor such as
Notepad and save as a TXT file.
Date,Time,Temp,RH,Pcpn,WndSpd,WndDir
2011-05-14,0:00,12.6,60,0,15,110
2011-05-14,1:00,11.7,59,0,11,110
2011-05-14,2:00,12.5,42,0,24,130
2011-05-14,3:00,12.4,40,0,20,130
2011-05-14,4:00,11.8,41,0,28,120
2011-05-14,5:00,11.1,42,0,22,130
2011-05-14,6:00,10,44,0,19,130
2011-05-14,7:00,10.9,43,0,32,140
2011-05-14,8:00,12.7,42,0,28,140
2011-05-14,9:00,14.1,37,0,32,150
2011-05-14,10:00,16.4,32,0,37,140
2011-05-14,11:00,17.4,29,0,33,140
2011-05-14,12:00,18.9,23,0,41,140
2011-05-14,13:00,20,20,0,44,140
2011-05-14,14:00,20.9,18,0,44,140
2011-05-14,15:00,21.5,16,0,44,140
2011-05-14,16:00,22.3,15,0,37,160
2011-05-14,17:00,21.9,14,0,39,140
2011-05-14,18:00,22.2,14,0,39,140
2011-05-14,19:00,21.2,14,0,37,150
2011-05-14,20:00,20,15,0,43,140
2011-05-14,21:00,18.8,16,0,35,140
2011-05-14,22:00,16.7,20,0,28,130
2011-05-14,23:00,16.3,18,0,32,130
Click the Import Weather button and navigate to the TXT file you saved. An Import
window will appear with a data preview. Make sure the Delimited File option is selected.
Click Next and specify the delimiter as comma. Click Next and enter daily starting codes
from Example 4.1 (FFMC 74.8, DMC 9.3, DC 182.7). Select the Diurnal (Lawson) FFMC
option. Click Finish. A Custom Import window will appear. Click on the top row of columns
5, 6, and 7 to specify the header names as Precip, WS, and WD respectively. Specify the
date and time formats as "y-M-d" and "H:m" using the drop-down lists in the lower-left.
Click Import.
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Tip: Right-click a highlighted row in the Statistics table to
transfer weather and FWI System values to the FBP Calculator
or display an elliptical projection on the Map.
Example 8.2. Compare diurnal and hourly FFMC outputs
Use the hourly weather and staring code values provided
in Example 8.1 to calculate HFFMC values with both the
Diurnal (Lawson) and Hourly (Van Wagner) options. Use
the "Export" button to save HFFMC statistics outputs for
the two options to one of four file formats (CSV, XLS,
XLSX, XML). Use software of your choice to graph diurnal
and hourly FFMC outputs. The figure at right illustrates
how HFFMC outputs from the two options can differ,
especially during early morning and late evening hours.
See Appendix 2 in Lawson and Armitage (2008) for other
examples comparing the diurnal and hourly options for
calculating HFFMC.
Example 8.3. Import a diurnal weather file
REDapp includes an empirical model developed by Beck and Trevitt (1989) for predicting
diurnal variation in temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed given daily minimum
and maximum values. In practice, diurnal weather modeling is typically used in conjunction
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with a weather forecast. Three model parameters are required. Parameter estimates derived
from local weather records improve the accuracy of the diurnal weather model.
Alpha (α) is the time lag between the time of sunrise and the time of minimum
temperature or wind speed (hours).
Beta (β) is the time lag between solar noon and the time of maximum temperature
or wind speed (hours).
Gamma (γ) is a night time decay parameter applied between sunset and sunrise on
the next day. Increasing the decay parameter slows the rate at which temperature
cools or wind speed decreases.
The standard header names for a diurnal weather file are provided in the following table.
The first column must be “daily”. Otherwise the order of the remaining columns is not
important. Header names can be provided in upper or lower case.
Header Name Data Type Description
daily character Date in d/m/y format
min_temp numeric Minimum temperature (°C)
max_temp numeric Maximum temperature (°C)
min_rh numeric Minimum relative humidity (0 to 100 %)
min_ws numeric Minimum wind speed (≥ 0 km/h)
max_ws numeric Maximum wind speed (≥ 0 km/h)
wd numeric Wind direction (0 to 360 compass degrees)
precip numeric Precipitation accumulated from 12:00 LST (≥ 0 mm)
This example demonstrates how to import a diurnal weather file with standard header
names. Copy the following comma-delimited weather observations into a text editor such as
Notepad and save as a TXT file. These values were taken from the hourly weather records
provided in Example 8.1.
daily,min_temp,max_temp,min_rh,min_ws,max_ws,wd,precip
14/5/2011,10,22.3,14,11,44,140,0
Click the Import Weather button and navigate to the TXT file you saved. An Import
window will appear with a data preview. Make sure the Weather Stream option is selected.
Click Next and enter daily starting codes from Example 4.1 (FFMC 74.8, DMC 9.3, DC
182.7). Select the Diurnal (Lawson) FFMC option. Click Finish. A Diurnal Wx Algorithm
window will appear.
For this example alpha and beta parameters are calculated using solar times for the date
and location provided in Example 4.2, and hourly weather records provided in Example 8.1.
