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RedTacton
[Dept. of E&C, SCTIT] Page 1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Ni ppon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) is pursuing research and
development of an innovative Human Area Networking technology called RedTacton
that safely turns the surface of the human body into a data transmission path at speeds up
to 10 MB/s between any two points on the body. Using a novel electro-optic sensor,
NTT has already developed a small PCMCIA card-sized prototype RedTacton
transceiver.
RedTacton enables the first practical Human Area Network between body-
centered electronic devices and PCs or other network devices embedded in the
environment via a new generation of userinterface based on totally natural human actions
such as touching, holding, sitting, walking, or stepping on a particular spot. RedTacton
can be used for intuitive operation of computer-based systems in daily life, temporary
one-to-one private networks based on personal handshaking, device personalization,
security, and a host of other applications based on new behavior patterns enabled by
RedTacton. NTT is committed to moving RedTacton out of the laboratory and into
commercial production as quickly as possible by organizing joint field trials with partners
outside the company, underNTT's comprehensive producer program.
Human society is entering an era of ubiquitous computing, when networks are
seamlessly interconnected and information is always accessi ble at our fingertips. The
practical implementation of ubiquitous services requires three levels of connectivity:
Wide Area Networks (WAN), typically via the Internet, to remotely connect all types of
severs and terminals; Local Area Networks (LAN), typically via Ethernet or Wi-Fi
connectivity among all the information and communication appliances in offices and
homes; and Human Area Networks (HAN) for connectivity to personal information,
media and communication appliances within the much smaller s phere of ordinary daily
activities-- the last one meter. NTT's RedTacton is a break-through technology that, for
the first time, enables reliable high-s peed HAN. In the past, Bluetooth, infrared
communications (IrDA), radio frequency IDsystems (RFID), and other technologies have
been proposed to solve the "last meter" connectivity problem. However, they each have
various fundamental technical limitations that constrain their usage, such as the
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RedTacton
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precipitous fall-offin transmission speed in multi-user environments producing network
congestion.
RedTacton takes a different technical approach. Instead of relying on
electromagnetic waves or light waves to carry data, RedTacton uses weak electric fields
on the surface of the body as a transmission medium. A RedTacton transmitter couples
with extremely weak electric fields on the surface of the body. The weak electric fields
pass through the body to a RedTacton receiver, where the weak electric field affects the
optical properties of an electro-optic crystal. The extent to which the optical properties
are changed is detected by laser light which is then converted to an electrical signal by a
detector circuit.
According to Tom Zimmerman, inventor of the IBM personal networking system,body-based networking is more secure than broadcast systems, such as Bluetooth, which
have a range of about 10m.The issue is that with Bluetooth, it is difficult to rein in the
signal and restrict it to the device you are trying to connect to. But in a busy place there
could be hundreds of Bluetooth devices within range.
Moreover, body-based networking seems to allow for more natural interchanges
of information between humans, as only when you are in true proximity you can make
thissystem work. There are some specific applications that would appear as being ideal
matches for RedTacton-like technologies.
Fig. 1.1 Simple Applicationofa RedTacton
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RedTacton
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Chapter 2
RedTacton
2.1 Whatistheneed?
Wired and wireless transmissions have a lot of factors to contri bute. The main
problem with this sort of transmission is the 'Packet Collision', which has been a huge
problem in the industry today. With this Packet Collision there has been lot of
disturbances and time delaysin the packet movement. The traffic from nodes and routers
is not properly managed thereby leading to disturbances and unsatisfaction among users.
So, there has been a need to develop a new technology.
RedTacton is a new Human Area Networking technology that uses the surface of the
human body as a safe, high s peed network transmission path. It is completely distinct
from wireless and infrared technologies asit uses the minute electric field emitted on the
surface of the human body. A transmission path is formed at the moment a part of the
human body comes in contact with a RedTacton transceiver. Communication is possible
using any body surfaces, such as the hands, fingers, arms, feet, face, legs or torso.