Solar values are displayed on the FWI Calculator tab (sunrise 0533, solar noon 1335, sunset
2139 MDT). The default gamma parameters for temperature and wind speed (-2.20 and -
3.59 respectively) are not modified. Enter the following alpha and beta parameters in the
Diurnal Wx Algorithm window and click Save.
Temperature:
Alpha: 0600 MDT min temp - 0533 MDT sunrise = 0.47 hrs
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Beta: 1600 MDT max temp - 1335 MDT solar noon = 2.42 hrs
Wind Speed:
Alpha: 0100 MDT min ws - 0533 MDT sunrise = - 4.53 hrs
Beta: 1500 MDT max ws - 1335 MDT solar noon = 1.42 hrs
Tip: Use the hourly display to view diurnal variation predicted
for temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Notice that
wind direction remains constant through the entire day. Any
precipitation amount provided will appear on hour 1200 LST.
Example 8.4. Compare diurnal weather model against hourly
observations
Use the Export button to save the diurnal weather values calculated in Example 8.2 in one
of four file formats (CSV, XLS, XLSX, XML). Use software of your choice to graph the hourly
weather from Example 8.1 and the diurnal weather from Example 8.3. A graph similar to
the following figure allows for visual assessment of diurnal weather model accuracy. In this
particular example, temperature appears to have the highest accuracy whereas relative
humidity has the lowest accuracy. Beck and Trevitt (1989) acknowledge that their model
assumption of constant absolute humidity over a 24-hour period does not take into account
the many pathways by which vapor is transferred between the lower atmosphere and the
earth's surface.
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Example 8.5. Import a daily weather file
The standard header names for a daily weather file are provided in the following table. The
first column must be “daily”. Otherwise the order of the remaining columns is not important.
Header names can be provided in upper or lower case. Daily weather records represent
conditions at 1200 LST or 1300 LDT when and where daylight savings time is in effect. Daily
precipitation represents total precipitation accumulated over the past 24-hour period.
Lawson and Armitage (2008) provide further details on daily weather observation practices.
Header Name Data Type Description
daily character Date in d/m/y format
temp numeric Temperature (°C)
rh numeric Relative humidity (0 to 100 %)
ws numeric Wind speed (≥ 0 km/h)
wd numeric Wind direction (0 to 360 compass degrees)
precip numeric Precipitation accumulated over the past 24 hours (≥ 0 mm)
This example demonstrates how to import a daily weather file with standard header names.
Copy the following comma-delimited weather observations into a text editor such as
Notepad and save as a TXT file.
daily,temp,rh,ws,wd,precip
14/5/2011,20,20,44,140,0
Click the Import Weather button and navigate to the TXT file you saved. An Import
window will appear with a data preview. Make sure the Daily Weather option is selected.
Click Next and enter daily starting codes from Example 4.1 (FFMC 74.8, DMC 9.3, DC
182.7). Select the Diurnal (Lawson) FFMC option. Click Finish.
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9.0 References Albini, F.A. 1979. Spot fire distances from burning trees – a predictive model. USDA Forest
Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-56.
Albini, F.A. 1983. Potential spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires. USDA Forest
Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Res. Paper
INT-309.
Beck, J.A.; Trevitt, A.C.F. 1989. Forecasting diurnal variations in meteorological parameters
for predicting fire behavior. Can. J. For. Res. 19(6): 791–797.
Forestry Canada Fire Danger Group. 1992. Development and structure of the Canadian
Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. For. Can., Sci. Sustain. Dev. Dir., Ottawa, ON.
Inf. Rep. ST-X-3. 63 p.
Government of Canada. 2016. North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS).
Retrieved 30-Jan-2016 from: http://weather.gc.ca/ensemble/naefs/index_e.html
Lawson, B.D.; Armitage, O.B. 2008. Weather guide for the Canadian Forest Fire Danger
Rating System. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., North. For. Cent., Edmonton, AB.
Lawson, B.D.; Armitage, O.B.; Hoskins, W.D. 1996. Diurnal variation in the Fine Fuel
Moisture Code: tables and computer source code. Can. – B.C. Partnership Agreement on
For. Resour. Dev.: FRDA II, Can. For. Serv., B.C. Minist. For., Victoria, BC. FRDA Rep.
245. 20 p.
Stocks B.J.; Lawson B.D.; Alexander M.E.; VanWagner C.E.; McAlpine R.S.; Lynham T.J.;
Dube D.E. 1989. The Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System: An Overview. Forestry
Chron 65: 450–457.
Taylor, S.W.; Pike, R.G.; Alexander, M.E. 1997. Field guide to the Canadian Forest Fire
Behavior Prediction (FBP) System. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., North. For. Cent.,
Edmonton, AB. Spec. Rep. 11.
Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. A method of computing fine fuel moisture content throughout the
diurnal cycle. Fish. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Petawawa For. Exp. Stn., Chalk River,
ON. Inf. Rep. PS-X-69. 15 p.
Van Wagner, C.E. 1987. Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather
Index System. Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, ON. For. Tech. Rep. 35. 37 p.
Wotton, B.M.; Alexander, M.E.; Taylor, S.W. 2009. Updates and revisions to the 1992
Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv.,
Great Lakes For. Cent., Sault Ste. Marie, ON. Inf. Rep. GL-X-10. 45 p.