RedTacton works through shoes and clothing as well. When the physical contact gets
separated, the communication is ended. Using RedTacton enabled devices; music from a
digital audio playerin your pocket would pass through your clothing and shoot over your
body to headphonesin your ears. Instead of fiddling around with a cable to connect your
digital camera to your computer, you could transfer pictures just by touching the PC
while the camera is around your neck. And since data can pass from one body to another,
you could also exchange electronic business cards by shaking hands, trade music files by
dancing cheek to cheek, or swap phone numbers just by kissing. Touch and action gives
TActon, and word Red a warm color to emphasize warm and cordial communications.This technology was developed by Japanese Company Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Corporation.
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Chapter 3
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
3.1 How It Works?
RedTacton uses the minute electric field emitted on the surface of the human
body. Technically, it is completely distinct from wireless and infrared. RedTacton is a
break-through technology that, for the first time, enables reliable high-speed HAN. In the
past, Bluetooth, infrared communications (IrDA), radio frequency ID systems (RFID),
and other technologies have been proposed to solve the "last meter" connectivity problem.
However, they each have various fundamental technical limitations that constrain
their usage, such as the precipitous fall-off in transmission speed in multi-user
environments producing network congestion.
1. RedTacton uses the minute electric field emitted on the surface of the humanbody. Technically, it is completely distinct from wireless and infrared.
2. A transmission path is formed at the moment when a part of the human bodycomes in contact with a RedTacton transceiver. Physically separating ends the
contact and thus ends the communication.
3. Using RedTacton, communication starts when terminals carried by the user orembedded in devices are linked in various combinations according to the user's
natural, physical movements.
4. Communication is possible using any body surfaces, such as the hands, fingers,arms, feet, face and legs. RedTacton works through shoes and clothing as well.
3.2 Basic Principles
The basic principles of RedTacton are
1. The RedTacton transmitterinduces a weak electric field on the surface ofthe body.
2. The RedTacton receiversenses changes in the weak electric field on thesurface of the body caused by the transmitter.
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3. RedTacton relies upon the princi ple that the optical properties of anelectro-optic crystal can vary according to the changes of a weak electric
field.
4.
RedTacton detects changes in the optical properties of an electro-opticcrystal using a laser and converts the result to an electrical signal in an
optical receiver circuit.
Fig. 3.2.1 Figure shows theworkingof the RedTacton device over the
surface of our body. The transmitting RedTacton device changes the
electric field on the surface of our body. This is sensed by the electric
field sensor and the variations are given to the receiving RedTacton
device.
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3.3 Working MechanismofRedTacton
The RedTacton will be embedded in various devices, contain a transmitter and
receiver built to send and accept data stored in a digital format. The transmittersends data
by inducing fluctuations in the minute electric field on the surface of the human body.
The naturally occurring electric field induced on the surface of the human body dissipates
into the earth. Therefore, this electric field is exceptionally faint and unstable.
Fig. 3.3.1 Figureshows thevariouselectric fieldson thesurfaceofour
body induced by the RedTactondevice. Onlyaportionof the inducedelectricfieldissensed bythereceiving RedTactondevice. Theremaining
electricfieldsaredissipatedtotheground.
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Data is received using a photonic electric field sensor that combines an electro-
optic crystal and a laser light to detect fluctuations in the minute electric field. The
naturally occurring electric field induced on the surface of the human body dissipatesinto
the earth. Therefore, this electric field is exceptionally faint and unstable. The photonicelectric field sensor developed by NTT enables weak electric fields to be measured by
detecting changesin the optical properties of an electro-optic crystal with a laser beam.
Fig. 3.3.2 Figure Illustratingthe TransferofData
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3.4 RedTacton Transceiver
Figure below shows the block diagram of a RedTacton transceiver. The signal
from the interface is sent to the data sense circuit and the transmitter circuit. The data
sense circuit senses the signal and if the data is present it sends control signal to the
transmitter which activates the transmitter circuit. The transmitter circuit varies the
electric field on the surface of our body. This change in the electric field is detected by
the electro-optic sensor. The output of the electro-optic sensor is given to the detector
circuit, which in turn given to the interface of the receiving RedTacton device.
Fig. 3.4.1 BlockDiagramofRedTacton Transceiver
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3.5 FunctionalFeatures
1. A communications path can be created with a simple touch, automaticallyinitiating the flow of data between a body-centric electronic device and a
computer that is embedded in the environment. For example, two people equipped
with RedTacton devices could exchange data just by shaking hands.
2. A wide range of natural human actions grasping, sitting down, walking, orstanding in a particular place can be used to trigger RedTacton to start a
networked process.
3.
Using a RedTacton electro-optic sensor, two-way communication is supported between any two points on the body at a throughput of up to 10 Mbps.
Communication is not just confined to the surface of the body, but can travel
through the user's clothing to a RedTacton device in a pocket or through shoes to
communicate with a RedTacton device embedded in the floor. Unlike wireless
technologies, the transmission speed does not deteriorate even in the presence of
large crowds of people all communicating at the same time in meeting rooms,
auditoriums or stores. Because the body surface is the transmission path,
increasing the number of connected users directly increases the available numberofindividual channels.
4. RedTacton can utilize a wide range of materials as a transmission medium, as longas the material is conductive and dielectric, which includes water and other
liquids, various metals, certain plastics, glass, etc.
Using ordinary structures such as tables and walls that are familiar and readily
available, one could easily construct a seamless communication environment at very low
cost using RedTacton. (Note that constraints are imposed by the length and environment
of the propagating conductor, and by the thickness of the dielectric.)
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3.6 Human Area Networks
In addition to the WANs (Internet) and LANs, there are applications best served
by Human Area Networks (HANs) that connect the last meter.
Human society is entering an era of ubiquitous computing, where everything is
networked. By making Human Area Networks feasible, RedTacton will enable ubiquitous
services based on human-centered interactions and therefore more intimate and easier for
people to use.
Fig. 3.6.1 ExampleofHAN
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Chapter 4
FEATURES
4.1 TOUCH
Touching, gripping, sitting, walking, stepping and other human movements can be
the triggers for unlocking or locking, starting or stopping equipment, or obtaining data.
Using RedTacton, communication starts when terminals carried by the user or embedded
in devices are linked in various combinations through physical contact according to the
human's natural movements.
Fig.4.1.1 ExampleofTOUCH
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4.2 BROADBAND & INTERACTIVE
Duplex, interactive communication is possi ble at a maximum s peed of 10Mbps.
Because the transmission path is on the surface of the body, transmission s peed does not
deteriorate in congested areas where many people are communicating at the same time.
Taking advantage of thiss peed, device drivers can be downloaded instantly and execute
programs can be sent.
Fig.4.2.1 AboveFigures Shows Difference Between Wireless LAN and
RedTacton
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4.3 ANY MEDIA
In addition to the human body, various conductors and dielectrics can be used as
transmission media. Conductors and dielectrics may also be used in combination.
DI ELETRICS CONDUCTORS
(Signals pass through materials) (Signals travel along surface)
Fig.4.2.1 Media Types
A communication environment can be created easily and at low-cost by using items close
at hand, such as desks, walls, and metal objects. But there is one limitation on the length
of the conductor to be propagated, on installation locations, and on the thickness of the
dielectric to be passed through.
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Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS
5.1 Oneto One Services
With the ability to send attri bute data from personal information devices worn on the
body to computers embedded in the environment, one-to-one services could be implemented that
are tailored to the individual needs of the user.
5.2 EliminationofHuman Error
Fig.5.2.1 An Alarm Sounds Automaticallyto Avoid Accidental
Ingestion
RedTacton devices embedded medicine bottles transmit information on the
medicines' attributes. If the user touches the wrong medicine, an alarm will trigger on the
terminal he is carrying. The alarm sounds only if the user actually touches the medicine
bottle, reducing false alarms common with passive wireless ID tags, which can trigger
simply by proximity.
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Other ExamplesofSimilar Applications:
Alert and contact record at medical, long-term care, and childcare facilities.
Avoidance of risk at construction sites (an alarm sounds ifspecial equipment is handled
by anyone other than supervisors)
5.3 Device Personalization
Setup, registration, and configuration information for an individual user can all be
uploaded to a device the instant the device is touched, eliminating the need for the device
to be registered or configured in advance.
5.4 New Behaviour Patterns
Tables, walls, floors and chairs can all act as conductors and dielectrics, turning
furniture and other architectural elements into a new class of transmission medium. For
example, a user could have instant access to the Internet merely by placing a laptop onto a
conductive tabletop.
5.5 Marketing Applications
When a consumer stands in front of an advertising panel, advertising and
information matching his or her attributes is automatically dis played. By touching or
standing in front of items they are interested in, consumers can get more in-depth
information.
Fig.5.5.1 A Customer Touching The Advertising Panel And Getting
InformationAbout That Advertisement Through RedTacton Device
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5.6. Security Applications
Fig.5.6.1 User Verificationand Unlocking With Justa Touch
Carrying a mobile RedTacton-capable device in one's pocket, IDis verified and the door
unlocked when the user holds the doorknob normally. Secure lock administration is
possi ble by combining personal verification tools such as fingerprint ID or other
biometric in the mobile terminal.
1. RedTacton could be installed on doors, cabinets and other locations calling forsecure access, such that each secure access could be initiated and authenticated
with a simple touch. At the same time, all the transaction details and relevant user
attributes (personal identity, security clearance, etc.) could be logged by the
security system.
2. The transmitting and receiving electrodes of the RedTacton transceiver arecompletely covered with insulating film
3. When communication occurs, displacement current is generated by the electronsin the body because the body is subjected to minute electrical fields. However,
such displacement currents are very common everyday occurrences to which we
are all subjected.
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5.7. Intuitive Operations
Communication is triggered by totally natural human actions and behavior, so
there is no need to insert smart cards, connect cables, tune frequencies, or any of the other
inconveniences usually associated with today's electronic devices. Natural movements
and actions are the trigger. Theres no "operation" any more. Just intuitive human
interaction RedTacton transceivers embedded in two terminals can communicate not only
data but also the control or configuration instructions needed to operate devices. Cable
connections are eliminated. The body itselfis used as transmission medium.
Fig.5.7.1 Touch Printerto Print
Print out where you want just by touching the desired printer with one hand and a
PC or digital camera with the other hand to make the link Complicated configurations are
reduced by downloading device drivers "at first touch".
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Fig.5.7.2 Instantaneous Private Networkvia Personal Handshake
By shaking hands, personal profile data can be exchanged between mobile terminals on
the users. (Electronic exchange of business cards) Communication can be kept private
using authentication and encryption technologies.
5.8. Personalization
Digital lifestyle can be instantly personalized with just a touch. Setup, registration, and
configuration information for an individual user can all be uploaded to a device the
instant the device is touched, eliminating the need for the device to be registered or
configured in advance. A pre-recorded configuration script can be embedded in a mobile
terminal with built-in RedTacton transceiver. When another device with RedTacton
capabilities is touched, personalization data and configuration scripts can be downloaded
automatically.
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Fig.5.8.1 PersonalizationofMobile Phones
Your own phone number is allocated and billing commences. Automatic importing of
personal address book and call history.
The PC is configured to the user'sspecificationssimply by touching the mouse.
Room temperature and lighting are customized when a switch in the living room is
pressed.
Fig.5.8.1 Personalizationofautomobiles.Justsittingintheseattriggers
thecartoloadallitspresets, justthewayyoulike.
The seat position and steering wheel height adjust to match the driver just by sitting in the
car. The driver's home isset as the destination in the car navigation system. The stereo
plays the drivers favorite song.
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Chapter 6
COMPARISONS
6.1 Comparisonwith Other Networks
The chart below shows the positioning of RedTacton with res pect to existing
communication technologies. The focus on ubiquitous service has brought about the
shortening of distances in communication. RedTacton is positioned as the last 1m
solution to ultimate close-range communication. Wireless communication creates
connections when signals arrive, allowing for easy connections because connectors are
unnecessary. However, seen from another aspect, the arriving signals can be intercepted,
so security becomes an issue.
Wired communication transmits data between two connection points, so
interception is difficult and security can be considered to be high. However, connectors
and cables are a nuisance. Taking the above points in account, RedTacton is situated
directly between wireless and wired communication. In other words, RedTacton allows
for easy connection without connectors, while at the same time allowing transmission of
data only between two contact points. It thus has the feature of being difficult to intercept.
Fig. 6.1.1 Above Figure Shows The Comparison Of RED TACTON Device
With Other Networks With Respect To Distance.
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6.2 Comparisonwith Other CommunicationMethods
"Intra-body communication" using the human body as a transmission medium has
been reported, but the electric field/photonics method employed by RedTacton issuperior
to conventional methodsin terms of communication distance, speed, and interactivity.
P: Possible N: Not possible P*: Possible under certain conditions
Fig. 6.2.1 Comparison of Various Methods.
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Chapter 7
SYSTEM SAFETY
7.1 No Current Flowing Into the Human Body from
RedTacton Devices
RedTacton uses the electric field that occurs naturally on the surface of the human
body for communication. Transmitter and receiver electrodes are covered with an
insulating film. No current flowsinto the body from the RedTacton transceiver.
7.2 Displacement Current Occurring In The Body Is SmallEnough
There is no current flowing from the RedTacton transceiver; however, the body
indirectly receives a minute electric field. This causes electrons already present inside the
body to move, creating a minute dis placement current. This dis placement current is
similar to those occurring in everyday life.
7.3 RedTacton Conforms To the Safety Guidelines Of
Induced Current
RedTacton is in conformity to the "Radiofrequency-exposure Protection RCR
standard (RCR STD-38)" issued by the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
(ARIB).
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Chapter 8
DEVICE PROTOTYPES
Fig.8.1 Security Devices (Development Completed)
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Fig.8.2 Data Transmission Devices (in Development).
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Chapter 9
DRAWBACKS
1. Too costly.2. It has no compelling applications that arent already available.3. It can be useful within smaller distances.4. Needs to gain popularity.5. Needs widespread marketing campaigns and education.6. Not useful unless many people adopt it.
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Chapter 10
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The need for artificial body implants to communicate with each other as well as to
report back to a portable device could have quite some value. In fact, according to other
researchers, the most important application for body-based networking may well be for
these type of communications within, rather than on the surface of, or outside, the body.
RedTacton technology is expected to dominate Bluetooth technology in the future.
RedTacton technology could put the use of cables to an end. The problem faced by the
RedTacton technology is the cost of development. This technology brings a new
dimension of communication which effectively links the user to anyone he wants tocommunicate. Since it provides high s peed communication, it can provide seamless
service wherever, whenever and whoever usesit.
RedTacton has a wide range of unique new functional features and enormous
potential as a Human Area Networking technology. NTT is committed to quickly
identifying and opening up those application areas with the most commercial promise for
RedTacton, a business development process to be coordinated under NTT's
Comprehensive Producer Function program.
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REFERENCES
[1] T. G. Zimmerman, Personal Area Networks: Near-field intrabody communication,
IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 35, Nos. 3&4, pp. 609-617, 1996.
[2] T. Nagatsuma and M. Shinagawa, Photonic measurement technologies for high-
frequency electronics, NTT REVIEW, Vol. 14, No. 6,pp. 12-24, 2002.
[3] M. Shinagawa, Development of Electro-optic Sensors for Intra-body
Communicat
ion,
NTT Techn
ical Rev
iew, Vol. 2,
No. 2, pp. 6-11, 2004.
[4] M. Shinagawa, M. Fukumoto, K. Ochiai, and H. Kyuragi, A nearfield-sensing
transceiver for intra-body communication based on the electro-optic effect, IEEE Trans.
IM, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1533-1538, 2004.
[5] M. Mizoguchi, T. Okimura, and A. Matsuda, Comprehensive Commercialization
Functions, NTT Technical Review, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 12-16, 2005.
[6] http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/st_j.html
[7] http://www.redtacton.com/